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Topic: Dynamic range

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	Dynamic range - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dynamic range is a term used frequently in numerous fields to describe the ratio between the smallest and largest possible values of a changeable quantity.
		In music, dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and loudest volume of a instrument, part or piece of music.
		Photographers use dynamic range as a synonym for the luminosity range of a scene being photographed; the light sensitivity range of photographic film, paper and digital camera sensors; the opacity range of developed film images; the reflectance range of images on photographic papers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dynamic_range (486 words)

	Dynamic range, 24 bit vs 36 bit
		Dynamic range is not a major consideration for scanning photo prints, because prints themselves are very limited, but it is very important when scanning film.
		An intensity range of 100:1 is a density range of 2.0, and 1000:1 is a range of 3.0.
		The greater dynamic range extends the signal into low fl levels where the noise is. To be effective, the electronics must be improved greatly to reduce the noise.
	www.scantips.com /basics14.html (1299 words)

	: Digital Imaging: Glossary: Learn: Digital Photography Review
		Dynamic range should not be confused with tonal range.
		RAW images preserve the dynamic range of the sensor and allow you to compress the dynamic range and tonal range by applying a proper tonal curve so that the whole dynamic range is represented on a monitor or print in a way that is pleasing to the eye.
		This is similar to the more extreme example in the tonal range topic which shows how the larger dynamic range and tonal range of a 32 bit floating point image were compressed.
	www.dpreview.com /learn?/Glossary/Digital_Imaging/Dynamic_Range_01.htm (600 words)

	High dynamic range imaging - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gregory Ward is widely considered to be the founder of the file format for high dynamic range imaging.
		The use of high dynamic range imaging in computer graphics has been pioneered by Paul Debevec.
		Information stored in high dynamic range (HDR) images usually corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/High_dynamic_range_imaging (730 words)

	HDR images in photography - About Dynamic Range, Tone Mapping and HDR Imaging for Photography
		Dynamic range is a ratio and as such a dimensionless quantity.
		In photography and imaging, the dynamic range represents the ratio of two luminance values and the luminance is expressed in candelas per square meter.
		Many scenes we are photographing have a high contrast, or properly speaking a high dynamic range: part of the scene is in the shadows, part in the highlights.
	www.hdrsoft.com /resources/dri.html (3321 words)

	Photoshop for Astrophotographers
		Dynamic range is the amount of difference between the brightest and darkest parts of a scene, piece of film, or image.
		In this specific scene, there is a brightness difference, or dynamic range, between the detail-less shadows and the specular highlight of more than 20 photographic F/stops because of the inclusion of the reflection of the direct sun in the window.
		In cases where the brightness range exceeds the capabilities of the medium, it is mapped by either compressing the original dynamic range, or by cutting off portions of it at either or both ends.
	www.astropix.com /PFA/SAMPLE1/SAMPLE1.HTM (2231 words)

	Dynamic range: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Dynamic range is a term used frequently in numerous fields to describe the ratio ratio quick summary:
		Bit resolution is a term describing the dynamic range of a digital audio recording....
		In computer graphics and cinematography, high dynamic range imaging (hdri for short) is a set of techniques that allow a far greater dynamic range of exposures...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/dy/dynamic_range.htm (904 words)

	Dynamic Range
		The dynamic range of an image can be considerably compressed, and it is actually possible to compress a density range of more than 4.0 into 8-bit data, provided the conversion is done internal to the scanner, and a large gamma correction is applied to lighten the image (in addition to the system gamma).
		To achieve a dynamic range of 2.40 with logarithmic encoding the brightness ratios would have to be 256^(1/256)=1.022 which would be perceptible as "posterisation" to the eye.
		The dynamic range of capture is determined by the D-min and D-max of the capture device.
	www.photo.net /learn/drange (7258 words)

	Measuring Dynamic Range: Digital Photography Review
		Dynamic range has been something we've always talked about in our reviews but previously have not been able to quantify.
		We feel that the results are a fairly accurate indication of the dynamic range of the cameras when used with the most common settings for the particular camera.
		Although a given camera may return a dynamic range that is higher than another model, it's firmware may not choose to CAPTURE the maximum range since doing so may compromise contrast and overall "pop" in the final images.
	www.dpreview.com /news/0011/00111608dynamicrange.asp (737 words)

	Sensitivity of Human Ear
		Contributing to the wide dynamic range of human hearing are protective mechanisms that reduce the ear's response to very loud sounds.
		The practical dynamic range could be said to be from the threshold of hearing to the threshold of pain:
		This remarkable dynamic range is enhanced by an effective amplification structure which extends its low end and by a protective mechanism which extends the high end.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/sound/earsens.html (513 words)

	Encoding
		Its dynamic range of 3.8 orders of magnitude is marginal for HDR work, and it is not well-known to the computer graphics community, as there has never been a publication about it other than the source code sitting in Leffler’s TIFF library.
		The dynamic range is given as orders of magnitude, or the 10-based logarithm of the maximum representable value over the minimum value.
		Dynamic range is difficult to pin down for non-logarithmic encodings such as scRGB, because the relative error is not constant throughout the range.
	www.anyhere.com /gward/hdrenc/hdr_encodings.html (6879 words)

	Dynamic Range (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Density range is simply the difference between the minimum and maximum tonal values that the film can register.
		Because their wider density range sensitivity pretty much encompasses that of film, density range is not now much of an issue for drum scanners.
		CCD scanner density range is generally consistent among CCD scanners in terms of comparability, but seems overly optimistic when compared to drum scanners.
	www.marginalsoftware.com /Scanner/density_range.htm (594 words)

	Dynamic Range
		The dynamic range of magnetic tape is approximately 55 dB.
		To increase the dynamic range available for analog recording on magnetic tape, companding is often used.
		In general, any dynamic range can be mapped to any other dynamic range, subject only to noise limitations.
	www-ccrma.stanford.edu /~jos/mdft/Dynamic_Range.html (332 words)

	Director's Pool - High Dynamic Range Images
		The dynamic range of light energy in a single environment can also be large, on the order of 10,000 to 1 from highlights to shadows.
		The dynamic range given by an unshaded lamp on a table top can be as much as 30,000:1 from the bulb to the shadow under the table.
		Finally because we want these images to be accurate visual simulations, we intend to conduct experimental comparisons between the images and real high dynamic range scenes to assess the visual fidelity of the images both in terms of the quality of their appearance and in terms of quantitative measures of visual performance.
	www.cs.brown.edu /stc/resea/director/research_dp1.html (1643 words)

	Clarkvision: Dynamic Range of an Image
		Thus the dynamic range of the daytime outdoor scene is 27580/13.86 = 1990, or 11 bits if information (2 to the 11th power), or 11 stops of information.
		This corresponds to an image with a recorded dynamic range of 27580/12 = 2298, almost the same as the extrapolated dynamic range from the 1/30 to 1/2000 second exposures.
		Dynamic range is defined as maximum intensity / minimum intensity, where intensity is scene radiance.
	www.clarkvision.com /imagedetail/dynamicrange (1054 words)

	Dynamic Ranger
		Dynamic range is the scale of tonality from darkest to brightest in an image.
		In general, it is better to have a longer or deeper dynamic range in an image to start with.
		That fits pretty well with the sweet spot of film's dynamic range but film has a beautiful habit of rolling off the brightness and slowly thinning out the shadow detail giving the image a longer dynamic range and a very pleasant visual quality.
	www.digitalsecrets.net /secrets/DynamicRanger.html (1197 words)

	Photoshop CS2 HDR
		Dynamic range though is one of the limitations that hasn't yielded much over the years to technology's inexorable advances.
		Dynamic range refers to the range of brightness levels that exist in a particular scene – from darkest – before complete and featureless fl, to lightest – before complete featureless white.
		In photography (rather than in sensitometry or printing) this is measured in stops, with each F stop being a doubling or halving of the amount of light being received by the recording medium, be it film or a digital sensor.
	www.luminous-landscape.com /tutorials/hdr.shtml (2479 words)

	Define dynamic range - a definition from Whatis.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Dynamic range describes the ratio of the softest sound to the loudest sound in a musical instrument or piece of electronic equipment.
		Dynamic range measurements are used in audio equipment to indicate a component's maximum output signal and to rate a system's noise floor.
		Compressors, expanders, and noise gates are processing devices that are used in audio to alter the dynamic range of a given signal.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci213623,00.html (207 words)

	Electronic Projects Online - Dynamic Range Processor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The dynamic range of an audio signal is the difference between the quietest discernible part of the signal and the loudest undistorted part of the signal.
		In practice this sort of range is rarely used on commercial recordings, but the recording medium no longer imposes a restriction to the usable range.
		In a fixed range system R16 would be connected directly back to the output of the level detector (pin 3 of U2:B), the value being selected to give the desired level of compression or expansion.
	www.web-ee.com /Electronic-Projects/projects/dynamic/index.shtml (3281 words)

	GameDev.net - High Dynamic Range Environment Mapping On Mainstream Graphics Hardware (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		First, most images have a normal dynamic range for most of the image and only a small percentage of the pixels have very high dynamic range, for example at the light source such as the sun or a window.
		A high dynamic range image is constructed by collecting a set of conventional photographs with identical position and orientation and varying the exposure times, usually by varying the f-stop for each image.
		One way to create a high dynamic range image is to implement the algorithm presented in [Debevec97] that can be used to recover the response function of the camera and use this information to construct a high dynamic range image.
	www.gamedev.net /reference/articles/article2208.asp (4084 words)

	The Future of Digital Imaging - High Dynamic Range Photography (HDR)
		If the dynamic range of the source scene is too great, sacrifices must be made: either the shadows go, or the highlights go.
		Smith was dealing with the issue that silver halide negatives have a greater dynamic range than photographic paper - so he had to "dodge and burn" different areas of the image to get a result where both the lamp and sitter are visible.
		This tradeoff of resolution for dynamic range is the beginning of an important trend.
	www.cybergrain.com /tech/hdr (2815 words)

	A Recording Engineer's Plea for Dynamic Range
		Sometimes that would mean using a "compressor" to reduce the dynamic range, bringing down the loudest peaks and raising the volume of softer passages.
		The only thing that is accomplished is messing up the dynamic range for those who pay their good money for CDs, "squashing" the life out of any acoustic instruments in the mix, and increasing listener fatigue.
		The CDs I mix try to preserve as much dynamic range as their genre calls for.
	georgegraham.com /compress.html (1728 words)

	Named Ranges
		Named Ranges are a powerful tool in Excel that allows you to assign a meaningful name to a single cell or a range of cells.
		It is often useful to create a name that refers to a range of cells, where the range depends on the content of the cells.
		You must first decide whether you want to return a name that refers to some range that intersects with your range, or whether you want to return the name of the range that refers to exactly the same range or cell as your range.
	www.cpearson.com /excel/named.htm (1004 words)

	Dynamic Range (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The "amplitude" of the sound wave determines its strength, or loudness, and is measured in "decibels," a term adopted in 1928 meaning one-tenth of a Bel (from the name of Alexander Graham Bell), a logarithm of the ratio of the difference in loudness of two sounds.
		The scratches on a record and the hiss of a magnetic tape are examples of noise caused by unwanted deformities or impurities in the recording material.
		The ratio of the signal strength to this background noise is called the "signal-to-noise ratio" and is another way to measure dynamic range.
	history.acusd.edu /gen/recording/dynamic.html (951 words)

	High Dynamic Range Display Systems
		The dynamic range of many real-world environments exceeds the capabilities of current display technology by several orders of magnitude.
		In the past few years, the limited dynamic range of both imaging devices and displays has received a lot of attention in the computer graphics community.
		The dynamic range of conventional displays is simply insufficient to create the optical sensation of watching a real sunset or driving a car into oncoming traffic at night.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /~heidrich/Projects/HDRDisplay (917 words)

	What Happened To Dynamic Range
		Dynamic range is the difference between the softest and loudest sounds we can hear.
		The typical dynamic range for a cassette recording is around 60 dB, while today's digital recordings (CDs) can reach a dynamic range of 96dB.
		This, along with various types of tape noise reduction systems, helped to improve the dynamic range of our recordings, but it was still limiting.
	www.cdmasteringservices.com /dynamicrange.htm (1563 words)

	Coding Horror: High Dynamic Range Lighting
		At the nVidia 7800 launch event today, one of the video rendering technology highlights was high dynamic range lighting.
		This vastly underrepresents both the dynamic range of light in the real world (10^12 to 1) and the dynamic range of the human eyeball (1000 to 1).
		David Kirk: I think that High Dynamic Range Lighting is going to be the single most significant change in the visual quality over the next couple of years.
	www.codinghorror.com /blog/archives/000324.html (805 words)

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