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	Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Guiscard's quarrel was actually with Nicephorus III, who deposed Michael VII in 1078, but went ahead with his plan to attack anyway even after Nicephorus was deposed and replaced by Alexius I in 1081.
		In June Guiscard marched north to Dyrrhachium, the regional capital, and lay siege to it; its inhabitants, however, were not impressed by the false Michael.
		His ships were destroyed in a brief naval battle, while at the same time, the garrison of Dyrrhachium, led by George Palaeologus, defeated the Normans outside the city and destroyed their siege tower.
	factsite.co.uk /en/wikipedia/b/ba/battle_of_dyrrhachium__1081_.html (823 words)

	Battle of Dyrrhachium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Dyrrachium (or Dyrrhachium) on 10 July 48 BC was one of a series of contests between Julius Caesar and Pompey that ended with Pompey's defeat in the Battle of Pharsalus a month later.
		So he decided to attack Pompey directly, and brought 15,000 of his troops (among which legions later known as IX Hispana and IV Macedonica) from Spain to Brundisium in Italy, and thence across the Adriatic to Epirus, landing there on 4 January.
		Moving north towards Dyrrhachium, he discovered Pompey entrenched there with an army of 45,000.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium (271 words)

	Illyria
		Dyrrhachium (Dyrrachion) was founded by Corcyra in 627 BC as Epidamnos.
		Apollonia and Dyrrhachium came under Roman protectorate in 229 BC and were incorporated in the Roman Empire as part of Illyria provincia during the first c BC.
		The majority of the silver coins of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium have a cow and suckling calf on the obverse and a double stellate pattern on the reverse taken from Corcyrean prototypes.
	www.geocities.com /asklapiadas (2735 words)

	Julius Caesar: The Last Dictator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Even before Antony had joined his forces, Caesar - ever aware of the political benefits of seeming to be the peacemaker in a civil war - had sent Vibellius Rufus, one of Pompey's captured engineers, to Pompey with a suggestion that peace terms could yet be agreed upon.
		Caesar went, late at night with only a small guard, to the gates of the Temple of Artemis to meet with the man when he was suddenly attacked by large forces which had been secretly conveyed along the shore in boats and waited to kill him at the rendezvous, attacking both his front and rear.
		Dyrrhachium was one of the rare defeats in Caesar's career, which he readily admitted: "Today my enemies would have finished the war if they had a commander who knew how to win a victory." (Appian, II, 62).
	heraklia.fws1.com /battles/Dyrrhachium/Index.html (2016 words)

	Durrës (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 48 BC Pompey was based at Dyrrachium and beat off an attack by Julius Caesar (see Battle of Dyrrhachium).
		In the Middle Ages Dyrrhachium was an important Byzantine port, and a major link between the empire and western Europe.
		In the 11th and 12th centuries it was subject to attack by the Normans of Sicily; Robert Guiscard captured it from Alexius I Comnenus in 1081 (see Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081), and Robert's son Bohemund of Taranto was defeated there in 1107.
	factsite.co.uk /en/wikipedia/d/du/durres.html (598 words)

	Roman and Byzantine Greece - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert Guiscard took Dyrrhachium and Corcyra in 1081 (see Battle of Dyrrhachium), but Alexius I defeated him, and later his son Bohemund, by 1083.
		The Crusaders gained support in Dyrrhachium, Corcyra, and Euboea, and in 1204 Alexius III was forced to flee from Constantinople to Thrace.
		Greece was relatively peaceful and prosperous in the 11th and 12th centuries, compared to Anatolia which was being overrun by the Seljuks.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Byzantine_Greece (2007 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Battle_of_Munda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the beginning of 45 BC, the Republican civil war between the factions of Caesar and Pompey was ending.
		After the successive defeats of Dyrrhachium, Pharsalus and Thapsus, the conservative republicans, initially led by Pompey, were confined to the Spanish provinces.
		Led by Titus Labienus, a talented general, and the brothers Sextus and Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey's sons), the conservatives had used the resources of Hispania to levy an army of thirteen legions.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Battle_of_Munda (624 words)

	Caesar's legions
		Marc Antony brought it to Dyrrhachium in the spring of 49.
		In the spring of 48, the Tenth served at Dyrrhachium.
		In the summer of 49, it fought in Hispania in the battle of Ilerda and in the spring of 48 at Dyrrhachium.
	www.livius.org /caa-can/caesar/legions.html (2207 words)

	SEDA - Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Thus, Dyrrhachium was one of the biggest cities of the late antiquity and the early Byzantine civilisation.
		All archaeological data bring ample evidence that Dyrrhachium and Apollonia became true cities during the 6th to 5th centuries BC, and during 4th century they reached full bloom that paved the way to the building of magnificent monuments.
		As early as the 5th century BC Dyrrhachium, or Epidamnus, has its potteries, metal and leather processing shops, textiles, shipyards, etc. Proofs of such a trade development in this city are the minting of both bronze and silver coins, while the mosaic of a gravelled floor showing the so-called Dyrrhachium's Beauty suggests the urban prosperity.
	www.seda.org.al /ACH/arch.htm (4555 words)

	Livius Picture Archive: the siege of Dyrrhachium (49-48)
		Dyrrhachium, modern Durrës in Albania, is at the beginning of the Via Egnatia, the Roman road that connected the Adriatic Sea with Macedonia and the Aegean Sea.
		The town became the center of a series of military engagements during the Second Civil War (49-48), in which Julius Caesar (picture) fought against Pompey the Great and overthrew the Roman Republic.
		Having landed at Apollonia, south of Dyrrhachium, Caesar immediately sent two legions to the east, to prevent Pompey from receiving reinforcements.
	www.livius.org /a/battlefields/dyrrhachium/dyrrhachium.html (555 words)

	Battle of Dyrrhachium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Moving north towards Dyrrhachium, he discovered Pompey entrenched therewith an army of 45,000.
		Pompey saw no reason to risk a battle, since his fleet controlled the Adriatic, and Caesar's troops wenthungry in the spring of 48, although eventually reinforcements arrived with Marcus Antonius.
		But Pompey was able to cavein the left of Caesar's line, Caesar lost 1,000 of his veterans in the fighting, and decided to leave the field to Pompey andcontent himself with being able to leave the field at all.
	www.therfcc.org /battle-of-dyrrhachium-76064.html (236 words)

	Battle of Dyrrhachium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Battle of Dyrrachium (or Dyrrhachium) on 10 July 48 BC was one of a series of between Julius Caesar and Pompey that ended with Pompey's defeat in Battle of Pharsalus a month later.
		Moving north towards Dyrrhachium he discovered Pompey entrenched there with army of 45 000.
		But Pompey was able to cave the left of Caesar's line Caesar lost 000 of his veterans in the fighting decided to leave the field to Pompey content himself with being able to leave field at all.
	www.freeglossary.com /Battle_of_Dyrrhachium (560 words)

	Hugh Of Vermandois (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On the way, many of the soldiers led by fellow Crusader Emich of Leiningen joined Hugh's army after Emich was defeated by the Hungarians, whose land he had been pillaging.
		Hugh crossed the Adriatic from Bari in southern Italy, but many of his ships were destroyed in a storm off the Byzantine port of Dyrrhachium.
		Hugh and most of his army was rescued and escorted to Constantinople, where they arrived in November of 1096.
	www.wikiverse.org /hugh-of-vermandois (368 words)

	Durrës (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 229 BC the Romans seized the city and its name to Dyrrhachium.
		In 48 BC Pompey was based at Dyrrachium and beat an attack by Julius Caesar (see Battle of Dyrrhachium).
		In the 11th 12th centuries it was subject to attack the Normans of Sicily ; Robert Guiscard captured it from Alexius I Comnenus in 1081 (see Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081) and son Bohemund of Taranto was defeated there in 1107.
	www.freeglossary.com /Durres (707 words)

	GTP
		The latter moved from Thessalonica, and threw himself before Dyrrhachium; the Pompeians entrenched themselves on the right bank of the Apsus, so effectually that Caesar was obliged to take up his position on the left, and resolved to pass the winter under canvass.
		This led to a series of remarkable operations, the result of which was that the great captain, in spite of the consummate ability he displayed in the face of considerable superiority in numbers and position, was compelled to leave Dyrrhachium to Pompeius, and try the fortune of war upon a second field.
		29-63.) Dyrrhachium sided with M. Antonius during the last civil wars of the Republic, and was afterwards presented by Augustus to his soldiers (Dion Cass.
	www.gtp.gr /LocInfo.asp?infoid=49&code=BAL&PrimeCode=BAL&Level=2&PrimeLevel=2&IncludeWide=0&LocId=14123 (4807 words)

	Battle of Dyrrhachium
		The two armies made camp on opposite sides of a small river called the Shimmihl Torrent, with Caesar on the north and Pompey on the south, and Dyrrhachium on Caesar’s side of the river.
		While Pompey could still be re-supplied by sea, what he failed to realize was that Caesar controlled the flow of fresh water, and he immediately began to cut it off.
		Skirmishes were constant, and outside Dyrrhachium Caesar reports that the two sides fought 6 battles in a single day.
	www.unrv.com /fall-republic/battle-of-dyrrhachium.php (1356 words)

	Ion Beam Studies in the Field of Arts, Archaeology and Geology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Analytical characterization of ancient silver coins (drachmas) issued by the Greek city Dyrrhachium 68-43 years BC was carried out by micro-PIXE method.
		Out of a 153 pieces Dyrrhachium drachma collection of the Coin Cabinet of the Hungarian National Museum 27 ones were analysed including four ancient imitations.
		The aim of this investigation was to involve the Hungarian artefacts into a comprehensive and systematic study of the coin-hoards discovered in the neighbourhood of Hungary (e.g.
	www.atomki.hu /ar99/m/m09/m09.html (343 words)

	Battle of Pharsalus
		After his defeat at Dyrrhachium in July of 48 BC, Caesar moved swiftly into Thessaly, incorporating the towns of the region under his control.
		After Dyrrhachium, Pompey and the Senators squabbled over the next course of action, and they pressed Pompey hard to finish Caesar as quickly as possible.
		With their success at Dyrrhachium, however, Pompey’s initially fearful legions were now filled with confidence against the vaunted conqueror of Gaul.
	www.unrv.com /fall-republic/battle-of-pharsalus.php (1491 words)

	SEDA - Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At this time Dyrrhachium joins Illyrian state, while Apollonia is freed from the Macedonian subjugation.
		Some cities like Dyrrhachium, Shkodër, Bylis and Butrint were given the status of colonies.
		Their further development was linked with the growth of handicraft, trade and transport.
	www.seda.org.al /ACH/bizant.htm (1219 words)

	Schlacht von Dyrrhachium - netlexikon
		In Dyrrhachium hingegen konnte Caesar froh sein, einer Katastrophe zu entgehen.
		Auf seinem Marsch nordwärts Richtung Dyrrhachium entdeckte er, dass Pompeius sich dort mit einer Armee von 45000 Mann verschanzt hatte.
		Pompeius sah keinen Grund, eine Schlacht zu riskieren, solange seine Flotte die Adria kontrollierte, und Caesars Truppen gingen ohne Kampf in das Frühjahr 48, obwohl Verstärkungen durch Marcus Antonius zu ihnen stießen.
	www.lexikon-definition.de /Schlacht-von-Dyrrhachium.html (250 words)

	Dyrrhachium Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Looking For dyrrhachium - Find dyrrhachium and more at Lycos Search.
		In 229 BC, when the Romans seized the city the "-damnos" part of the name was inauspicious to Latin ears, and its name became Dyrrhachium.
		The modern city is called Dyrrhachium from its founder." The name Dyrrachion is found on coins of the 5th century BC; in the Roman period Dyrrachium was more common.
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Dyrrhachium (726 words)

	[No title]
		He was defeated in the ensuing conflict, and the old despot Theodore was again captured, this time dying in custody.
		Theodore II Lascaris allied with Michael and their children, betrothed by John years before, finally married in 1256, with Theodore receiving Dyrrhachium in return.
		In 1267 Corcyra and much of Epirus were captured by Charles of Anjou, and in 1271 Michael II died, although Michael VIII did not attempt to annex Epirus directly.
	www.homestayfinder.com /Dictionary.aspx?q=Despotate_of_Epirus (1177 words)

	Rome Unleashed - Crossing the Rubicon
		It was an act of war, since no commander was allowed to take soldiers outside his province without express senatorial permission, and the River Rubicon was the boundary of Cisalpine Gaul.
		Caesar marched south to occupy Rome, while the senatorial party opposed to him fled across the Adriatic to Dyrrhachium.
		There they assembled their own army under the command of Pompey, who was now Caesar's arch-rival.
	www.classicsunveiled.com /romeh/html/rubicon.html (296 words)

	Stability and Debasement
		Up to now has been performed a number of 1,500 PIXE tests on drachms issued by Dyrrhachium and Apollonia and their counterfeits (plated).
		Horizon II the increase of the concentration of copper with over 3% means already a process of
		If this reasoning can be proved then the imitations and the plated counterfeits can be introducedÂ into that system, reflecting the theory of the debasement.
	www.msh-alpes.prd.fr /balkans/Resumes/Sasianu.htm (281 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.06.06 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It would be hard to overestimate the usefulness of a book acting as both a detailed guide to, and scholarly compendium of what is known about the Roman via Egnatia.
		This presents a problem: to be useful to scholars, ideally the discussion should consistently refer to places by their ancient toponyms, with the modern name added parenthetically in case someone must trace the path on the ground or on a modern map, e.g., Dyrrhachium (Durrës).
		Chapter one (136-160), following the road from Dyrrhachium to the modern town of Elbasan, is characteristic and lists 54 pieces of data in the following categories: naturally occurring paths, archeological evidence (pre-Roman and Roman settlements, surviving tracts of road, bridges, and inscriptions), waystations (stationes), significant toponyms, and anomalies in the aerial photographs he provides.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-06-06.html (1822 words)

	Encyclopedia: Battle of Dyrrhachium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)
		So he decided to attack Pompey directly, and brought 15,000 of his troops from Spain to Italy, and thence across the Adriatic to Epirus, landing there on 4 January.
		Click for other authoritative sources for this topic (summarised at Factbites.com).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Dyrrhachium (296 words)

	The Battle of Pharsalus, 48 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		From January, 49 BC to Pharsalus (August 9, 48 by the Roman calendar but June 6 by the Julian calendar), Civil War between Pompey and Caesar had divided the Roman world with battles in Italy, Spain, Africa, Gaul, and now Greece.
		Only weeks before, Caesar’s armies had suffered a serious defeat following a long, but unsuccessful, siege of Pompey’s legions in the town of Dyrrhachium on the northern Greek coast.
		His victory at Dyrrhachium against Caesar’s legendary legions had cheered his troops, and he appears to have felt confident of victory.
	heraklia.fws1.com /battles/pharsalus (1577 words)

	GameSpot Presents: Age of Empires II: The Conquerors Expansion Game Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		West of Thessaloniki is the fortified town of Dyrrhachium.
		As you near its eastern ramparts, you remember that several Huns are being held prisoner inside.
		Once Dyrrhachium falls, you should begin gathering your forces for an assault on the Roman fortress.
	www.gamespot.com /gamespot/guides/pc/ageofempire2/p5_03.html (803 words)

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