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Topic: Dynamic sea surface topography

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Kofi Annan

	Surface Topography -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Dynamic sea surface topography is the average difference between the actual surface of the Earth and a geoid.
		The dynamic sea surface topography is usually derived from ship-going measurements of temperature and salinity at depth.
		EEG brain topography was invented by Walter Grey Walter, who, in 1936, proved that, by using a larger number of electrodes pasted to the scalp, each one having a small size, and a triangulation algorithm, it was possible to identify abnormal electrical activity in the brain areas around a tumor, and diminished activity inside it.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/143/surface-topography.html (1164 words)

	Physical geodesy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The separation between these two surfaces is called the undulation of the geoid, symbol N, and is closely related to the disturbing potential.
		The geoid, or mathematical mean sea surface, is defined not only on the seas, but also under land; it is the equilibrium water surface that would result, would sea water be allowed to move freely (e.g., through tunnels) under the land.
		As mean sea level is physically realized by tide gauge bench marks on the coasts of different countries and continents, a number of slightly incompatible "near-geoids" will result, with differences of several decimetres to over one metre between them, due to the dynamic sea surface topography.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Physical_geodesy (1242 words)

	Geophysical Parameters and Associated Oceanographic Products
		This sea surface height has two main components, the geoid height, which reflects the gravitational field of the earth and the dynamic sea surface height, which reflects the ocean currents and tides.
		Illustration of Dynamic Sea Surface Topography via time-dependent anomalies relative to a mean sea surface.
		Determined from the strength of the return pulse of the radar altimeter; a calm sea is a good reflector and returns a strong pulse, while rough seas scatter the signal thereby returning a weak pulse.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /topex/measure.html (408 words)

	Dynamic topography
		Dynamic topography is independent of the absolute value of mantle viscosity, but is sensitive to the relative viscosity structure of the mantle.
		Dynamic topography is expected to contribute to the elevation of the African continent because of upwelling (associated with anomalously low seismic velocities) that coincides with a high in the long-wavelength geoid
		With the caveat that mantle flow models tend to overpredict the magnitude of dynamic topography, we suggest that the deep low-velocity anomaly under Africa, as seen consistently in tomographic models, is the primary cause of the African superswell.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/dynamic_topography.htm (2876 words)

	[No title]
		In physical oceanography the slope of the large scale dynamic sea surface topography can be used to calculate a surface geostrophic velocity as a reference for the general circulation and its associated transports.
		The dynamic topography is the elevation of the sea surface from the equipotential surface, i.e.
		it is identical with the difference between the sea surface height as it is measured by satellite altimetry and the geoid height.
	earth.esa.int /cgi-bin/confalt15y.pl?abstract=683 (252 words)

	Geodesy
		As Torge also remarks, the shape of the earth is to a large extent shaped by its gravity field.
		This applies to the solid surface (orogeny; few mountains are higher than 10 km, few deep sea trenches deeper than that) as it does to the liquid surface (dynamic sea surface topography[?]) and the earth's atmosphere.
		For this reason, the study of the Earth's gravity field[?] is seen as a part of geodesy, called physical geodesy.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ge/Geodesy.html (131 words)

	Chapter8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The surface water layer acted upon by the Coriolis effect is deflected to the right of the driving wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
		In the open sea, the deflection of the surface-water layer is at a 45° angle from the wind direction, as shown in figure 8.1.
		The surface slope of the mound increases as water moves inward until the force of gravity driving the water downhill and away from the gyre center equals the Coriolis effect acting to deflect the moving water into the raised central mound.
	www.saddleback.cc.ca.us /faculty/jvalencic/ocean/textbook/chap8/chap8.html (8185 words)

	[No title]
		By assimilating the data into a dynamical ocean model, it is possible to generate synoptic pictures of the sea surface in spite of the variable space/time sampling of the original data.
		Sea surface topography in the Gulf of Mexico, based on ERS-2 and Topex/Poseidon altimetry (courtesy of the Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research).
		The relative high in the sea surface (dark gray) delineates the Loop Current as it enters the Gulf between Cuba and the Yucatan and exits into the Gulf Stream between Florida and Cuba.
	ibis.grdl.noaa.gov /SAT/pubs/papers/ers2_esm (1526 words)

	Ocean Surface Topography from Space-Education
		Sea ice is also an important piece to the puzzle of understanding the Earth’s climate, because it affects the storage and exchange of global heat between the oceans and atmosphere.
		Sea water starting to freeze; this is known as ‘grease ice’ because it looks greasy.
		Sea ice is not as hard as ice on freshwater lakes or rivers, so it needs to be at least 20 cm thick before it is really safe to walk on.
	sealevel2.jpl.nasa.gov /jr_oceanographer/oceanographer-holt.html (1936 words)

	Ukraine - National Activities relevant to Black Sea GOOS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Northern seashore of the Taganrog Bay in the Sea of Azov, port of Mariupol.
		An example of the dynamical sea level, which is the stream function of the surface geostrophic currents, hindcast for June, 24, 1993 is presented on Fig.
		Topography for the altimeter and hydrography sea levels corresponding to the periods of CoMSBlack surveys is in good qualitative agreement.
	www.ims.metu.edu.tr /black_sea_goos/countries/Ukraine.htm (1530 words)

	Satellites Shed Light On Global Warming
		Altimetry-derived mean dynamic topography of the sea surface, which is the mean sea surface height relative to the geoid, or the theoretical surface of equal gravity around the Earth.
		By comparing and contrasting information on ocean colour, surface temperature and sea level, scientists are exploring the many subtle ways in which these near-invisible waves are capable of affecting phytoplankton, as they may be providing them with an input of nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean as well as moving them around.
		Sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the most stable of several geographical variables which, when determined globally, helps diagnose the state of the Earth's climate system.
	www.terradaily.com /reports/Satellites_Shed_Light_On_Global_Warming_999.html (1841 words)

	This Dynamic Planet, More About This Map
		Our Earth is a dynamic planet, as clearly illustrated on the main map by its topography, over 1500 volcanoes, 44,000 earthquakes, and 170 impact craters.
		Plates are composed of Earth's relatively thin surface rind (the crust) and the topmost 75 km of its 2900-km-thick mantle.
		The sea-floor topography shown on the main map was produced from satellite-radar mapping of the sea surface, augmented in places by higher resolution [data obtained by] ship-based acoustic techniques.
	www.minerals.si.edu /tdpmap/bom/bomtext.htm (1470 words)

	Applications of the ERS Radar Altimeter - an overview
		The height of the ocean surface relative to the centre of the Earth is not only a function of ocean currents, but also of the Earth's composition - changes in composition have an effect on the Earth's gravity field, and this is reflected in the relief of the sea surface.
		The surface of the geoid is expressed in terms of its departure from a simple mathematical figure, known as the reference ellipsoid.
		Information may also be gained on the age, structure and dynamics of the lithosphere, particularly in the area of subduction zones, leading to a better understanding of the relationship between the lithosphere and the mantle, and of mantle convection.
	earth.esa.int /applications/data_util/RAO.HTM (703 words)

	[No title]
		The mean sea air temperature difference was about 1.25°C and the sea skin temperature was cooler than bucket SST by 0.5°C. The atmospheric mixed layer was shallow, fluctuated in response to synoptic conditions from 100 m to 900 m with a mean around 500 m.
		The sea surface dynamic topography relative to 500 db shows that the upper layer circulation is characterised by a cyclonic gyre encompassing the study area.
		The magnitudes of heat loss at the surface due to air-sea heat exchanges and in the upper 50 m layer due to vertical diffusion of heat are highest at the southern location where intense convective activity followed by overcast skies and synoptic disturbance prevailed in the lower atmosphere.
	www.ias.ac.in /epsci/jun2000/absjun2000.html (2119 words)

	NASA Oceanography - The Physical Ocean
		In order to understand these phenomena, researchers at NASA measure ocean surface topography, sea surface temperature, the speed and direction of the winds over the ocean, and soon, sea surface salinity (salt content).
		By developing global, detailed, and decades-long views of Sea Surface Temperature (SST), data obtained from NASA satellites provide the basis for prediction of climate change, ocean currents, and global climate patterns like the potent El Niño-La Niña cycles.
		Sea ice is important to the study of oceans because it impacts oceanic chemical and physical properties, density structure, oceanic dynamics, and exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere.
	science.hq.nasa.gov /oceans/physical/index.html (572 words)

	Ocean Planet:Ocean Currents
		Warm surface currents invariably flow from the tropics to the higher latitudes, driven mainly by atmospheric winds, as well as the earth's rotation.
		Western boundary currents are good examples of warm surface currents: they are warm and fast, and they move from tropical to temperate latitudes §.
		Like the warm surface currents, they are driven mainly by atmospheric forces §.
	seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov /OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/oceanography_currents_1.html (508 words)

	UTCSR TOPEX/POSEIDON Gridded Sea Level Anomalies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The dynamic topography and topography anomaly maps in the directoy month_dat/ are averaged over a month, while the maps in the directory cycle_dat/ are averaged over a 10-day repeat period.
		The dynamic ocean topography heights are determined from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data in which all media and instrument corrections (ionosphere, wet and dry troposphere, and electromagnetic bias) and geophysical corrections (tides and inverted barometer) have been applied to the measurements.
		The dynamic ocean topography height anomalies are with respect to a long-term mean sea surface.
	ingrid.ldgo.columbia.edu /descriptions/.topexutcsr.html (631 words)

	5. NATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO GOOS IMPLEMENTATION
		The main strategy of the Black Sea ‘99 expedition was based on the joint application of satellite imagery, the Argos tracked SVP drifters and hydrographic, chemical and biological survey of the selected mesoscale structures.
		It recognized in particular the present lack of all types of marine data from the Black Sea, which were required to support maritime safety, operational meteorology and oceanography, ocean research and climate studies, as well as the important potential role for drifting buoys in providing such data.
		Maps of the sea surface dynamic topography are available now on the ten day basis till January of 2001 year.
	ioc.unesco.org /GOOS/ms/rpts/Ukraine_R01.htm (2198 words)

	Wikinfo \| Geodesy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The geoid, unlike the ellipsoid, is too complicated to serve as the computational surface on which to solve geometrical problems like point position.
		(3.) Spherical, points on a surface are defined by the angles between a normal or radius through a point and two perpendicular diametrical planes.
		Point positioning is the determination of the coordinates of a point on land, at sea, or in space with respect to a coordinate system.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Geodesy (778 words)

	CSR's Research Topics
		This page allows graphical access and download of both images and data from the CSR Sea Surface Topography database, in the form of a three-year mean dynamic ocean topography.
		GLAS is a laser altimeter designed to measure ice-sheet topography and associated temporal changes, as well as cloud and atmospheric properties.
		Geocentric sea surface heights are currently being measured with an unprecedented accuracy by the TOPEX/POSEIDON radar altimeter.
	www.csr.utexas.edu /research (705 words)

	NRL - Airborne Sea-Surface Topography in an Absolute Reference Frame: Applications to Coastal Oceanography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Unfortunately, highly dynamic coastal ocean processes occur at temporal and spatial scales that cannot be captured by the available water level measurement systems.
		The geoid is an equipotential surface of gravity that would approximate mean sea level (msl) if the ocean were motionless.
		Bathymetry of the continental slope is shown behind the surfaces, and the blue symbols and vertical blue lines show the position of the MMS bottom moorings.
	www.nrl.navy.mil /content.php?P=04REVIEW170 (1030 words)

	Satellite Observations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Sea surface dynamic topography as observed by TOPEX/POSEIDON.
		Topex/Poseidon 0.5 deg sea surface height data and browse images over the period 10/1992 to 12/1999 and also 1x1 deg x 10day averaged grids, with no missing data (added by popular request).
		Surface winds measured by four satellite microwave scatterometers (AMI aboard ERS-1 and ERS-2, NSCAT aboard ADEOS-1, and QUIKSCAT), objectively analyzed into weekly and monthly fields, as well as monthly climatological averages from 1991 through 2000.
	www.nodc.noaa.gov /woce_V2/disk01/sat (315 words)

	EARTH SCIENCE ENTERPRISE
		The Earth’s surface is shaped by powerful tectonic and gravity forces as well as the interaction with the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans through forces including wind, temperature change, precipitation, ice and fluvial flow.
		There is strong community-wide sentiment that space-borne and airborne measurement of topography and surface change will lead to significant near term advances in the understanding of earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding, aquifer charge, cryospheric dynamics, and coastal zone interactions.
		Reflections of these signals off the sea surface are being examined for possible use as a source of wind speed and ocean surface topography information.
	research.hq.nasa.gov /code_y/nra/current/NRA-01-OES-01/main.htm (6529 words)

	FishResearch.org Scientist Specification Form
		Interannual sea surface temperature variability on the southern flank of Georges Bank.
		Sea surface temperature fronts in the Georges Bank region.
		Bisagni, J. Interannual variability of sea surface temperature frontal patterns over Northeast Channel, Gulf of Maine, and proximity to gadid spawning regions on Georges nad Browns Banks, International Council for the Exploration of the Seas International Symposium on Recruitment Dynamics of Exploited Marine Populations: Physical- Biological Interactions.
	www.fishresearch.org /Scientist.asp?sid=33 (2443 words)

	Altimetry, Ocean Currents and the Marine Geoid MIT/EAPS Altimetry
		This surface has two components: the marine goid and the elevation of sea level due to movements in the interior ocean.
		The geoid is the gravitational equipotential of the earth defined, for practical purposes, as that surface to which a resting ocean would conform, and it is thus central to using altimetric data for determining absolute currents.
		The variation of large-scale sea surface height pattern and their spatial propagation is most readily visible in an animation of fields like the one shown in Fig.
	www.ifm.uni-hamburg.de /~wwwrs/altimetry.html (1964 words)

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