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Topic: Dynamically typed language

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	Datatype - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dynamic typing is often associated with so-called "scripting languages" and other rapid application development environments.
		Advocates of strongly typed languages such as ML and Haskell have suggested that almost all bugs can be considered type errors, if the types used in a program are sufficiently well declared by the programmer or inferred by the compiler.
		Dynamic typing may allow compilers and interpreters to run more quickly, since there may be less checking to perform and less code to revisit when the source code changes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dynamic_typing (2478 words)

	Programming language - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Most languages that are widely used, or have been used for a considerable period of time, have standardization bodies that meet regularly to create and publish formal definitions of the language, and discuss extending or supplementing the already extant definitions.
		Functional languages often restrict names to denoting run-time computed values directly, instead of naming memory locations where values may be stored, and in some cases refuse to allow the value denoted by a name to be modified at all.
		Languages that use garbage collection are free to allow arbitrarily complex data structures as both expressed and denoted values.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Programming_language (1604 words)

	StaticallyTypedLanguages - The Fellowship of Hobbyist Programmers
		Statically typed languages often allow for TypeInference, eliminating the need for the programmer to explicitly give all variables/bindings a data type.
		Yes, because all values are typed and you can only cast from one type to a type that is higher up in the inheritance tree and casting must be explicit.
		For example, CommonLispLanguage is a dynamically typed language, with strong type checking: (+ 1 "a") is an error, because 1 is an integer and "a" is a string.
	www.hprog.org /fhp/StaticallyTypedLanguages (459 words)

	Datatype (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Programming languages implicitly or explicitly support one or more datatypes; these types may act as a statically or dynamically checked constraint on the programs that can be written in a given language.
		The implementation of a dynamically typed language will catch errors related to the misuse of values - "type errors" - at the time the erroneous statement or expression is computed.
		Careful language design has also allowed other languages to appear to be weakly-typed (through type inference and other techniques) for usability while preserving the type checking and protection offered by languages such as Java.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/D/Datatype.htm (2356 words)

	Are Dynamically Typed Languages The Next Big Thing? [ ZefHemel.com ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In a way you get the feeling dynamically typed languages are so much more simple and productive than the statically typed ones, on the other hand you see their problem: tooling.
		Statically typed languages are languages that that force you to explicitly state the (return) types of your variables, functions and parameters.
		The common used dynamic languages are not compiled to assembly, though the most used static language (still c++) does compile to assembly..
	www.zefhemel.com /archives/2004/10/04/dynamically-typed-languages (3053 words)

	A boring Saturday night
		I've found for large projects you are actually better off using dynamic type checking languages, with perhaps the individual components written in a statically type checked environment.
		Dynamically typed languages can't provide the >same functionality, or if they do they must do it through unreliable >semantic analysis and guessing (since full semantic evaluation of a >Turing-complete language is one of the classic examples of a >non-computable problem).
		This is a feature that dynamically typed languages like Smalltalk and LISP have had forever, and which statically typed languages still tend to implement comparatively poorly.
	www.kernel-panic.org /pipermail/kplug-lpsg/2003-May/004123.html (542 words)

	VisualWorks: ParcPlace Type-Safety Discussion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Their goal was to create "strongly typed" languages where an error is automatically detected if an operator or function is applied to the wrong type of data.
		Dynamically, as the program executes, each time an operation is performed upon a value the language implementation verifies that the operation is valid for that specific data value.
		Dynamically typed languages refuse to allow an operation to be performed upon an inappropriate data value and typically report a runtime error if such an operation is attempted.
	wiki.cs.uiuc.edu /VisualWorks/ParcPlace+Type-Safety+Discussion (5447 words)

	Why type checking?
		In a strongly typed language, the language implementation is required to check the types of operands in order to ensure that nonsensical operations, like dividing the integer 5 by the string ``hello'', are not performed.
		In a dynamically typed language most operations are type-checked just before they are performed.
		In a statically typed language, every expression of the language is assigned a type at compile time.
	www.cs.princeton.edu /courses/archive/fall98/cs441/mainus/node4.html (593 words)

	Sunday Typing (was: A boring Saturday night) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As I understand it, a strongly typed language doesn't let you treat an object of one type as a different type.
		A weakly typed language is a language in which it is possible to bypass the type system, and treat an object of one type as an object of another (unrelated) type.
		A dynamically typed language is one where the type compatibility is checked (and enforced) at runtime by the runtime system.
	www.kernel-panic.org /pipermail/kplug-lpsg/2003-May/004144.html (455 words)

	Python & Java: Side by Side Comparison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In a statically typed language, every variable name is bound both (1) to a type (at compile time, by means of a data declaration) and (2) to an object.
		In a weakly typed language, variables can be implicitly coerced to unrelated types, whereas in a strongly typed language they cannot, and an explicit conversion is required.
		A third distinction may be made between manifestly typed languages in which variable names must have explicit type declarations, and implictly typed languages in which this is not required.
	www.ferg.org /projects/python_java_side-by-side.html (2634 words)

	Chapter 11, Outline
		Dynamic almost always means not fixed or bound until run time, and therefore can change during the course of execution.
		In a statically typed language we say the class of the declaration is the static class for the variable, while the class of the value it currently holds is the dynamic class.
		Most statically typed OO languages constrain the dynamic class to be a child class of the static class.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~levine/common/OOP-slides/ch11/ch11.html (1032 words)

	Aggressive Type Inference
		Python is a ``dynamically typed'' language because, in general, the type of any variable is not known definitively until run-time.
		Both languages' VMs are fully specified in terms of concrete operational semantics [27], a polite way of saying that their details are buried in source code and subject to change.
		Algol-family languages [25], by comparison, have relied primarily on explicit type information supplied by the programmer, although there have been some attempts to the contrary [10].
	www.python.org /workshops/2000-01/proceedings/papers/aycock/aycock.html (3402 words)

	James Strachan's Weblog
		Dynamically typed languages like Ruby and Python are getting quite popular it seems.
		Apart from beanshell, most of them are languages designed with other use cases or criteria in mind and the bridge to the JVM was an afterthought and so don't quite sit nicely in a Java (platform and language) developers toolkit - even if thats just some minor syntax things (like __init__ and self in Jython).
		So the initial idea was to make a little dynamic language which compiles directly to Java classes and provides all the nice (alleged) productivity benefits of python / ruby but allows you to reuse, extend, implement and test your existing Java code - and use that to write your unit tests.
	radio.weblogs.com /0112098/2003/08/29.html (601 words)

	Abstraction and Efficiency
		Bill Venners: In the static versus dynamic typing debate, the proponents of strong typing often claim that although a dynamically typed language can help you whip up a prototype very quickly, to build a robust system you need a statically typed language.
		In a dynamically typed language, you do an operation and basically hope the object is of the type where the operation makes some sense, otherwise you have to deal with the problem at runtime.
		On the other hand, you can't build a system that is completely statically typed, because you would have to deploy the whole system compiled as one unit that never changes.
	www.artima.com /intv/abstreffi2.html (1290 words)

	Kevin Altis' Weblog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Most statically typed languages enforce this by requiring you to declare all variables with their datatypes before using them.
		A language in which types are discovered at execution time; the opposite of statically typed.
		A language in which types may be ignored; the opposite of strongly typed.
	altis.pycs.net /categories/python/2003/05/02.html (357 words)

	NG BBS - computer lang ..which are the best?
		After you're comfortable with the language and how it works, move on to a more complex language, like C. C is especially good as a "second language", because although the syntax is harder, it's more powerful than Pascal.
		The language I probably use the most these days, PHP, is dynamically typed and I actually appreciate the fact that it's dynamically typed.
		If you introduce somebody who has always used dynamically typed languages to say C or Java, you're sure to hear "Why do I have to convert that Integer to String when all I want to do is output it on the screen".
	www.newgrounds.com /bbs/topic.php?id=272680 (2264 words)

	Concept for a hybrid static-/dynamically typed language \| www.kdedevelopers.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The real good thing about dynamic langagues is that you can substitue later on objects that share the same properties as the original one.
		One way to do that in dynamic languages is to allow the argument to be a type any and then check at runtime that the object f contains a method color().
		However, the most compelling argument /against/ dynamic typing (which you identified yourself) is still not achieved because of your auto-any-declaration.
	www.kdedevelopers.org /node/view/377 (2724 words)

	The Scheme Programming Language
		Scheme was one of the first programming languages to incorporate first class procedures as in the lambda calculus, thereby proving the usefulness of static scope rules and block structure in a dynamically typed language.
		Scheme was the first major dialect of Lisp to distinguish procedures from lambda expressions and symbols, to use a single lexical environment for all variables, and to evaluate the operator position of a procedure call in the same way as an operand position.
		Scheme is also the first programming language to support hygienic macros, which permit the syntax of a block-structured language to be extended reliably.
	www.swiss.ai.mit.edu /projects/scheme (700 words)

	LtU Classic Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The main difference is that static typists always run all their interface tests before their other tests, while dynamic typists are a bit lazy about running tests because they say running all those tests takes too much time.
		In a dynamic language there usually is reflection so you can do tests that assert things like "this object replies to this message (or this object has a function of such name and arity)" which is a structural test, the test is really a type annotation.
		The main point of presenting type checking as tests is to sell type checking to dynamic typists, who seem to be practical people who are adverse to being introduced directly to formal concepts and whose cult^wphilosophy is centred on testing.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /classic/message6686.html (1578 words)

	Boo! [ ZefHemel.com ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		For one I think it can be a quite productive programming language to program in, on the other hand it’s a look into the future of other programming languages, such as C#.
		When you write code in a statically typed language, it produces that good feeling of dependability, which is what I’ve always missed about Python.
		If Boo is all that it seems to be: statically typed, as nice as Python, crossplattform (both as source and as executable), I can do nothing but cheer.
	www.zefhemel.com /archives/2005/04/04/boo (963 words)

	ordering events in a swarm .... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		That means the compiler doesn't have enough information to know whether or not a given method makes sense to send to such an object or for that matter be able to do anything clever like auto-instantiation of the right kind of class, etc.
		Although dynamically typed languages have the disadvantage that it can be hard or impossible to a prori prove that a given method will work for a given target variable (which would increase the `correctness' of the program), they have the advantage of letting the programmer/modeler delay global decisions.
		When programming using a dynamically typed language, it's better to think in terms of values and behaviors, NOT type declarations that the compiler propagates and enforces.
	www.swarm.org /pipermail/support/1999-June/006186.html (453 words)

	LtU Classic Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		I implied that users of dynamically typed languages like to program close to the metal, i.e., that DTLs are somehow low-level languages.
		That sounds patently false, since DTLs are usually less efficient than archetypal low-level languages like C. But I tend to think of DTLs as low-level in the sense that they are untyped, since assembly/machine language is also an archetypal example of an untyped language.
		When you start working with statically typed languages, you have to think about an artificial structure on memory which partitions it into a set of fields indexed by types, though, so I consider statically typed languages more "high-level" in that respect.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /classic/message3918.html (560 words)

	ITworld.com - Dynamically typed languages are no cure-all
		When he spoke in ITworld.com's interview forum, Robert Martin expressed the opinion that dynamically (though strongly) typed languages like Python and Smalltalk would be the mainstream languages of the future, rather than languages like C++ and Java.
		The argument is that, if you are using a dynamically (but strongly) typed, higher-level language, you'll typically need to write less code.
		Untyped or dynamically typed languages are OK for throwaway code, although in my experience with developing such code I have every single time wished in retrospect (even when I was initially happy with an untyped approach) that I had the benefit of static typing.
	www.itworld.com /AppDev/1032/ITF010402meyerpromo/pfindex.html (769 words)

	Python language mapping issues
		You might think that since Python is a dynamically typed language, narrowing should never be necessary.
		In statically typed languages, such as C++, Anys can only be used with built-in types and IDL-declared types for which stubs have been generated.
		Since Python is a dynamically typed language, it does not have this difficulty.
	omniorb.sourceforge.net /omnipy2/omniORBpy/omniORBpy003.html (1628 words)

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