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Topic: Dynamically typed

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	Dynamic Typing
		A variable is dynamically typed when the type of the object(s) it will name is not specified at compile time.
		A language is dynamically typed if most variables in typical programs written in that language are dynamically typed.
		I think there are really two separate notions of dynamism here; "syntactic dynamic typing", meaning that the programmer doesn't need to write type declarations, and "semantic dynamic typing", meaning that the variable really can contain objects of different types.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?DynamicTyping (1070 words)

	Datatype - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dynamic typing is often associated with so-called "scripting languages" and other rapid application development environments.
		The implementation of a dynamically typed language will catch errors related to the misuse of values - "type errors" - at the time the erroneous statement or expression is computed.
		Dynamic typing may allow compilers and interpreters to run more quickly, since there may be less checking to perform and less code to revisit when the source code changes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dynamic_typing (2388 words)

	Datatype
		In dynamic scope, type checking is often done at run-time because variables can be differently typed according to execution path.
		Duck typing is a humorous way of describing the (dynamic) typing typical of many scripting languages, where the language guesses at the type of a value.
		Dynamic typing allows compilers to run more quickly, since there is less checking to perform and less code to revisit when something changes.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/datatype (2243 words)

	Programming language - Wikipédia
		Strongly typed languages do not permit the usage of values as different types; they are rigorous about detecting incorrect type usage, either at runtime for dynamically typed languages, or at compile time for statically typed languages.
		Weakly typed languages do not strictly enforce type rules or have an explicit type-violation mechanism, often allowing for undefined behavior, segmentation violations, or other unsafe behavior if types are assigned incorrectly.
		Use of these terms is often a matter of perspective, much in the way that an assembly language programmer would consider C to be a high-level language while a Java programmer would consider C to be a low-level language.
	su.wikipedia.org /wiki/Programming_language (1603 words)

	Datatype (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Programming languages implicitly or explicitly support one or more datatypes; these types may act as a statically or dynamically checked constraint on the programss that can be written in a given language.
		In dynamic typing, type checking is often done at runtime because variables can be differently typed according to execution path.
		C, Java, ML, and Haskell are statically typed, whereas Scheme, Lisp, Perl, Visual Basic, Ruby, and Python, are dynamically typed.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Datatype (2596 words)

	Dynamic typing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In programming languages, dynamic typing describes the practice of assigning types to each value in memory at runtime, rather than assigning a type to a static, syntactic entity in the program source code (the latter, contrasting practice is called static typing).
		Dynamic typing sometimes simplifies the task of writing code, because it allows the programmer to write code that would be illegal in some static type systems.
		However, purely dynamically typed languages provide only "late detection" of errors---errors may not be detected until the program is actually run.
	www.eurofreehost.com /dy/Dynamic_typing.html (385 words)

	Are Dynamically Typed Languages The Next Big Thing? [ ZefHemel.com ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In a way you get the feeling dynamically typed languages are so much more simple and productive than the statically typed ones, on the other hand you see their problem: tooling.
		Statically typed languages are languages that that force you to explicitly state the (return) types of your variables, functions and parameters.
		Another difference between the interpreters/compilers of dynamically typed languages and statically typed languages are the errors they detect on “compile” time (or in case of interpreters, before something gets actually run).
	weblogs.zef.nu /archives/2004/10/04/dynamically-typed-languages (3042 words)

	Programming language :: Web Articles ::
		Statically typed languages can be further subdivided into languages with manifest types, where each variable and function declaration has its type explicitly declared, and type-inferred languages.
		With statically typed languages, there usually are pre-defined types for individual pieces of data (such as numbers within a certain range, strings of letters, etc.), and programmatically named values (variables) can have only one fixed type, and allow only certain operations: numbers cannot change into names and vice versa.
		Dynamically typed languages treat all data locations interchangeably, so inappropriate operations (like adding names, or sorting numbers alphabetically) will not cause errors until run-time -- although some implementations provide some form of static checking for obvious errors.
	www.webarticles.com /Computers/Software/Programming-language (1737 words)

	Dynamically Typed: More Debate on PEAR
		Dynamical ly Typed this morning, there's a new posting for anyone out there looking to implement a quick and easy installation of PHP in additon to making a nice base for "modular PHP applications".
		Dynamically Typed there is a two posting series on efforts to get javascript to talk to PHP effectively.
		Dynamically Typed, there's a new posting dealing with the standardization of the CType functions into the default PHP builds.
	www.stargeek.com /item/92869.html (1784 words)

	VisualWorks: ParcPlace Type-Safety Discussion
		Dynamically, as the program executes, each time an operation is performed upon a value the language implementation verifies that the operation is valid for that specific data value.
		Dynamically typed languages refuse to allow an operation to be performed upon an inappropriate data value and typically report a runtime error if such an operation is attempted.
		Namely, dynamically typed languages are more truly object-oriented and that the vast majority of true bugs which pass through the static filter are caught more effectively by our dynamic one.
	wiki.cs.uiuc.edu /VisualWorks/ParcPlace+Type-Safety+Discussion (5447 words)

	Refactoring and types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It's not that the dynamically typed system doesn't have enough information to do the refactoring, but rather that renaming a method implemented by multiple classes incompatibly is not necessarily a behaviour-preserving transformation in a dynamically typed system.
		More generally, a dynamically typed program will have less information about itself than one with manifest typing (although I presume it would be the same as a statically typed program with type inference).
		These and other statically compiled typed language and systems strip away most if not all of the "type meta data" so that your program is a barren husk devoid of the richness that runtime meta data provides.
	www.cincomsmalltalk.com /userblogs/knight/blogView?showComments=true&entry=3304075060 (1933 words)

	Bruce Eckel's MindView, Inc: 11-16-04 Static vs. Dynamic
		C and C++ allow you to successfully cast to the wrong type, and are thus viewed as having weak typing (although Stroustrup once said that "C++ was strongly typed with a couple of holes in the type mechanism").
		I have argued in the past that "weakly typed" (a term I originally used to mean "latent typing") was distinct from "weak typing," but I think the terminology differences are far too subtle and not worth arguing over.
		In a dynamic language you have the flexibility to do rapid experimentation which is highly productive, but to ensure that your code is airtight you must be both proficient and diligent at unit testing.
	mindview.net /WebLog/log-0066 (3108 words)

	James Strachan's Weblog
		Dynamically typed languages like Ruby and Python are getting quite popular it seems.
		I'm still not convinced we should all move to dynamically typed languages any time soon - however I see no reason why we can't use both dynamically and statically typed languages and choose the best tool for the job.
		So the initial idea was to make a little dynamic language which compiles directly to Java classes and provides all the nice (alleged) productivity benefits of python / ruby but allows you to reuse, extend, implement and test your existing Java code - and use that to write your unit tests.
	radio.weblogs.com /0112098/2003/08/29.html (601 words)

	Static Options
		The exact type of a statically typed receiver is still determined at run time as part of the messaging process.
		When a statically typed object is assigned to a statically typed variable, the compiler can check to be sure that the types are compatible.
		However, when a message is sent to a statically typed object, the class of the receiver is known by the compiler.
	www.foldr.org /~michaelw/objective-c/ObjectiveC/4MoreObjC/Static_Options.html (1658 words)

	dynamically typed
		Dynamic typing catches more errors as run-time exceptions than static typing.
		Tcl, Perl, PHP, Python and Visual Basic are examples of dynamically typed languages.
		A dynamically typed language may have strong typing or weak typing.
	www.linuxguruz.com /foldoc/foldoc.php?dynamically+typed (84 words)

	dynamic from FOLDOC
		One important reason for having dynamic binding is that it provides a mechanism for selecting between alternatives which is arguably more robust than explicit selection by conditionals or pattern matching.
		To access a non-local variable in a dynamically scoped language, dynamic links are followed until a binding for the given variable name is found.
		A common implementation of dynamic scope is shallow binding.
	wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk /foldoc/foldoc.cgi?dynamic (3531 words)

	Diary for chalst
		Dynamic vs. static typing: Unusually long time to respond to a diary entry -- graydon posted an argument for the superiority of statically typed systems over dynamically typed system back in March.
		One can perform type inference in dynamically typed languages just as well as for statically typed languages; the difference is that user code is not treated as incorrect if it cannot be assigned one correct type.
		Most code is type correct, but there are situations where one needs dynamic types: supporting dynamic dispatch on method invocation being the most important.
	www.advogato.org /person/chalst/diary.html?start=14 (2256 words)

	The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 292
		This interest is increasingly focused on dynamically typed languages, in particular scripting languages.
		Dynamically typed languages lack such static type information, making it hard for compilers to generate JVM instructions for them.
		In cases where this is not feasible, support that applies only to dynamically typed languages running on the JVM can be added.
	jcp.org /en/jsr/detail?id=292 (1210 words)

	Dynamically Typed: J2EE Guy Still Doesn't Get PHP
		Dynamically Typed, he thinks that things have just taken a different fork in the road:
		Dynamically Typed has a new posting today discussing one of the less-known PHP configuration directives,
		Dynamically Typed today, there's a new posting concerning the latest worm(s) that seem to be going around -
	www.stargeek.com /item/181305.html (908 words)

	Concept for a hybrid static-/dynamically typed language \| www.kdedevelopers.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The real good thing about dynamic langagues is that you can substitue later on objects that share the same properties as the original one.
		One way to do that in dynamic languages is to allow the argument to be a type any and then check at runtime that the object f contains a method color().
		However, the most compelling argument /against/ dynamic typing (which you identified yourself) is still not achieved because of your auto-any-declaration.
	www.kdedevelopers.org /node/view/377 (2740 words)

	Wilco Bauwer - Recent
		And any further points I'd make, either in favor of dynamically typed languages or statically typed languages, would be kind of missing the point.
		People using dynamically typed languages are just working in a completely different rhythm.
		But someone using a statically typed language with the right tools can keep hacking things together and when the time is right, refactor things to something more sensible.
	www.wilcob.com (2588 words)

	Carl's Weblog: Dynamically Typed Languages
		Dynamically typed languages lack frameworks (currently) to produce large systems.
		Python and Ruby are probably the two strongest dynamically typed languages, but neither of them have the corporate backing to become the next Java, VB or C++.
		After I left PHP for Java I gave up on dynamically typed languages.
	www.sixty4bit.com /mt/archives/2004/06/08/dynamically_typed_languages.html (216 words)

	OSG Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Compact dispatch tables are one solution to achieve fast, and constant-time, message passing in dynamically typed languages and to bring them one step closer to the efficiency of statically typed languages.
		Dynamically typed object-oriented languages must perform dynamic binding for most message sends.
		A number of papers have reported on attempts to adapt C++-style selector table indexing to dynamically typed languages, but it is difficul to generate space-efficient tables.
	cui.unige.ch /osgrefs/file=/OSG/publications/Bib/osg.bib&htgrep=/osgrefs&ftpstyle=file&refer=plain&abstract=yes?Vite96 (246 words)

	LtU Classic Archives
		The main difference is that static typists always run all their interface tests before their other tests, while dynamic typists are a bit lazy about running tests because they say running all those tests takes too much time.
		In a dynamic language there usually is reflection so you can do tests that assert things like "this object replies to this message (or this object has a function of such name and arity)" which is a structural test, the test is really a type annotation.
		The main point of presenting type checking as tests is to sell type checking to dynamic typists, who seem to be practical people who are adverse to being introduced directly to formal concepts and whose cult^wphilosophy is centred on testing.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /classic/message6686.html (1578 words)

	Are Dynamic Languages Going to Replace Static Languages?
		I've been a statically typed bigot for quite a few years.
		Life in a dynamically typed world is fundamentally simpler.
		But I can't deny that I feel the tug of the dynamically typed languages.
	www.artima.com /weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=4639 (670 words)

	Programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Ada, Java, ML, and Oberon are examples of strongly typed languages.
		Typically, only machine language, Prolog, PostScript, and the members of the Lisp family (Common Lisp, Scheme) provide this capability.
		In MUMPS language this technique is called dynamic recompilation; emulators and other virtual machines exploit this technique for greater performance.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Programming_language (1686 words)

	2.2. Declaring Functions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Most statically typed languages enforce this by requiring you to declare all variables with their datatypes before using them.
		VBScript and Python are dynamically typed, because they figure out what type a variable is when you first assign it a value.
		So Python is both dynamically typed (because it doesn't use explicit datatype declarations) and strongly typed (because once a variable has a datatype, it actually matters).
	diveintopython.org /getting_to_know_python/declaring_functions.html (384 words)

	ipedia.com: Datatype Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In computer science, a datatype is a statically or dynamically assigned constraint on computer programs.
		Since the benefits of datatype have proven to be quite important, the majority of programming l...
		The definition is known as Liskov substitution principle.
	www.ipedia.com /datatype.html (2261 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The problem is especially acute in dynamically typed languages, where both tagging and boxing are necessary in general.
		This paper discusses a straightforward approach to using untagged and unboxed values in dynamically typed languages.
		An implementation of our algorithms allows a dynamically typed language to attain performance close to that of highly optimized C code on a variety of benchmarks (including many floating-point intensive computations) and dramatically reduces heap usage.
	www.cs.arizona.edu /~debray/papers/unboxopt.html (128 words)

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