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Topic: Dynorphin

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Opioid

Opioid receptor

Ligand

Addiction

Diamorphine

Neurotransmitter

Dopamine

Codeine

Endorphin (disambiguation)

Morphine

Peptide

Phenanthrene

Peptide bond

Endogenous

Endorphin

	Potentiation of NMDA Receptor-Mediated Responses by Dynorphin at Low Extracellular Glycine Concentrations -- Zhang et ...
		dynorphin A(1-13), (1-17), and (1-32) in trigeminal neurons (Chen
		with the synthetic, truncated dynorphin A(1-13), (2-13), (3-13),
		]dynorphin A peptides of the expression of opiate withdrawal and tolerance in morphine-dependent mice.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/78/2/582?ijkey=17d6ba277997b5a5b8908ee21cf00bf5f18e6fa9 (5206 words)

	Dynorphin : Nature's own antidote to cocaine ( and pleasure? )
		Dynorphin is a member of the body's natural, or endogenous, opioid system.
		Furthermore, Kreek and her colleagues have demonstrated directly in rats and indirectly in humans that administration of dynorphin results in a decrease in the amount of dopamine in the brain.
		Together, these studies imply that dynorphin rises after cocaine administration as a means to counteract the effects of cocaine.
	www.dynorphin.com (1029 words)

	Nature's own antidote to cocaine
		Dynorphin is a member of the body's natural, or endogenous, opioid system.
		Furthermore, Kreek and her colleagues have demonstrated directly in rats and indirectly in humans that administration of dynorphin results in a decrease in the amount of dopamine in the brain.
		Together, these studies imply that dynorphin rises after cocaine administration as a means to counteract the effects of cocaine.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-04/ru-noa041202.php (1160 words)

	MedFriendly.com: Dynorphin
		Dynorphin is a very powerful endogenous (substance coming from inside your body) opioid (substance that causes pleasure) ligand (a type of molecule).
		In this case, the dynorphin molecule (ligand) is the key and the receptor is the lock.
		The word, "dynorphin" comes from the Greek word, "dynamis," meaning "protein." The word "orphin" is short for "morphine," which is a powerful substance that alleviates pain and makes you feel good.
	www.medfriendly.com /dynorphin.html (245 words)

	Dynorphin A Shows 'Morphine-Sparing' Effect in Pain Management Trial (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dynorphin A or placebo was administered intravenously to 31 patients four times over a 24 hour period following hip or knee replacement surgery.
		Dynorphin A appeared to reduce the amount of morphine required for adequate management of postoperative pain.
		Dynorphin A is being developed as an analgesic agent, initially as an adjunct to opioid therapy.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/C636.htm (635 words)

	Dynorphin A1-13 Causes Elevation of Serum Levels of Prolactin Through an Opioid Receptor Mechanism in Humans: Gender ...
		Gilbeau PM, Hosobuchi Y and Lee NM (1986) Dynorphin effects on plasma concentrations of anterior pituitary hormones in the nonhuman primate.
		Takemori AE, Loh HH and Lee NM (1993) Suppression by dynorphin A and [des-tyr]dynorphin A peptides of the expression of opiate withdrawal and tolerance in morphine-dependent mice.
		Wen HL and Ho WK (1982) Suppression of withdrawal symptoms by dynorphin in heroin addicts.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/288/1/260 (6129 words)

	Converging Pathways of Pain Research at NIDCR
		They documented the increased biosynthesis of dynorphin - first the messenger RNA of predynorphin and then of dynorphin itself - in the spinal cord of the rat, in response to brief inflammation of the hind leg.
		This impressive evidence of dynorphin activity in response to inflammation led the researchers to hypothesize that this peptide, like enkephalin, might be one of the body's endogenous analgesics.
		If dynorphin was administered to a normal animal, however, it proved to have an algesic effect; the animal became more sensitive to heat and touch stimuli.
	history.nih.gov /exhibits/pain/docs/page_11.html (568 words)

	WHGD Topics from the Director's Report, February, 2000
		Mary Jeanne Kreek and colleagues at the Rockefeller University conducted a study to determine whether dynorphin peptides act to lower dopaminergic tone in the tuberoinfundibular system, resulting in elevated serum prolactin levels and, if so, whether such an effect is mediated by the opioid receptors.
		Dynorphin gene expression, dynorphin peptides, and kappa-opioid receptor gene expression and binding have been shown to be altered in response to cocaine administration.
		Additionally, both dynorphin peptides and kappa-opioid agonists have been shown to lower dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and to attenuate cocaine-induced surges in dopamine levels.
	www.nida.nih.gov /WHGD/WHGDDirRep16.html (4807 words)

	A Physician's Guide to Fibromyalgia Syndrome
		Neither CSF β-endorphin (mu-opioid receptor) nor dynorphin A (kappa-opioid receptor) were low in FM, so the cause of the pain in FM was not a lack of endogenous opioid.
		A study conducted in Israel 66 showed that automobile accidents associated with a whiplash injury to the neck were much more likely (21% versus 2%) to result in symptomatic FM than were accidents in which the main injury was limited to a bony fracture of a lower extremity.
		The inverse relationship between dynorphin A and SP may be concentration or time dependent in the human exposed to spinal cord injury.
	www.fmaware.org /doctor/russell.htm (1182 words)

	Neuropathic Pain: The Paradox of Dynorphin -- Lai et al. 1 (3): 160 -- Molecular Interventions
		Dynorphin A(2–17) induces a significant increase in the fluorescence of fluo-3 (expanded red area); the maximum fluorescence is reached after 1 min.
		Cho, H.J. and Basbaum, A.I. Ultrastructural analysis of dynorphin B-immunoreactive cells and terminals in the superficial dorsal horn of the deafferented spinal cord of the rat.
		Hauser, K.F., Foldes, J.K., and Turbek, C.S. Dynorphin A(1-13) neurotoxicity in vitro: opioid and non-opioid mechanisms in mouse spinal cord neurons.
	molinterv.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/1/3/160 (3784 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Long-lasting antinociceptive effects of a novel dynorphin analogue, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dynorphin A peptides show analgesic properties and may be useful in the management of pain (Hooke et al., 1995; Smith and Lee, 1988).
		-opioid receptor agonist dynorphin A-(1 − 17) and its fragments have effects that are not associated with opioid receptors (Faden, 1992; Faden and Jacobs, 1984; Lai et al., 1998; Moises and Walker, 1985; Shukla and Lemaire, 1994).
		This effect of dynorphin was not sensitive to opioid antagonists, implying that it was not acting at the opioid receptors (Massardier and Hunt, 1989; Vanderah et al., 1996).
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v132/n8/full/0703982a.html (5301 words)

	Zhi-Bing You: Doktorsavhandling från Karolinska Institutet
		Dynorphin B, as well as GABA, levels in the neotriatum and substantia nigra were significantly decreased following a lesion of the neostriatum, suggesting that these dynorphin B and GABA levels reflect activity of the striato-nigral pathway.
		The dopamine (DA) D, receptor agonist, SKF 38393 stimulated the release of dynorphin B and GABA both in the neostriatum and substantia nigra, while the D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole was without effect, suggesting that DA modulates the function of the striato-nigral dynorphin pathway via D, receptors.
		Thus, it is suggested that CCK-8 modulates dynorphin B and Asp release predominantly via the CCKB receptor subtype in the neostriatum and via both CCKA and CCKB receptor subtypes in the substantia nigra.
	diss.kib.ki.se /1996/91-628-1871-6 (638 words)

	Dynorphin B Is an Agonist of Nuclear Opioid Receptors Coupling Nuclear Protein Kinase C Activation to the Transcription ...
		Dynorphin B Is an Agonist of Nuclear Opioid Receptors Coupling Nuclear Protein Kinase C Activation to the Transcription of Cardiogenic Genes in GTR1 Embryonic Stem Cells -- Ventura et al.
		Dynorphin B Is an Agonist of Nuclear Opioid Receptors Coupling Nuclear Protein Kinase C Activation to the Transcription of Cardiogenic Genes in GTR1 Embryonic Stem Cells
		Dynorphin B (Dyn B) primes the transcription of GATA-4 and Nkx-2.5 genes in isolated ES cell nuclei.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/92/6/623 (4193 words)

	The regulation of hippocampal dynorphin by neural/neuroendocrine pathways: models for effects of aging on an opioid ...
		This raises the possibility that dysregulation of dynorphin in the aged brain is a reactive response to antecedant change(s) in this circuitry, a hypothesis that was examined by separately manipulating in young rats the three neural/neuroendocrine systems identified above.
		Adrenalectomized rats exhibited a significant decrease in hippocampal dynorphin-A (1-8) content, which was reversed by corticosterone replacement at a concentration approximating normal basal levels.
		In contrast, perforant path removal was found to reproduce the effect of aging on dynorphin content; either aspiration of the entorhinal cortex or knife-cut transections of the perforant path reliably increased hippocampal dynorphin content.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_9045079.html (399 words)

	University of Iowa Anesthesia Publications (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Persistent inflammatory nociception increases levels of dynorphin 1-17 in the spinal cord, but not in supraspinal nuclei involved in pain modulation.
		It is well established that nerve injury or inflammatory injury results in a time-dependent increase in the expression of dynorphin in the spinal cord.
		These data suggest that alterations in levels of dynorphin do not mediate the up-regulation of activity in bulbospinal pain inhibitory or pain facilitatory pathways that occurs during persistent pain.
	www.anesth.uiowa.edu /readabstract.asp?PMID=14622757 (211 words)

	APStracts 7:0119J, 2000. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The opioid peptide dynorphin A is known to elicit a number of pathological effects that may result from neuronal excitotoxicity.
		These effects of dynorphin A are not mediated through opioid receptor activation but can be effectively blocked by pretreatment with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, thus implicating the excitatory amino acid system as a mediator of the actions of dynorphin A and/or its fragments.
		This excitatory effect of dynorphin A(2-17) was insensitive to (+)-5-methyl- 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801) pretreatment in NMDA responsive cells.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2000/jn/February/119j.html (302 words)

	Vasopressin contributes to dynorphin modulation of hypoxic cerebrovasodilation -- Venteicher and Armstead 275 (6): 2072 ...
		Contribution of vasopressin to dynorphin vascular responses during hypoxia as a function of duration of hypoxic exposure.
		In contrast, MEAVP blunted the reversal of dynorphin from a dilator
		contribute to the reversal of dynorphin from a dilator to a constrictor.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/6/H2072 (3778 words)

	Dynorphin and Dopamine
		To investigate the contribution of the dynorphin pathways to a tonic modulation of dopamine release, a microdialysis study was undertaken, with probes implanted in the substantia nigra and the ipsilateral neostriatum.
		Perfusion of the neostriatum with NTX, nor-BNI, or CTOP increased striatal dopamine, and dynorphin B release and increased dynorphin B in the ipsilateral substantia nigra.
		The results suggest that opioid peptides, either dynorphins acting on kappa-opioid receptors or enkephalins acting on mu-opioid receptors, exert tonic inhibition on dopamine and dynorphin B release in both substantia nigra and neostriatum.
	opioids.com /dynorphin (269 words)

	Persistent Alterations in Dendrites, Spines, and Dynorphinergic Synapses in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell of Rats with ...
		Regardless of the manner in which new synapses are formed, such structural modifications in dynorphin neurons and their synapses could alter the accumbal circuit in a dramatic and enduring manner.
		Prinssen EPM, Balestra W, Bemelmans FFJ, Cools AR (1994) Evidence for a role of the shell of the nucleus accumbens in oral behaviour of freely moving rats.
		Steiner H, Gerfen CR (1998) Role of dynorphin and enkephalin in the regulation of striatal output pathways and behavior.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/20/7798 (6258 words)

	Nonopioid Actions of Intrathecal Dynorphin Evoke Spinal Excitatory Amino Acid and Prostaglandin E2 Release Mediated by ...
		Spinal dynorphin is hypothesized to contribute to the hyperalgesia
		Chaplan SR, Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL (1997) Efficacy of spinal NMDA receptor antagonism in formalin hyperalgesia and nerve injury evoked allodynia in the rat.
		Hauser KF, Foldes JK, Turbek CS (1999) Dynorphin A (1-13) neurotoxicity in vitro: opioid and non-opioid mechanisms in mouse spinal cord neurons.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/6/1451 (4210 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, (Sackler NAS Colloquium) Neural Signaling (2002)
		Dynorphin serves a feedback mechanism in this circuit: dynorphin, released from terminals of the NAc neurons, acts on ĸ opioid receptors located on nerve terminals and cell bodies of the DA neurons to inhibit their functioning.
		Not shown is the reciprocal effect of CREB on this system: CREB enhances dynorphin expression and thereby attenuates the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse (4).
		effect: it induces dynorphin expression in the nucleus accumbens and reduces the rewarding properties of cocaine and morphine (4).
	www.nap.edu /books/030908279X/html/52.html (1227 words)

	Research Scientists, BSBE, IIT Kanpur
		For example, opioid peptides like dynorphin are implicated in analgesia and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) is involved in the control of many autonomic and sensory functions.
		Molecular dynamics simulations of dynorphin have shown the importance of basic and aromatic residues in stabilizing and orienting the peptide conformations within the bilayers.
		Sankararamakrishnan and H. Weinstein, Molecular dynamics simulations predict a tilted orientation for the helical region of dynorphin A(1-17) in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers, Biophys.
	www.iitk.ac.in /bsbe/faculty/sankar (510 words)

	Molecular Dynamics Simulations Predict a Tilted Orientation for the Helical Region of Dynorphin A(1-17) in ...
		The helical region of dynorphin is within the lipid bilayers and is oriented approximately parallel to the bilayer normal.
		FIGURE 7 Solvation of dynorphin side chains observed for (A) system A and (B) system B. Contributions from the main components of the membrane system (water oxygens, acyl chain carbons, and phosphate and choline groups) are identified by counting the number of nearest neighbors within a distance of 4 Å around each side chain.
		Schwyzer, R. Estimated conformation, orientation and accumulation of dynorphin A-(1-13)-tridecapeptide on the surface of neutral lipid membranes.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/79/5/2331 (5998 words)

	Dynorphin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dynorphin is a popular and powerful opioid ligand.
		It may act as an antidote to pleasurable effects of cocaine.
		Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Dynorphin.html (77 words)

	Orexin (Hypocretin) Neurons Contain Dynorphin -- Chou et al. 21 (19): 168 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		and dynorphin in wild-type mice, in orexin knock-out mice, and
		A, Abundant red dynorphin immunofluorescence is visible in the SON and in the LHA above the fornix (f).
		Fallon JH, Leslie FM (1986) Distribution of dynorphin and enkephalin peptides in the rat brain.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/19/RC168 (4008 words)

	Glucose Stimulation of Pancreatic {beta}-Cell Lines Induces Expression and Secretion of Dynorphin -- Josefsen et al. ...
		Synthesis and release of dynorphin-A by in vitro cultivated rat
		Cetin Y 1985 Immunohistochemistry of beta-neoendorphin and dynorphin in the endocrine pancreas of rat and man.
		Donnerer J, Holzer P, Lembeck F 1984 Release of dynorphin, somatostatin and substance P from the vascularly perfused small intestine of the guinea-pig during peristalsis.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/139/10/4329 (4819 words)

	Distinct Mechanisms for Activation of the Opioid Receptor-Like 1 and kappa -Opioid Receptors by Nociceptin and ...
		the peptide to inhibit adenylyl cyclase) to dynorphin A as the
		and dynorphin A precursor genes and the ORL1 and KOR1 receptor
		Nothacker HP, Reinscheid RK, Mansour A, Henningsen RA, Ardati A, Monsma FJ, Jr, Watson SJ and Civelli O (1996) Primary structure and tissue distribution of the orphanin FQ precursor.
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/55/2/324 (4963 words)

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