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Topic: E L Thorndike

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	Edward Thorndike - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Among Thorndike's most famous contributions were his research on how cats learned to escape from puzzle boxes, and his related formulation of the law of effect.
		Thorndike meant to distinguish clearly whether or not cats escaping from puzzle boxes were using insight.
		Thorndike's instruments in answering this question were 'learning curves' revealed by plotting the time it took for an animal to escape the box each time it was in the box.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edward_Thorndike (383 words)

	Human Intelligence: Edward L. Thorndike
		Thorndike's Law of Exercise continued this line of thought; a) Stimulus-response connections that are repeated are strengthened, and b) Stimulus -response connections that are not used are weakened.
		Thorndike and his students used objective measurements of intelligence on human subjects as early as 1903.
		Thorndike rejected the idea that a measure of intelligence independent of cultural background was possible.
	www.indiana.edu /~intell/ethorndike.shtml (554 words)

	Thorndike (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thorndike rid his theories of the mentalism of earlier psychologists and paved the way for the behaviorism of B. Skinner and John B. Watson.
		Although evidence of classical conditioning was there, E. Thorndike did not believe that it was comprehensive because most behavior in the natural environment was not simple enough to be explained by Pavlov's theory.
		Thorndike's analysis of this behavior was that the behavior that produced the desired effect became dominant and therefore, occurred faster in the next experiments.
	www.nvgc.vt.edu /alhrd/Theorists/Thorndike.htm (322 words)

	P485Read4Intro
		One hundred years after the publication of Thorndike's landmark 1898 monograph ("Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals"), the American Psychological Association honored Thorndike by reprinting parts of his monograph along with four commentary articles in the October 1998 issue ("Celebrating E. Thorndike") of the American Psychologist.
		Thorndike was critical of the then prominent view (held by Romanes, Morgan, and others) that if an animal can perform new adjustments or behaviors, then it must be able to associate ideas and hence could be said to possess mind (the ability to think and reason).
		Thorndike was thus arguing, based on experimental evidence, that there are two types of reflexes; the innate reflexes which had long been recognized, and a second category of learned or acquired reflexes (in the early 1900s, Pavlov also provided experimental evidence which suggested that reflexes can be either innate or learned).
	web.psych.ualberta.ca /~dgrant/psyco485/readintro4.html (360 words)

	Kappa Delta Pi - Educational Honor Society
		Thorndike was born to Abigail Brewster Ladd and Edward Roberts Thorndike in Williamsburg, Massachusetts.
		Though Thorndike’s father was an itinerant Methodist minister, the predominance of religion during Thorndike’s youth did not inspire his latter beliefs.
		Thorndike authored a number of books and articles to help educators and textbook writers choose the appropriate vocabulary for their students.
	www.kdp.org /about/laureates/laureates/edwardthorndike.php (1104 words)

	The 100-Year Journey of Educational Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thorndike (1898b), who was remarkably tolerant of their amateurishness, still called the child study movement "very poor psychology, inaccurate, inconsistent and misguided." He predicted that very few successful hypotheses and very little verification of their findings would occur.
		Thorndike's influence resulted in an arrogance on the part of educational psychologists, a closed-mindedness about the complexities of the life of the teacher and the power of the social and political influences on the process of schooling.
		Thorndike's disdain for most of what had been written about education is palpable in his claim that he read everything of use in pedagogy in the 8 weeks before the semester began.
	courses.ed.asu.edu /berliner/readings/journey.htm (14562 words)

	Thorndike's Puzzle Box (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thorndike had a powerful impact on both psychology and education.
		Thorndike theorized that the cat learned to escape the "puzzle-box" by trial and error.
		Thorndike postulated the law of effect to account for the behavior of the cats.
	www1.appstate.edu /~beckhp/puzzlebox.htm (391 words)

	Psychology History
		Edward Lee Thorndike was a son of a Methodist minister in Lowell, Massachusetts.
		Edward L. Throndike's pioneer investigations in the fields of human and animal learning are among the most influential in the history of Psychology.
		Thorndike's setup of the puzzle boxes is an example of instrumental conditioning: An animal makes some response, and if it is rewarded, the response is learned.
	muskingum.edu /~psychology/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm (830 words)

	Social Intelligence
		A factor analysis by R.L. Thorndike (1936) indicated that the subtests of the GWSIT loaded highly on the same general factor as the subtests of the GWMAT.
		R.L. Thorndike and Stein (1937) concluded that the GWSIT "is so heavily loaded with ability to work with words and ideas, that differences in social intelligence tend to be swamped by differences in abstract intelligence" (p.
		Sechrest, L., and Jackson, D.N. Social intelligence and the accuracy of interpersonal predictions.
	ist-socrates.berkeley.edu /~kihlstrm/social_intelligence.htm (11064 words)

	Bransford receives psychology's top honor
		As a recipient of the E.L. Thorndike Award, Bransford is listed along with groundbreaking educational psychologists, such as Jean Piaget and B.F. Skinner, as having made a number of important contributions to the psychology of teaching and learning.
		The award is named for Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949), an American psychologist and educator, who is widely recognized as the father of educational psychology.
		Thorndike also encouraged including in elementary school curricula informational subjects such as physical and social sciences.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /News/register/July17_00/story11.html (535 words)

	The Rasch Model from E. L. Thorndike's (1904) Criteria
		This suggests that, at the time, Thorndike considered that the measurement of ability could only be performed by ascertaining the level of success on a set of equally difficult items.
		Thorndike's first criterion is that measures must be free of individual opinion, i.e., of who chooses the spelling-word test items.
		Thorndike, E.L. An introduction to the theory of mental and social measurements.
	www.rasch.org /rmt/rmt143g.htm (508 words)

	TIP: Theories
		The learning theory of Thorndike represents the original S-R framework of behavioral psychology: Learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses.
		Thorndike also introduced the "spread of effect" idea, i.e., rewards affect not only the connection that produced them but temporally adjacent connections as well.
		Thorndike was especially interested in the application of his theory to education including mathematics (Thorndike, 1922), spelling and reading (Thorndike, 1921), measurement of intelligence (Thorndike et al., 1927) and adult learning (Thorndike at al., 1928).
	www.gwu.edu /~tip/thorn.html (427 words)

	The History of Instructional Design: Edward Thorndike, Education, A First Book
		Thorndike then continues by describes the differences between instruction delivered by a textbook and a teacher in treatment of a topic.The principle differences, Thorndike contends, are in the length and detail, difficulty, and suitability to the audience.
		In addition, Thorndike continues, textbooks do not give the reader a chance to "think out conclusions himself so far as he can (page 164)." Thorndike's early view on problem solving was certainly a radical thought for the 1910s.
		Thorndike contends that this type of instruction might be better than "all but the best tenth of personal teaching if students would faithfully try as directed before reading ahead for the helps given (page 165)." But students, Thorndike continues, do not try to solve the problems for themselves but use all the clues first.
	www.coe.uh.edu /courses/cuin6373/idhistory/thorndike.html (477 words)

	HLT Magazine, May 03 : Short Article 1
		E.L. Thorndike was an educator and psychologist who believed strongly in the strength of numbers.
		Thorndike claimed that “Everything that exists exists in some quantity and therefore can be measured.” One wonders if he were also thinking of compassion, empathy, and love or perhaps of beauty and truth, but no matter.
		Finally, Thorndike's legacy has been the hegemony of standardized tests, which are “objective,” and are often claimed to be the only sort of tests able to give us fair and standardized measurement of achievement.
	www.hltmag.co.uk /may03/sart1.htm (1181 words)

	Behavioral Psychology -
		E.L. Thorndike defined this law which says: "behavior that is followed by satisfying consequences will be more likely to be repeated and behavior that is followed by unsatisfying consequences will be less likely to be repeated".
		Thorndike – was studying mind reading in children for his Ph.D. dissertation.
		In Thorndike’s box, the cat only had an opportunity to learn when the experimenter put it in the learning environment.
	web.umr.edu /~pfyc212b/behaviorism.htm (1585 words)

	Thorndike and Wood, G Engelhard Jr.
		Thorndike defined an abstract "objective scale" as one on which all competent thinkers agree.
		Thorndike constructed these maps by calibrating agents in a variety of content areas: handwriting, written composition and vocabulary.
		Thorndike and Wood each defined a measurement problem called "objectivity" and sought solutions in ways that were consistent with the research traditions within which they operated.
	www.rasch.org /rmt/rmt52h.htm (550 words)

	Learning Theories Lecture Five
		Thorndike built a bunch of puzzle boxes, but the basic box is an apple crate, wood slate box, with one side that falls down (the door) when the hook is lifted.
		Thorndike figured out that if he did not feed the cats for 24 hours, that is, if he fed them once each day and only after the hour-long experimental session, they would "work" to get out of the box.
		Thorndike claimed that the Stimulus and Response are learned or associated and Pavlov claimed that the CS and US are associated.
	www.mtsu.edu /~psyskip/ltlec5.htm (6301 words)

	Emotional intelligence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thorndike, at Columbia University, (Thorndike 1920), used the term "social intelligence" to describe the skill of getting along with other people.
		In 1975, Howard Gardner's The Shattered Mind, (Gardner 1975) began the formulation of the idea for "Multiple Intelligences" (he identifies eight intelligences, later 2 more are added), including both interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence.
		Tett, R. P., Fox, K. E., and Wang, A. Development and validation of a self-report measure of emotional intelligence as a multidimensional trait domain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emotional_intelligence (3196 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Introduction to Thorndike (1911) by R. H. Wozniak
		In this regard, Thorndike took a step beyond traditional associationism in the direction of the stimulus-response approach that would eventually come to dominate the field.
		In this work, Thorndike was also a methodological innovator, developing a general experimental technique that was to revolutionize the psychological study of animal behavior.
		In the chapter on 'laws and hypotheses of behavior,' Thorndike first discussed 'effect' and 'exercise' as provisional laws of acquired behavior.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Thorndike/Animal/wozniak.htm (631 words)

	English language Dictionaries, Juvenile. - English Language - What's Been Published
		Scott, Foresman intermediate dictionary / by E. Thorndike, Clarence L. Barnhart.
		Thorndike Barnhart beginning dictionary, by E. Thorndike [and] Clarence L. Barnhart.
		Thorndike Barnhart advanced dictionary, by E. Thorndike [and] Clarence L. Barnhart.
	pitbossannie.com /rps-pe-english-language-dictionaries-juvenile.html (1574 words)

	Edward Lee Thorndike
		· E. Thorndike was born in Williamsburg, MA, on August, 31, 1874.
		· Thorndike was fortunate because his father was a minister and during this period of time it was more likely that children of ministers or pastors would receive a higher education.
		o In this experiment, Thorndike would think of a number, letter or object and the child in front of him would try to guess what he was thinking of.
	web.sau.edu /WaterStreetMaryA/Thorndike.htm (601 words)

	Wei Qiu's Portfolio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This paper introduces major viewpoints and research methodologies of two branches in behaviorism, John Watson's classical conditioning and E. Thorndike and B. Skinner's operant conditioning, and it also discusses strengths and weaknesses of behaviorism as a learning theory.
		The operant conditioning theory is widely believed to be established by E. Thorndike and B. Skinner.
		But Skinner and Thorndike have different opinions on issues such as the frequency of stimuli, and the effects of these different spanned stimuli on subjects’ behavior acquirement.
	www.msu.edu /~qiuwei1/html/course/fs04/900/900readings.htm (4407 words)

	3215REF
		Grant, D. A., and Schipper, L. The acquisition and extinction of conditioned eyelid responses as a function of the percentage of fixed ratio random reinforcement.
		Porter, J. J., Madison, H. L., and Senkowski, P. Runway performance and competing responses as a function of drive level and method of drive measurement.
		Kamin, L. J., Brimer, C. J., and Black, A. Conditioned suppression as a monitor of fear of the CS in the course of avoidance training.
	pirate.shu.edu /~levyjeff/3215ref.html (1631 words)

	Educom Subscription Info and Honorary Subscribers for 10th Nov 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thorndike's experiments on the behavior of cats and dogs that he placed in a "puzzle box" convinced him that learning is improved when it produces a satisfactory result.
		Historians F.G. Alexander and S.T. Selesnick explain that it was Thorndike, not Pavlov, who first formulated the mechanical principle of connectionism: "When the result of an action is rewarding, it gratifies the need that initiated the action (for example, hunger); this reinforces the learned behavior pattern.
		Thorndike consistently emphasized motivational factors -- for example, the interest inherent in the tasks and the degree of attention paid to them.
	www.ee.surrey.ac.uk /Contrib/Edupage/1998/11/10-11-1998-trailer.html (495 words)

	intelligence-99 perspectives
		Thorndike, E. Thorndike, student of William James and teacher of Yerkes(?), was perhaps the first psychologist to experimentally explore the nature of intelligence in animals.
		In his research on cebus monkeys and other birds and mammals, Thorndike proposed there was only associative trial and error activity; success on a trial increased its probability of use.
		Thorndike, E. The mental life of the monkeys.
	pubpages.unh.edu /~jel/512/intelligence98.html (2656 words)

	IT Timeline-Pre 1920 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the early part of the 20th century, a shift in the investigation of human learning occurred.
		Learning theorists such as E.L. Thorndike began to apply scientific methods to investigate human learning.
		Behaviorism was beginning to take shape in form of Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning and Thorndike’s theory of Connectionism.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~roushan/timeline/pre1920/pre1920.html (59 words)

	Abraham Maslow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While in Wisconsin, Maslow studied with Harry Harlow, who was known for his controversial experiments on rhesus monkeys and attachment behavior.
		A year after graduation, Maslow returned to New York to work with E.
		Situating Maslow in Cold War America, by Cooke B, Mills A and Kelley E in Group and Organization Management, (2005) Vol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abraham_Maslow (909 words)

	puzzle box
		The puzzle box is the laboratory device that E. Thorndike invented in order to study instrumental or operant conditioning in cats.
		Thorndike found that the cats took less and less time to get out of the box the more trials of training had been given.
		This was the first experimental apparatus designed to study operant behavior and was later followed by the invention of the Skinner box.
	www.psychology.uiowa.edu /Faculty/wasserman/Glossary/Puzzle.html (117 words)

	Publications - Henderikus J. Stam
		Van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., De Haan, E., Van den Hout, M., and Stam, H. Attentional biases for angry faces: Relationships to trait anger and anxiety.
		Radtke, H. L., Hunter, M., and Stam, H. In memoriam as in life: Gender and psychology in the obituaries of eminent psychologists.
		Stam, H. and Kalmanovitch, T. Thorndike and the origins of Animal Psychology: On the nature of the animal in psychology.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~stam/publications.html (1212 words)

	EDPSY 501 Readings and assignment schedule
		Thorndike, E. The contribution of psychology to education.
		In L. Moll (Ed.), Vygotsky and education: Instructional implications and applications of sociohistorical psychology.
		Herrenkohl, L. R., and Guerra, M. Participant structures, scientific discourse, and student engagement in fourth grade.
	faculty.washington.edu /sunolen/501/501sched.html (411 words)

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