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	Dzong architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Dzong architecture is a distinctive type of fortress architecture found in the former and present Buddhist kingdoms of the Himalayas, most notably Bhutan.
		The rooms inside the dzong are typically allocated half to administrative function such as the office of the penlop or governor, and half to religious function, primarily the housing of monks.
		Wangdue Phodrang dzong, for instance, is set upon a spur overlooking the confluence of the Mo Chhu and Pho Chhu rivers thus blocking any attacks by southern invaders who attempted to use a river route to bypass the trackless slopes of the middle Himalayas in attacking central Bhutan.
	www.factsite.co.uk /en/wikipedia/d/dz/dzong_architecture.html (585 words)

	Dzong architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bhutanese dzong architecture reached its zenith in the 1600s under the leadership of the great lama Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.
		Wangdue Phodrang dzong, for instance, is set upon a spur overlooking the confluence of the Puna Chhu and Tang Chhu rivers thus blocking any attacks by southern invaders who attempted to use a river route to bypass the trackless slopes of the middle Himalayas in attacking central Bhutan.
		Punakha dzong is distinctive in that it is sited on a relatively flat spit of land at the confluence of the Mo Chhu and Pho Chhu rivers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dzong_architecture (672 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Gothic architecture and art -> Landmarks of French Gothic Architecture The first important example of Gothic architecture was the ambulatory of the abbey of Saint-Denis, constructed between 1140 and 1144.
		Early Christian art and architecture -> Architecture Before the legal recognition of the new faith in the early 4th cent., Christian places of worship were of necessity inconspicuous and had no fixed architectural form.
		Greek architecture -> The Orders of Greek Architecture Of the three great styles or orders of architecture (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian), the Doric was the earliest and the one in which the noblest monuments were erected.
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=dzong+architecture&rc=10&fh=13&fr=21 (546 words)

	Dzong architecture -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The campus architecture of the is a rare example of dzong style seen outside the Himalayas.
		Bhutanese dzong architecture reached its zenith in the 1600s under the leadership of the great (Llamas) lama Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.
		In previous times the dzongs were built using (Unpaid labor (as for the maintenance of roads) required by a lord of his vassals in lieu of taxes) corvee labor which was applied as a tax against each household in the district.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/D/Dz/Dzong_architecture.htm (555 words)

	Kuensel Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Expressions of breath-taking architectural grandeur and elegance, the Bhutanese dzongs are a poet's vision of unity and an artist's conception of proportion, that transcend the designs of the Clovis Point or the Mississippi Arch in the western imagination of the ideal of beauty and usefulness woven into one.
		Translations of expansive mindscapes and boundless imaginations, the dzongs are at once a marriage between the physical and the spiritual, between the fortress and the monastery, between the social and the political.
		Even though the dzong idea was first introduced to Bhutan by one Lam Gyalwa Lhanangpa, sometime in the 12th century, it was totally transformed by Zhabdrung to assume a larger dimension and a new ideology to accommodate the requirements of the new Chhoesid Nyiden system that he introduced in the country.
	www.kuenselonline.com /article.php?sid=3154 (3094 words)

	Dzong architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The rooms inside the dzong are typically allocated half to administrative function such as the office of the penlopor governor, and half to religious function, primarily the housing of monks.
		Wangdue Phodrang dzong, for instance, is set upon a spur overlooking the confluence of the Mo Chhu and Pho Chhu rivers thus blocking any attacks bysouthern invaders who attempted to use a river route to bypass the trackless slopes of the middle Himalayas in attacking centralBhutan.
		If the dzong is built on the side of a valley wall, a smallerdzong is typically built directly uphill from the main dzong with the purpose of keeping the slope clear of attackers who mightotherwise shoot downward into the courtyard of the main dzong below.
	www.therfcc.org /dzong-architecture-122279.html (571 words)

	YANA Expeditions Bhutan: Dzongs in Bhutan
		Architectural grandeur is expressed in height and massiveness of a Dzong.
		Although Dzong system came to Bhutan from Tibet, and Lam Gyalwa Lhanangpa is credited to have introduced it intoBhutan in the 12th century, yet the system transformed itself into its dual functional role, soon afterwards and to adopt itself to Bhutan's national and socio-economic requirements.
		The Dzong walls are made of mixture of sand and clay bricks, the foundation is stone, and wooden beams are skillfully cut to fit each other most dexterously.
	www.discoverbhutan.biz /pages/yana/y_dzong.html (600 words)

	Modern architecture -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Modern architecture is the term given to the range of approaches in architecture, first appearing at the beginning of the (Click link for more info and facts about 20th century) 20th century, that
		The Bauhaus, the architecture school in Germany started in 1919, was the most influential school and under various directors the ideology differed slightly.
		The rise of (Genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism) postmodernism is attributed to the general disenchantment with Modern architecture.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/M/Mo/Modern_architecture.htm (794 words)

	ABTO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During the time of the Shabdrung (early 17th century) the Dzong system was given a larger dimension to it with the dual purpose of housing monasteries and administrative offices, and serving as protective structures.
		In the present day, Dzongs continue to serve as the administrative headquarters and focus of secular and religious activities in the country’s districts.
		The main courtyard of the Dzong is the dochey paved with large flagstones.
	www.abto.org.bt /architecture.html (1143 words)

	Bhutan: Architecture of Bhutan
		The great fortresses known as "dzongs" are among the most striking examples of Bhutanese architecture.
		Dzongs first began to be built in Bhutan around the 12th century.
		Because of this, most of the dzongs also played an important role in the religious life of the people.
	www.bootan.com /bhutan/articles/architecture2.htm (625 words)

	RAOnline Bhutan: Architecture in Bhutan
		Bhutanese architecture is famous for its originality, its harmonious proportions and its adaptation to the landscape.
		Fortresses such as Jathel Dzong, Chelkha Dzong and Dongoen Dzong were built by the Lhapa Kagyu religious school which once dominated the western region in the 12th century.
		The dzong type is a monastery built like a fortress with a main tower, housing many temples and a surrounding outer structure which provides accommodation for the monks.
	mypage.bluewindow.ch /raonline/pages/bt/visin/bt_archi01.html (904 words)

	Bumthang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was built in 1646 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the first spiritual and temporal ruler of Bhutan; the Dzong continues its age-old function as the seat of the district administration, district court and the monastic body.
		Scouting for a place for the dzong a small white bird was seen perched on a hill, which was taken as an auspicious sign, and hence the name Jakar, meaning white bird.
		It was the second dzong built by Shabdrung, in 1637, on a strategic junction at the confluence of Pho Chhu and Mo Chhu rivers.
	www.nirvanaexpeditions.com /programs/shangrila.htm (3092 words)

	Amanresorts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The national language of Bhutan is Dzongkha (the language of the dzongs, the imposing fortress-monasteries that dominate the landscape).
		The dzong was built in 1649 by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel to commemorate the victory.
		The dzong was used as an administrative centre until 1951, when a fire caused by a butter lamp destroyed it.
	www.amanwella.com /kora/print.htm (3204 words)

	Architectural history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Renaissance Architecture: The cultural movement called the Renaissance (which literally means re-birth) was just that in architecture, a rebirth of the Roman traditions of design.
		It was expressed in a new emphasis on rational clarity and regularity of parts, arranged in simple mathematical proportions and in a conscious revival of Roman architecture architecture.
		The influence of Renaissance architecture can still be seen in many of the modern styles and rules of architecture today.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Architectural-history (510 words)

	Trip to Bhutan.com ::: Tour Guides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This Dzong, with a delightful village nestling at its foot, was built in 1646 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal to commemorate his victory over the Tibetan invaders.
		The Dzong is open for visitors during Punakha festival and in summer months when the monk body moves to Thimphu.
		Yet the Dzong is built in the same method and traditions of all the other Dzongs; no drawings and nails have been used.
	www.triptobhutan.com /tourist_destinations.htm (3888 words)

	Druk Path trek and Bhutan wonders - itinerary
		The original Dzong was damaged by fire in 1771 and 1897.
		The Dzong now houses, the secretariat, the throne room and offices of the king and the ministries of home affairs and finance.
		It was the second of Bhutan's Dzongs and for many years served as the seat of the government.
	www.globe-trekker.com /tin-tin-trekking/druk-path-itinerary.htm (1218 words)

	dzonga of bhutan
		Most of the Dzongs are gigantic in structure, and rise high in a high pastoral landscape as impregnable set in a pattern of architectural design distinctively Bhutanese.
		Both in form and design, the concept of Dzong architecture is one of the most elegant and harmonious fortress in the world.
		Mostly located on a mountain spur, a Bhutanese Dzong usually overlooks and commands the valley.The entrance to the Dzong,usually by the side of the river, is over a bridge and single gateway lined with iron plate.
	www.klessheim.sts.ac.at /ith/ith0102/arun/secretparadise.htm (224 words)

	Druk Path trek and Bhutan wonders 17 days - itinerary
		Paro Dzong is one of Bhutan's most impressive dzongs and the finest example of Bhutanese architecture you will see.
		Punakha Dzong is 180 m long, 72 m wide and the utse is six storeys high.
		Tongsa Dzong is the most impressive monastery / fortress of the kingdom, and one of the most aesthetic and magnificent works of traditional Bhutanese architecture.
	www.globe-trekker.com /druk-path-itinerary.htm (1112 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Bhutan
		Until the early 1600s, Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms until unified by the Tibetan lama and military leader Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.
		Escaping political foes in Tibet he arrived in Bhutan in 1616 and initiated a program of fortification and military consolidation, overseeing the construction of impressive dzongs or fortresses such as Simtokha Dzong which guards the entrance to Thimphu valley.
		An insightful leader, he used cultural symbols as well as military force to establish a Bhutanese national identity, including the initiation of a number of sacred dances to be performed in the annual tsechu festivals.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Bhutan (2702 words)

	Bhutan-Parajuli Trekking
		The Dzong was built in 1645 A.D. Evening: Tea at the hotel and drive for two hours (65 km) to reach the capital city of Thimphu.
		Furthermore, the Dzong is built in such a way that in the old days, no matter what direction a traveler came from, he was obliged to pass by the Dzong.
		Today, the Dzong is the seat of the district administration as well as the home for the monastic school.
	www.parajulitrekking.com /bhutan.html (7060 words)

	Bright Architecture
		In architecture, Japanese preferences for natural materials and an interaction of interior and exterior space are clearly expressed.
		See live article Islamic architecture Islamic architecture is the entire range of architecture that has evolved from Islam as a social, cultural, political and religious phenomenon.Hence the term encompasses religious buildings...
		See live article Dzong architecture Dzong architecture is a distinctive type of fortress architecture found in the former and present Buddhist kingdoms of the Himalayas, most notably Bhutan.
	www.wncwabash.com /8/5.html (814 words)

	Amanresorts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Sited in a pine forest in the upper reaches of the Motithang area of the Thimphu Valley, Amankora, Thimphu (opening December 2005) is a quiet retreat from the hustle and bustle of the Kingdom's booming capital.
		Situated a short drive north of the grand Punakha Dzong and Puntsho Pelri Palace (summer residence of His Majesty The King), Amankora, Punakha is accessed via a suspension bridge over the river Mo Chhu.
		A short drive or walk takes guests to the lodge compound which is centred around a traditional Bhutanese farmhouse built as a residence by Her Majesty the Queen Mother to oversee the surrounding rice fields and fruit plantations.
	www.amanwella.com /kora/res.htm (1150 words)

	Namgay Adventure Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The castle-like dzongs, with their gently tapering walls, classic lines, large courtyards and beautiful galleries, are among the finest examples of Bhutanese architecture.
		Containing large monasteries inside and set in commanding position on hilltops or at the confluence of rivers, dzongs are also the administrative centers of their districts.
		But, the most common architectural sight in Bhutan are the chortens or stupas which are small shrines built to house sacred relics.
	www.nat.com.bt /bhutan (1218 words)

	Glimpse of Bhutan, Bhutan, Bhutan Treks, Bhutan Tours, Treks in Bhutan, Tours in Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Once the watch tower for the Rinpung Dzong it was converted to the National Museum in 1968.
		The Dzong houses the District Administration Office and the District Monk Body.
		Although in ruins, this Dzong is of great historical importance.
	www.mactreks.com /Bhutan/Samtengang_winter_trek.htm (457 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Until the early 17th century, Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms until unified by the Tibetan lama and military leader Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.
		To defend the country against intermittent Tibetan forays, Namgyal built a network of impregnable dzong (fortresses), and promulgated a code of law that helped to bring local lords under centralised control.
		Rigsagar is the dominant style of popular music, played on a stringed instrument, and dates back to the late 1960s; it shows the influence of Indian popular music, a hybrid form of traditional and Western popular influences.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Bhutan (4598 words)

	Bhutan-Bhutan travel, Bhutan tours, Bhutan trekking, Bhutan Tour Operators, Bhutan Travel Agency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Emergence of ruling clans and development of arts and architecture were also seen during this period.
		The Bhutanese architectural grandeur is exhibited in the form of Dzongs, monasteries, temples, chortens and traditional Bhutanese houses.
		The Dzong architecture is one of the most elegant and harmonious in the world.
	www.bhutanadventure.com /aboutbhutan.htm (1590 words)

	Bhutan Architecture: Jakar Dzongs
		Jakar (Byakar) dzong towers almost fifty meters above its high perch overlooking the town of Wangchuling and the Bumthang river.
		One of the grandest dzong (fortress-monasteries), it is surrounded by a wall of stone about one and a half kilometers in circumference.
		Besides their steep walls intended to discourage attackers, the dzongs are equipped with numerous arrow slits from which a defender could fire safely over a ninety degree area.
	www.orientalarchitecture.com /bhutan/JAKARFORTS.htm (150 words)

	The Hindu Business Line : Off to picturesque Paro
		It is at Drukgyel Dzong that the motor road ends and the famous trail to Chomolhari begins.
		Before entering the Dzong, which turned out to be a burned-out shell of the fortress of victorious Bhutan, we took a stroll and stopped to admire the view.
		The seat of the district administration, it is an impressive, square fortress, representative of the Dzong architecture.
	www.blonnet.com /life/2002/07/22/stories/2002072200170300.htm (1071 words)

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