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Topic: Dysmenorrhoea

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	Menstruation - dysmenorrhoea - Better Health Channel.
		Normal menstruation that happens to be painful is known as primary dysmenorrhoea, while secondary dysmenorrhoea refers to period pain caused by certain reproductive disorders, such as endometriosis.
		In primary dysmenorrhoea, it is thought that the muscles of the uterus squeeze and contract harder than normal to dislodge the thickened lining.
		A woman with dysmenorrhoea needs a thorough medical examination to ensure that her period pain isn’t caused by some kind of reproductive disease, such as endometriosis.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Menstruation_dysmenorrhoea?OpenDocument (549 words)

	Analgesics for primary dysmenorrhoea
		Naproxen, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid are all effective in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea, with numbers-needed-to-treat of 2.4 (2.2 to 2.7), 2.6 (2.2 to 3.2) and 3.0 (2.4 to 4.0) respectively for at least 50% pain relief.
		Dysmenorrhoea affects about 40% to 70% of women of reproductive age, and is a frequent cause of time lost from work or school as well as interfering with daily living.
		Primary dysmenorrhoea was defined as patient history of painful menstrual cycles not caused by organic disease or intrauterine device.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/booth/painpag/Chronrev/Analges/CP066.html (650 words)

	Symptoms of DYSMENORRHOEA, Menstrual Cramps and Pain During Menses - Cure, Cause, Treatment & Homeopathic Medicines of ...
		The dysmenorrhoea of Caulophyllum is essentially spasmodic in character; the pains are bearing down in character.It produces a continued spasm of the uterus simulating first stage of labor; the flow is mostly normal in quantity.
		The dysmenorrhoea is intensely painful, the vagina is hot and dry and the pains are cutting through the pelvis in a horizontal direction, not around the body, as in Platinum and Sepia.
		Dysmenorrhoea calls for Pulsatilla when the menses are dark in color and delayed; the flow will be fitful and the more severe the pains are the more chilly the patient will get.
	www.hpathy.com /diseases/dysmenorrhoea1.asp (1130 words)

	Dsymenorrhoea -- To Treat or Not to Treat?
		In secondary dysmenorrhoea, where the cause is of an organic nature, there may be associated somatic problems that could be relieved by chiropractic care without making any claims as to affecting the underlying organic cause, which should be referred to the appropriate medical specialist.
		Primary dysmenorrhoea usually begins immediately before menstruation, peaking in severity as flow begins.1,2 The pain is usually colicky or cramp-like in nature, or consists of a constant dull ache localized to the lower abdomen.
		Their study suggested that primary dysmenorrhoea, of this small population group, is associated with a significant reproducible somatic component, although its underlying mechanism was not investigated.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/14/19/12.html (2452 words)

	The Medical House PLC \| Content Demo (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Secondary dysmenorrhoea often starts later in life (it is most commonly seen in those aged over 30) and may be triggered by a number of factors, which may include an underlying illness or disease.
		Ibuprofen is usually the most effective in relieving dysmenorrhoea, however it may cause stomach irritation in some people, and should not be taken by asthmatics; if this is the case, paracetamol would be a better choice of painkiller.
		Secondary dysmenorrhoea, which is itself a symptom of another underlying condition, usually occurs in later life, from the age of 25 onwards.
	www.healthworks.co.uk /demo/factsheets/Dysmenorrhoea.shtml (993 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Dysmenorrhoea
		Dysmenorrhoea is a common complaint, of which there are two identified types, affecting up to 50 per cent of...
		Menorrhagia (heavy and/or frequent periods) and dysmenorrhoea (painful periods) are common problems for which women visit a general practitioner or...
		Endometriosis may give rise to many problems, the most significant of which is infertility.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Dysmenorrhoea.html (78 words)

	Pharmacy2U - medicines, fragrance and skincare at reduced prices (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is estimated that between 40% and 70% of women of childbearing age are affected by dysmenorrhoea at some point in their lives, which is characterised by cramping pains and discomfort around the time of the monthly period.
		Dysmenorrhoea is classified into two types: primary, where there is no other serious illness or underlying disease; and secondary, where the pain is caused as a result of another condition or disorder.
		Secondary dysmenorrhoea often starts later in life (it is most commonly seen in those aged over 30) and may be triggered by an underlying illness or disease.
	www.pharmacy2u.co.uk /healthinfo_common_female_dysmen.asp (1065 words)

	Menstrual Disorders: Irregular and Missed Menstrual Periods (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dysmenorrhoea is the medical term for menstrual cramps.
		"Primary dysmenorrhoea" is not caused by an underlying medical condition and generally begins when a girl first starts having her period.
		"Secondary dysmenorrhoea" typically occurs later in life and is the result of a problem with the woman's reproductive system.
	www.menstrual-disorders.co.uk (319 words)

	Woman's Natural Health Practice: Painful Menstrual Periods
		Dysmenorrhoea in orthodox medicine is described as pain during menstruation.
		Women who have more severe dysmenorrhoea have higher levels of PGF2-a in their menstrual fluid attaining the maximum level during the first two days of menses when symptoms of dysmenorrhoea are most severe.
		Disorder in the functioning of the liver is the common underlying causal factor in menstrual disorders and dysmenorrhoea is no exception, but it is in itself the result of a multiplicity of factors of which psychosocial ones are significant.
	www.naturalgynae.com /nav6_fact12.html (1527 words)

	PAINFUL PERIODS (DYSMENORRHOEA) - a patient's guide
		The pain of secondary dysmenorrhoea is due to a problem with the reproductive organs.
		It is unusual for symptoms to start in the first 6 months after the first period, and if this is the case, it may alert your doctor to consider a problem with the shape of your uterus or cervix.
		Answer: If your doctor considers that secondary dysmenorrhoea may be the cause for your period pain then it would be usual for you to be referred to a gynaecologist.
	www.medic8.com /healthguide/articles/painfulperiods.html (1267 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since secondary dysmenorrhoea must be investigated by a doctor, the ensuing discussion of dysmenorrhoea will be restricted to the primary type, except where it is important to differentiate between the two types.
		Prostaglandin levels in the serum, endometrium and menstrual fluid of women with active dysmenorrhoea are found to be elevated (by a factor of between five and 13).
		Primary versus secondary dysmenorrhoea: primary dysmenorrhoea is due to painful unco-ordinated contractions of the uterus just prior to and during menses.
	www.dotpharmacy.co.uk /upwomen.html (2065 words)

	Health Advice: Painful Periods (Dysmenorrhoea)
		Usually primary dysmenorrhoea becomes less of a problem as women get older and certainly childbirth seems to help a lot, with many women noticing a significant reduction in the amount of pain they experience with their periods after they have had a baby.
		Sometimes, as in primary dysmenorrhoea, no underlying disease process is found and it is thought that the symptoms may be associated with 'pelvic congestion'.
		Often, however, with secondary dysmenorrhoea there is an identifiable underlying problem within the pelvis, such as endometriosis, fibroids or infection and further investigations and specific treatments may be required.
	www.wellway.co.uk /healthadv/dysmenorrhoea.html (896 words)

	Dysmenorrhoea - Patient UK
		Dysmenorrhoea is a term used to describe low anterior pelvic pain which occurs in association with periods.
		Dysmenorrhoea is thought to be due to a release of prostaglandins in the menstrual fluid, which in turn produces vasoconstriction in the uterine vessels resulting in the uterine contractions which produce the pain.
		There would also appear to be a link between obesity and dysmenorrhoea, although this link is inconsistent, and there is some evidence to suggest that dysmenorrhoea is independent of BMI but rather is linked to attempts to loose weight.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/40002421 (1280 words)

	Painful Periods or Dysmenorrhoea
		Visiting a specialized doctor, performing a number of tests and taking some kind of medicine, can be some of the first tactics a woman suffering from dysmenorrhoea can perform.
		But, it is important during those medical sessions to explain and describe the symptoms, their duration and frequency.
		However, period pains can be unusual and there may actually be nothing medically wrong with the suffering woman.
	forahealthywoman.com /womens/health/Painful-Periods-or-Dysmenorrhoea.html (562 words)

	Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhoea) - Dysmenorrhoea (painful menstrual periods) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dysmenorrhoea is the presence of painful menstrual periods, and is one of the most common gynaecologic complaints in young women who present to clinicians.
		Primary dysmenorrhoea is recurrent, crampy, lower abdominal pain that occurs during menses in the absence of demonstrable pelvic disease.
		Secondary dysmenorrhoea may be due to the effects of excess prostaglandins, as well as excess uterine contractions secondary to many underlying pathologies such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, fibroids, polyps, or another underlying disorder.
	www.virtualrespiratorycentre.com /diseases.asp?did=711 (840 words)

	E-Doc INTERACTIVE - Clinical
		Dysmenorrhoea, also known as menstrual cramps or painful menstruation is a common problem, affecting women in their reproductive years.
		Dysmenorrhoea is then described as menstrual pain that is severe enough to limit a woman’s normal activity and requires medication.
		Primary spasmodic dysmenorrhoea is characterised by sharp pains that are caused by the uterine muscle contracting and tightening.
	www.edoc.co.za /modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=445 (1470 words)

	Painful menstruation \| DoctorNDTV: Health Information on Painful menstruation
		Dysmenorrhoea is the clinical term for painful menstrual periods when cramps are frequent and severe.
		Primary dysmenorrhoea results from uterine contractions that occur normally during periods, whereas secondary dysmenorrhoea may be related to a medical condition, such as endometriosis (a condition in which the endometrium or the lining of the uterus, grows in areas outside the uterus) causing pain and infertility.
		Dysmenorrhoea is a common gynaecological complaint in adolescents, but the majority of cases are not associated with a disease and the physical examination is normal.
	www.doctorndtv.com /topics/detailtopics.asp?id=465&heading=AllTopics (589 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Rofecoxib for dysmenorrhoea: meta-analysis using individual patient data
		Dysmenorrhoea is associated with painful cramping of the lower abdominal or back muscles, with or without other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
		Onset of dysmenorrhoea is common during adolescence, and up to 50% of women of reproductive age may be affected [1], and 10% incapacitated for up to three days each menstrual cycle.
		The impact of dysmenorrhoea on activities of daily living, disability or function, and absence from work or school are additional factors to be considered.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6874/4/5 (3601 words)

	Dysmenorrhoea (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dysmenorrhoea is less common in women who do not ovulate.
		The cause of dysmenorrhoea is related to prostaglandin, a chemical that occurs naturally in the body.
		Dysmenorrhoea is cause by the over-production of prostaglandin's, but there is no recognizable underlying reason for this.
	www.period-relief.com /Dysmenorrhoea.asp (258 words)

	Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) \| Vhi Healthcare
		This type of dysmenorrhoea usually takes the form of sharp, spasmodic pains in your lower abdomen at the beginning of your period, or a day or two earlier, and it lasts two to three days.
		Unlike that of primary dysmenorrhoea, however, the pain is a symptom of another disease or condition that may require treatment -- perhaps endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine fibroids, and adenomyosis (in when uterine tissue grows into the wall of the uterus).
		The symptoms of secondary dysmenorrhoea include pelvic and back pain, spotting between periods, pain during or after sex, a pus-like vaginal discharge, fever or chills, frequent urination, and changes in bowel movement.
	www2.vhihealthe.com /topic/topic13080 (1173 words)

	247GP.co.uk (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dysmenorrhoea is a pain associated with the periods in menstruating women.
		Primary dysmenorrhoea and secondary dysmenorrhoea (“primary” means there is no other factor involved, “ secondary” means the condition results from another, or second, condition).
		All cases of secondary dysmenorrhoea should be seen by a doctor and the cause determined.
	www.online-doctor.co.uk /a2z/dysmenorhhea.htm (333 words)

	Health 24 - Medical - Head 2 Toe (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dysmenorrhoea, also known as painful menstruation, is one of the most common health care problems in women during their reproductive years.
		Secondary dysmenorrhoea is the occurrence of pelvic pain together with menstruation due to a disease within the pelvis.
		Secondary dysmenorrhoea is characterised by pain, usually felt more to one side, which occurs at the time of menstruation, the pain being secondary due to an organic cause.
	www.health24.com /medical/Head2Toe/777-778-783,11943.asp (2245 words)

	MIS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dysmenorrhoea is pain in the lower abdomen caused by uterine cramps during the menstrual period.
		Historically, dysmenorrhoea was viewed unsympathetically and treated with a range of remedies that may have done little more than diverting the pain, like cold showers, low salt diets, pelvic exercises.
		Dysmenorrhoea is a common condition which is not harmful and is usually easily managed.
	www.lienclinic.com /Dysmenorrhoea.htm (592 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner News - Period pains in teenage girls - Wednesday \| November 8, 2006
		It is one of the most common reasons for a teenage girl to miss school and it is also very common in women of childbearing age.
		Up to 90 per cent of teenage girls may have dysmenorrhoea but it is severe in only about 15 per cent of them.
		Primary dysmenorrhoea usually starts between one and three years after a young woman starts her normal monthly periods.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20061108/health/health2.html (641 words)

	A-Z Guide To Medical Conditions - Dysmenorrhoea
		Primary dysmenorrhoea is due to the release of chemicals called series-2 prostaglandins (PG2) in the menstrual blood which cause painful contractions of the uterus.
		This type of dysmenorrhoea effects about 25% of women at some time and occurs most frequently in the 15 to 25 year age group.
		Secondary dysmenorrhoea refers to the type of period pain that is the result of some other underlying disease.
	www.weightcontroldoctor.com /healthtopics/a-z/dysmenorrhoea.asp (785 words)

	The Oxford Handbook of Sports Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pathophysiologically, the pain is thought to be due to ischemia in the myometrium during uterine contractions and is mediated by prostaglandin release by the endometrium.
		For moderate to severe dysmenorrhoea, Ketoprofen, Naproxen Sodium or Ibuprofen, taken 24 to 48 hours prior to the onset of menses and for the duration of the discomfort, may be helpful as they work by limiting the release of prostaglandins.
		Dysmenorrhoea and the premenstrual syndrome may also contribute adversely to athletic performance.
	www.worldortho.com /oxsportsmed/chapt23.html (1815 words)

	Painful menses
		Dysmenorrhoea is a medical term for painful menstruation or menses or periods.
		Dysmenorrhoea is a very common, acute complaint which should be evaluated medically.
		Secondary dysmenorrhoea is characterised by pain in the affected area and side.
	www.chennaionline.com /health/Homoeopathy/2004/11homoeopathy16.asp (1870 words)

	Dysmenorrhoea - symptom, Treatment of Dysmenorrhoea
		Dysmenorrhoea is defined as a pain, during menstrual periods, the pain a woman is suffering can be so severe that she is unable to carry on with her normal activities.
		Onset of dysmenorrhoea is common during adolescence, and up to 50% of women of reproductive age may be affected, and 10% incapacitated for up to three days each menstrual cycle.
		Secondary dysmenorrhoea is menstrual pain caused by another condition, commonly endometriosis.
	www.diseases-condition.com /diseases-d/dysmenorrhoea.htm (478 words)

	Medical Observer Weekly (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The pain and discomfort of dysmenorrhoea is usually most severe for the first day or so of your period.
		Dysmenorrhoea tends to peak quite soon after puberty so you should see your doctor if your periods are getting increasingly painful as you get older.
		If you think you may suffer from dysmenorrhoea or menorrhagia, see your doctor, who should be able to make a proper diagnosis and advise you of treatment options for your condition.
	www.medicalobserver.com.au /patienthandout/displayhandout.asp?ID=115 (345 words)

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