E.H. Haeckel - Factbites

E.H. Haeckel - Factbites
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Topic: E.H. Haeckel

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	Ernst Haeckel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although Haeckel's ideas are important to the history of evolutionary theory, and he was a competent invertebrate anatomist most famous for his work on radiolaria, most of the speculative concepts that he championed are now seen as incorrect.
		Haeckel was a physician, an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a professor of comparative anatomy.
		Haeckel was also known for his " biogenic theory ", in which he suggested that the development of races paralleled the development of individuals.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ernst_Haeckel

	Recapitulation theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although Haeckel's specific form of recapitulation theory is now discredited among biologists, it did have a strong impact in social and educational theories of the late 19th century.
		In order to support his theory, Haeckel produced several embryo drawings which overemphasized similarities between embryos of related species and found their way into many biology textbooks.
		This argument is not only an oversimplification but misleading because modern biology does recognize numerous connections between ontogeny and phylogeny, explains them using evolutionary theory without recourse to Haeckel's specific views, and considers them as supporting evidence for that theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Recapitulation_theory

	Ernst Haeckel: Excerpts - human evolution
		They [Haeckel and most Lamarckians] insisted, rather, that an acquired character would tend to be inherited in proportion to the strength of the force imposing the character upon the organism, the persistence and continuity of that force, and the number of generations upon which the force acted.
		Haeckel's most original scientific contribution was to develop to its fullest the idea expressed by Louis Agassiz and Charles Darwin: that embryological developments parallels evolutionary development or that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
		To Haeckel, however, virtually every useful variation is actively acquired by parents during their life and passed on by heredity to their offspring (natural selection then accumulated and compounds these variations to produce new species).
	www.serpentfd.org /b/haeckel.html

	Cabinet Magazine Online - Ernst Haeckel and the Microbial Baroque
		Haeckel dismissed the embryo controversy by claiming that "all diagrammatic figures are ‘inaccurate'" 10 and of course, however disingenuous as a defense, in a way this was perfectly correct—there is no such thing as an objective transcript of scientific observation.
		Haeckel's florid conflation of aestheticism with empiricism made him a lesser scientist in some ways—leading him, on occasion, to fudge his illustrations for the sake of a beautiful argument.
		Haeckel's project seems to be skewed in the first place and maybe not for good purpose." Nozkowski echoes Jennings's feeling that Haeckel's sin is that "he finds what he expects to find.
	www.cabinetmagazine.org /issues/7/ernsthaeckel.php

	Biography of Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, 1834-1919. From: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, 1910-1911.
		Haeckel's literary output was enormous, and at the time of the celebration of his sixtieth birthday at Jena in 1894 he had produced 42 works with 13,000 pages, besides numerous scientific memoirs.
		HAECKEL ERNST HEINRICH (1834-), German biologist, was born at Potsdam on the 16th of February 1834.
		As a consequence of these views Haeckel was led to deny the immortality of the soul, the freedom of the will, and the existence of a personal God.
	www.gennet.org /facts/haeckel.html

	Haeckel_illustrations
		Haeckel esittää myöhäisemmällä iällään julkaisemiensa filosofisempien teostensa väittämät suorina tieteellisinä johtopäätöksinä empiirisestä tutkimuksestansa.
		A) Haeckel's view of a conserved state in the embryonic development of (from left to right) a fish, an amphibian (salamander), a reptile (turtle), a bird (chicken), and a selection of mammals (pig, cow, rabbit, human).
		Haeckel declared: "the morphological differences between two generally recognized species - for example sheep and goats - are much less important than those between a Hottentot and a man of the Teutonic race" (The History of Creation 1876, p.
	www.helsinki.fi /~pjojala/Haeckel_illustrations.html

	The Talk.Origins Archive Post of the Month: February 1999
		The "bipolar Haeckel" model of Gerhart and Kirschner shares the variabilty of early and late ontogeny with the "hourglass".
		His treatment of Haeckel aside, Mayr's concept of the "somatic program" could be valuable as it is probably not far removed from the continental Bauplan or epigenetics.
		> This whole issue of Haeckel's drawings in the texts (some as
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/postmonth/feb99.html

	Haeckel's drawings
		Haeckel's drawings were not trusted (see Goldschmidt, 1956), and Haeckel was accused of scientific fraud by a university court in Jena, where he worked and by other embryologists, as well (see Hamblin, 1997; Richardson et al., 1997b).
		Until this new paper appeared, it was assumed that Haeckel was correct and that there was a particular stage of development that was identical to all vertebrates.
		Haeckel (1874) had claimed that members of all vertebrate classes pass through an identical evolutionarily conserved "phylotypic" stage.
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /evo5.html

	Rudolf Steiner and Ernst Haeckel
		Haeckel was quite quotable, and has left as a legacy to biology such words as phylum, phylogeny and ecology - "oekologie" which he created from the Greek root oikos to refer to the relationship of an animal to its organic and inorganic environment.
		Haeckel's own statement, "politics is applied biology" shows that Haeckel himself was not unaware of the possibilities, or averse in principle to such an application of his ideas.
		Haeckel is praised for being a modern thinker - for the processes of his thought and for his general direction, and not for any specific results.
	www.defendingsteiner.com /articles/rs-haeckel.php

	Ernst Haeckel
		Haeckel refused to be moved by this confuting evidence, and for about 50 years the public continued to be duped by unrevised reprints of his popular The History of Creation (1876), complete with drawings of the Monera, until the final edition in 1923.
		Haeckel described this non-existent substance thus: ‘The Protomyxa aurantiaca is distinguished from the other Monera by the beautiful and bright orange-red colour of its perfectly simple body, which consists merely of primæval slime, or protoplasm.’ Ref. 5, Vol.2, p.
		Darwin believed that Haeckel’s enthusiastic propagation of the doctrine of organic evolution was the chief factor in the success of the doctrine in Germany.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs/380.asp

	Rhetoric in Evolution [Athro Limited: Biology]
		Haeckel's picture of evolution was a picture of linear progress from bacteria to humans.
		This picture shows Haeckel's view of the relationships among what he called the Anthropoid apes (The current view of these relationships is rather different, with the bonobo and chimpanzee as closest to humans).
		Haeckel's tree explicitly embeds the notion of progress - things nearer the top are 'more evolved' or 'higher' and things nearer the bottom are 'less evolved' or 'lower'.
	www.athro.com /evo/rhetoric.html

	Pharyngula: Wells and Haeckel's Embryos
		Haeckel's work was discredited in the 19 th century, and has not been relevant to biology since the rediscovery of Mendel's laws of genetics.
		The discovery that Haeckel had taken unforgivable shortcuts with his illustrations was a relatively minor problem for his theory, because the general thrust of his observations (that vertebrate embryos resemble each other strongly) had been independently confirmed.
		As might be guessed from the title, Haeckel is a prominent character in the book, and his theories and their consequences in the field are dissected in detail and without mercy.
	pharyngula.org /comments/9_0_1_24_C

	Embryonic Recapitulation
		Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) "I established the opposite view, that this history of the embryo (ontogeny) must be completed by a second, equally valuable, and closely connected branch of thought - the history of race (phylogeny).
		Haeckel's drawings appear, for example, in the latest edition of Molecular Biology of the Cell, written by National Academy of Sciences president and distinguished cell biologist Bruce Alberts and his colleagues.
		Haeckel proposed that the development of an organism's embryo replays the evolutionary history of that organism's species.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/rossuk/recapitu.htm

	Free Essay Ernst Heinrich Haeckel Biography
		Haeckel was discredited in the begging of the 20th century when biologists began to show that there is no one-to-one correspondence between phylogeny and ontogeny.
		Haeckel did not have many patients in his practice, but was much more comfortable with the low amount of patients.
		Haeckel then moved on to study under Carl Gegenbauer in Jena for three years before becoming a professor of anatomy in 1862.
	mail.echeat.com /essay.php?t=25815

	Ernst Haeckel's ideas of race, eugenics and euthanasia.
		Haeckel was an opponent of equality, civil liberties and of trade unionism, and a supporter of a strong state whose interests took precedence over those of individuals.
		Haeckel's views on these topics are not valid deductions from evolution theory, and they contradict Haeckel's own acceptance of the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would wish they should do unto you," and his criticism of Christianity for cruelty to animals.
		Haeckel placed natural selection on a high pedestal, and saw some human ethical codes as interfering with the process.
	members.aol.com /Pantheism0/haekrace.htm

	Agassiz (1869): Darwinsim - Classification of Haeckel
		Haeckel's system and the classification previously suggested by Oken, have in common that the two authors began by establishing their frame according to a preconceived idea, then to that they adapted afterwards the known facts of their time.
		Haeckel figured the development of the organic kingdom and the affinity of the types with the help of a series of genealogical trees, which we are unable to reproduce here, but we will try to translate
		This is not less true of Haeckel's work which has the pretension to express the development of the whole animal Kingdom, and of representing successive types, as having emerged emergence in the order of superiority of the classes or of branches [phyla], etc., to which they belong.
	www.athro.com /general/atrans.html

	Embryology and Evolution
		Haeckel’s endeavors (other than possibly his actual scientific research in systematic zoology) seem to have been so intimately yoked with his philosophy that it appears impossible to separate his actions from his attitudes.
		One outspoken critic of Haeckel was J. Reinke, Professor of Botany at the University of Kiel.
		Scientists during the time of Haeckel and today have recognized that researchers need to be free to construct their hypotheses and theories on the basis of the empirical evidence.
	www.creationresearch.org /crsq/articles/36/36_2/embryology.html

	Apologetics Press - Haeckel's Hoax—CONTINUED!
		While Haeckel’s name might not sound familiar to you, one of the drawings he used to bolster his theory probably is. This now-familiar illustration (see figure below) of embryos of fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals lined up side-by-side is a common staple in most biology and embryology textbooks.
		History records that Haeckel was accused of scientific fraud by his peers and tried in an academic court at the University of Jena where he was a professor.
		Recognition of Haeckel’s falsehoods still appears in scientific journals, as was evident in a letter to the editor in the May 15, 1998 issue of Science.
	www.apologeticspress.org /articles/2049

	Rocky Road: Ernst Haeckel
		Haeckel championed the notion of "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," in other words, the development of an individual shows the evolutionary history of its species.
		Haeckel expected — and wasn't very upset by the idea — that the "superior" Germanic peoples would eventually drive out the "inferior" groups.
		An early and ardent proponent of Darwinism, Ernst Haeckel worked for a time as a doctor before toying with the idea of becoming a scientist — or a landscape painter.
	www.strangescience.net /haeckel.htm

	Haeckel
		Ernst Haeckel was convicted of fraud for this in 1874.
		Haeckel's inaccuracies damage his credibility, but they do not invalidate the mass of published evidence for Darwinian evolution.
		Claim #2: Ernst Haeckel was convicted of fraud for this in 1874.
	www.antievolution.org /topics/law/ar_hb2548/Haeckels_embryos.htm

	Natural History: Beauty Beyond Belief - nineteenth centurty scientist and artist Ernst Haeckel
		Haeckel coined several scientific terms in use today, including ecology and phylogeny, but among students of biology, he is principally known as the author of the biogenetic law.
		Haeckel thought that if you could watch a vertebrate embryo develop, you would see it pass through the adult forms of its ancestors in the order in which they evolved.
		Goldschmidt, who regarded Haeckel's artistic talent as "a gift and a tendency which were to get him into trouble," provides insights into what might have led Haeckel to produce such apparently misleading representations of the natural world.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_10_107/ai_53378972

	Haeckel
		Haeckel even postulated an extinct organism, Gastraea, a two-layered sac corresponding to the gastrula, which he considered the ancestor of all metazoan species (Haeckel, 1867, 1879; see Gould, 1977a).
		(Haeckel was one of the most vocal of the scientific anti-Semites, and he brought the "Jewish Question" into the realm of biology, since he felt anti-Semitism was a justifiable racial doctrine, and not a religious one.
		Even more than in biology, Haeckel's "biogenetic law" was adapted uncritically by many of the newly forming social sciences.
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /evo1.html

	BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK FRAUD: Embryology: The "biogenetic law" Earnst Haeckel
		Haeckel argued that from ovum to complete body, the individual passes through a series of developmental stages that are brief, condensed repetitions of stages through Which its successive ancestors evolved.
		Haeckel said: "I established the opposite view, that this history of the embryo (ontogeny) must be completed by a second, equally valuable, and closely connected branch of thought - the history of race (phylogeny).
		Haeckel gave the bird embryo a curl in the tail that resembles a human's.
	www.bible.ca /tracks/textbook-fraud-embryology-earnst-haeckel-biogenetic-law.htm

	History: Early Evolution and Development (1 of 2)
		Haeckel was a champion of Darwin, but he also embraced the pre-Darwinian notion that life formed a series of successively higher forms, with embryos of higher forms “recapitulating” the lower ones.
		Haeckel was so convinced of his Biogenetic Law that he was willing to bend evidence to support it.
		Haeckel believed that, over the course of time, evolution added new stages to produce new life forms.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evosite/history/early_evodevo.shtml

	PROMORPHOLOGY I
		With this Haeckel is alluding to the conflict between the theory of evolution and the dogmas of the church
		Haeckel was excited by this new theory, because it matched so well with his own ideas about the status of the organic world.
		Ernst Haeckel was born in Potsdam, Germany, in 1834.
	home.hetnet.nl /~turing/promorphology_1.html

	Amazon.ca: Books: Art Forms in Nature: The Prints of Ernst Haeckel
		Haeckel was a passionate student of the evolutionary shaping of biological forms, and Art Forms in Nature captures both his artistic sensibility and the scientific rigor he applied to all his studies.
		The illustrations are all in color, unlike other versions of Ernst Haeckel's prints, and it also has lots of text in the front about Ernst Haeckel's work, an autobiographic timeline in the back etc...
		It's a good sampler of Haeckel's work, the printing is well done with thick pages and a non gloss finish.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/3791319906

	Haeckel, Ernst -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Haeckel saw evolution as the basis for a unified explanation of all nature and the rationale of a philosophical approach that denied final causes and the teleology of the church.
		postulation, by Ernst Haeckel in 1866, that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny—i.e., the development of the animal embryo and young traces the evolutionary development of the species.
		More results on "Haeckel, Ernst" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9038750

	Der Stammbaum des Menschen
		When Darwin's Origin of the Species appeared in 1859, Haeckel was deeply influenced by it, so that he became "the apostle of Darwinism in Germany." Among Haeckel's famous books are his General Morphology (1866), Natural History of Creation (1867) and Die Weltraetsel (1899), English title, The Riddle of the Universe, publ.
		The "genealogical tree" of Haeckel is set forth in its original form in Haeckel's General Morphology and developed in his later writings.
		By his 60th birthday Haeckel had published 42 works of some 13,000 pages, plus many monographs.
	genome.imb-jena.de /stammbaum.html

	Introduction
		According to Wells, the "icons" are the Miller-Urey experiment, Darwin's tree of life, the homology of the vertebrate limbs, Haeckel's embryos, Archaeopteryx, the peppered moths, and "Darwin's" finches.
		Based on this, he claims that their treatments of these icons are so rife with inaccuracies, out-of-date information, and downright falsehoods that their discussions of the icons should be discarded, supplemented, or amended with "warning labels" ( which he provides).
	www.ncseweb.org /icons

	Lefalophodon: Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
		Haeckel's attempt to describe human evolution in racial terms later became a part of the pseudo-scientific basis for Nazism.
		His speculative and somewhat spiritualistic approach brought him into a decades-long conflict with the influential, anti-evolutionary Prussian anthropologist and pathologist Virchow.
	www.nceas.ucsb.edu /~alroy/lefa/Haeckel.html

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