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Topic: ECOMOG

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	BBC News \| Africa \| ECOMOG: peacekeeper or participant?
		ECOMOG's role was at times controversial when it effectively became a faction itself in the war, stopping warlord Charles Taylor's forces from entering the capital.
		Intervention by the ECOMOG forces failed to remove Koroma from power, but at the time their action was supported by the UN and the Organisation of African Unity (OAU).
		The ECOMOG commander, Maj-Gen Timothy Shelpidi, was quoted as saying in early February that negotiations had "failed" and he was determined to capture Freetown.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/55719.stm (419 words)

	ECOMOG -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ECOMOG is a (A group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa) West African multilateral armed force established by the Economic Community of West African States ((Click link for more info and facts about ECOWAS) ECOWAS).
		ECOMOG is not a standing army, but a formal arrangement for separate armies to work together, along similar lines to (An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security) NATO.
		Unlike the typical UN mission of its day, ECOMOG's first deployment entailed fighting its way into a many-sided civil war, in an attempt to forcibly hold the warring factions apart.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ec/ecomog5.htm (380 words)

	Agreement: Liberia: Peace Agreements: Library and Links: U.S. Institute of Peace
		The ECOMOG and the United Nations Observer Mission shall supervise and monitor the implementation of this Agreement.
		ECOMOG shall create zones or otherwise seal the borders, whichever is militarily feasible, of Liberia-Guinea, Liberia-Sierra Leone and Liberia-Côte d'Ivoire to prevent cross-border attacks, infiltration or importation of arms.
		There shall be established, upon deployment of ECOMOG and the full contingent of the United Nations Observer Mission, a Violation Committee consisting of one person from each of the parties hereto and ECOMOG and the United Nations Observer Mission, chaired by a member of the United Nations Observer Mission.
	www.usip.org /library/pa/liberia/liberia_07251993.html (3359 words)

	Every Car Or Moving Object Gone"The ECOMOG Intervention in Liberia.
		ECOMOG was deployed in order to overawe the warring factions, and to oversee the implementation of a cease-fire, the disarmament of the warring factions, the cessation of arms imports and the release of prisoners.
		Initially, the ECOMOG Force Commander was tasked with the "conduct of military operations for the purpose of monitoring the cease-fire" and "restoring law and order to create the necessary conditions for free and fair elections to be held in Liberia".
		During the outbreak of violence in April 1996 ECOMOG forces were alleged to have helped clear a way for the forces of Kromah and Taylor in their assaults on Prince Johnson's positions in Monrovia.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v4/v4i1a1.htm (7160 words)

	9601043E
		ECOMOG has reported that it suffered 94 casualties (16 dead and 78 wounded) as a result of the Tubmanburg incident, with an additional 10 soldiers reported missing in action.
		UNOMIL is consulting ECOMOG and the Commission on the proposed changes, with a view to finalizing the disarmament and demobilization procedures, so that the process can begin as soon as the security situation has improved.
		I extend my condolences to the troop-contributing countries and to the families of the ECOMOG soldiers who were killed or wounded in the fulfilment of their peace-keeping duties, as well as to the families of innocent civilians who lost their lives.
	www.un.org /french/docs/sc/s199647.htm (4591 words)

	ips/conflict-watch/Liberia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ECOMOG discards peacekeeping hat for combat role, re-arms the AFL and openly allies itself with ULIMO to attack NPFL positions.
		The implementation of the accord is to be monitored by ECOMOG and the newly formed UN Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL), established in September with a seven month mandate.
		ECOMOG forces are accused of discriminating against Kromah and his Mandingo ethnic group.
	www.ips.org /critical/watch/liberia.htm (2498 words)

	Lessons of Sierra Leone Intervention Still Being Debated (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When coup leaders failed to adhere to the terms of the peace accord, fighting broke out between the ECOMOG forces and troops loyal to Koroma, who was demanding the immediate release of Foday Sankoh by Nigeria, a halt to the disarmament of the Council's forces, and continued rule by the Council until at least 2001.
		When ECOMOG troops entered Liberia in 1990, among the forces were, ironically, units from Sierra Leone, some of whom still remain in Monrovia.
		ECOMOG forces were initially deployed to prevent Liberia from being taken over by rebel Charles Taylor, another brutal warlord with Libyan connections, for whom Foday Sankoh fought before moving on to Sierra Leone.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/sierra1.htm (896 words)

	S/1998/249
		ECOMOG has also reported the capture of Daru, which would mean that the remnants of the junta have now been dislodged from every major town except for Kailahun.
		ECOMOG would also establish a disarmament committee which would be charged, inter alia, with selecting disarmament sites; setting standards and guidelines for disarmament; conducting the disarmament, coordination of resources and cooperation with other organizations; classifying and transporting recovered weapons and ammunition; disseminating information about the process and providing security for all participants.
		The full deployment of ECOMOG and the restoration of the legitimate Government is expected to provide increased opportunities for the humanitarian community to accelerate its activities in response to the humanitarian crisis in Sierra Leone, and will also encourage the return to their homes of internally displaced persons.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord1998/documentation/security/s-1998-249.htm (4346 words)

	Liberia: A new peace agreement - an opportunity to introduce human rights protection
		ECOMOG and its allied forces succeeded in defending Monrovia and in re-establishing a zone which acknowledged the sovereignty of the Interim Government.
		ECOMOG was to remain in place to monitor the implementation of the Agreement, and to disarm the signatory forces.
		Representatives of ECOMOG told Amnesty International in July 1994 that it was beyond their mandate to respond to abuses by the LPC, since the LPC was not a signatory to the Cotonou Agreement and therefore could not be held to be in breach of it.
	www.amnestyusa.org /children/document.do?id=34CA5C3DBA4F2A78802569A50071552C (11026 words)

	[No title]
		Scores of executions by ECOMOG and to a lesser extent CDF and SSD forces took place on the Aberdeen Bridge in western Freetown, which during the rebel incursion was under the command of an ECOMOG captain who during this time earned the name of Captain Evil Spirit among the local population.
		He said, within ECOMOG there is an internal mechanism set up for the investigation of violations of international humanitarian law, and although we've heard of individual complaints, none have been sufficient enough to activate this mechanism.
		ECOMOG, CDF-Kamajors, and SSD police in charge of manning the many checkpoints in Freetown were accused of using extreme brutality against the civilian population.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/sierra/SIERLE99-04.htm (5664 words)

	Sierra Leone: Sowing Terror
		The ECOMOG contingent in Sierra Leone is led by Nigerian Commander Brigadier General Maxwell Khobe and composed of approximately 9,000 troops, predominately Nigerian with several Guinean support battalions.
		In late July, ECOMOG announced that it was finishing the transfer of its headquarters from Monrovia to Freetown and that an additional 3,500 troops would soon arrive.
		ECOMOG's past human rights record in Liberia and problems in the present, however, underscore the need for UNOMSIL to provide assistance and closely monitor the disarmament, demobilization, and training processes to assure that the new army is founded upon principles of respect for international humanitarian law.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/sierra5.htm (1650 words)

	As ECOMOG troops prepare to pull out President Taylor cracks down in Liberia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The occupying force, known as ECOMOG and comprising mainly Nigerian troops, is due to evacuate on July 26, the one hundred fifty-second anniversary of Liberia's independence.
		ECOMOG forces were sent in under Nigerian control, backed by the US and other Western powers.
		ECOMOG Commander Major General Victor Malu said that if requested to leave, the troops would be out of Liberia within 30 days.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/jun1999/libe-j22_prn.shtml (864 words)

	1997 Human Rights Reports: Liberia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In December ECOMOG began drawing down its troops in preparation for leaving the country; an agreement for a continued ECOMOG presence was being negotiated.
		In May, however, ECOMOG detained several former members of the ULIMO-Krahn faction in Tubmanburg and a former Krahn cabinet minister and two assistants in Monrovia for their alleged participation in an attempt to assassinate Charles Taylor.
		Although ECOMOG generally ensured security throughout the country in the period leading up to and during the presidential campaign and on election day, there were several incidents of political harassment and violence against candidates.
	www.usemb.se /human/human97/liberia.html (8222 words)

	Carter Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ECOMOG forces were in charge of maintaining security and seem to be trusted by all election officials and political party leaders.
		The winner is likely to be inaugurated peacefully, and ECOMOG will remain at least six months, long enough to stabilize this situation and to train a minimal but adequate national army and police force.
		My relative optimism is predicated on ECOMOG's retaining its present neutral role, observers continuing to work in harmony, and the international community's being generous in supporting this troubled nation's effort to come back to life.
	www.cartercenter.org /printdoc.asp?docID=21&submenu=news (1750 words)

	Tribute To West African Peacekeepers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ECOMOG was first sent to Monrovia in August 1990, to help stop a civil war which started as a rebellion in December 1984 by the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) led by now President-elect, Charles Taylor against the government of President Samuel Doe.
		The ECOMOG campaign had involved protracted and delicate negotiations often bogged down by the intransigence of the warring factions which acquired a reputation in breaking peace accords.
		Observers, however, believe that the greatest tribute to the gallant ECOMOG soldier that laid down his/her life will be an enduring peace in Liberia, Africa's first republic founded in 1847 by freed slaves from America.
	afgen.com /ecomog.html (451 words)

	Resource Information Center Sierra Leone: Information on the 1997 coup d'etat, ECOMOG harassment of civilians, and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Immediately after the 1997 coup, Nigerian ECOMOG forces already present in Sierra Leone were significantly reinforced by additional troops from Nigeria, Guinea and Ghana.
		Before ECOMOG regained control of the capital, at least 5,000 people were killed and many neighborhoods were demolished.
		ECOMOG forces summarily executed suspected rebels and collaborators in their efforts to drive the rebel forces from the city (UN OCHA-IRIN, 29 Dec. 2000; UK, Apr. 2000, 8).
	uscis.gov /graphics/services/asylum/ric/documentation/SLE01001.htm (1830 words)

	ECOMOG: Dirtier Than a Lie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Some of the appalling acts of the ECOMOG soldiers may not be premeditated crimes, but the spontaneity with which these acts were committed seems to make them a natural part of the soldiers' collectively defective character.
		ECOMOG therefore was not much better on the negotiating table, because of what often passed under the table.
		But, Johnson, fed up with ECOMOG's criminal conducts and seemingly insatiable appetite for Liberian wealth, engaged the squad of ECOMOG solders in a battle, killing more than half a dozen and stripping the rest of the defeated and retreating soldiers of their equipment and provisions.
	www.theperspective.org /dirtier.html (932 words)

	S/1999/237
		ECOMOG soldiers also detained and physically mistreated national staff members of a number of humanitarian NGOs and the International Committee of the Red Cross, apparently accusing them, without evidence, of being rebel collaborators.
		With ECOMOG expanding its hold on the capital, the number of known vulnerable displaced persons in Freetown is now estimated at 200,000, out of which some 60,000 have sought refuge in the national stadium.
		ECOMOG is to be congratulated on its success in repelling the rebels from Freetown and restoring a measure of order to the city.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord1999/documentation/security/s-1999-237.htm (4984 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Country profiles \| Profile: Ecomog
		A non-standing military force, Ecomog was made up of soldiers from the national armies of member nations.
		Ecomog soldiers reinstated deposed President Kabbah and twice drove rebels from the capital before UN forces arrived.
		Ecomog's top brass were answerable to the head of Ecowas.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/country_profiles/2364029.stm (456 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ECOMOG forces spread out throughout the Liberian countryside to monitor the ceasefires in times of peace, adopting force posture vulnerabilities that gave the warring factions leverage over them when hostilities renewed.
		ECOMOG headquarters in Monrovia sluggishly planned and executed the overall Nigerian military response to the Sierra Leone coup. Force Commander Lieutenant General Victor Malu, who was away in Nigeria at the time of the coup, took weeks to return.
		On the one side of the conflict is Guinea’s President Lansana Conte, a troop contributor to ECOMOG and a long-time foe of Charles Taylor.
	www.ndu.edu /library/n2/n01LeatherwoodHazards.doc (9816 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ECOMOG, AFL and ULIMO achieve strategic military gains, including the port of Buchanan, the supply point of Kakata on the Monrovia- Gbarnga road, the Robertsfield Airport, and the Firestone rubber plantation at Harbel.
		ECOMOG has primary responsibility for ensuring implementation of Cotonou Accord, but UNOMIL authorized to monitor and verify the ceasefire, the arms embargo, and the encampment, disarmament and demobilization of combatants.
		To fulfil its widened responsibilities, ECOMOG plans to increase its strength to 12,000, and to integrate Ivorian and Burkinabe troops as part of this expansion.
	www.c-r.org /accord/lib/accord1/chronol.shtml (2838 words)

	IRIN-WA Weekly Roundup 12-97, 9/9/97
		ECOMOG denied it was responsible for the civilian deaths, blaming them on AFRC soldiers.
		ECOMOG claimed on Thursday that the AFRC had declared a "total war" against its forces.
		ECOMOG commander General Victor Malu told IRIN that humanitarian supplies are exempt from the ECOWAS embargo.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Newsletters/irinw_9897.html (1938 words)

	Peace and Conflict Monitor, Collective peace-keeping in West Africa
		ECOMOG operations in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Equatorial Guinea began with interventions in response to request by the governments of the respective countries and gradually transformed to peace enforcement when the parties could not reach a peace agreement towards the settlement of the disputes.
		The objective of all ECOMOG peace enforcement operation were to compel the warring parties to adhere to any agreement reached among them, most times involving massive use of force against any of the parties that had broken the agreement.
		In ECOMOG operations in Liberia and Sierra Leone, the application of force by ECOMOG lead to the further escalation of the conflict as the rebel groups engaged ECOMOG in direct combat and employed various unconventional tactics including deliberately targeting and maiming civilians during the conflict.
	www.monitor.upeace.org /innerpg.cfm?id_article=61 (2214 words)

	IRIN Update 447 for 4/21/99
		He said ECOMOG had asked NGOs and the Freetown government to clean up and provide shelter for the thousands of people who might return to the town.
		ECOMOG had also asked NGOs to set up another camp for internally displaced people at another location because the facility at the town of Waterloo was full.
		Earlier, the ECOMOG force commander, Major General Felix Mujakperuo, said it had adjusted operations on the ground in Sierra Leone in view of the impending Lome talks among RUF officials.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Newsletters/irinw447.html (1646 words)

	Letter from U.N. Ambassador James O.C. Jonah to the U.N. Secretary-General - Sierra Leone Web
		In a second raid, ECOMOG Alpha jets attacked the gunship hideouts at the junta's headquarters at Cockerill, on the western outskirts of Freetown.
		The ECOMOG Commander reported that the purpose of the attack was to take ECOMOG soldiers hostage and then demand the released of RUF leader Foday Sankoh who is currently detained in Nigeria on arms charges.
		Earlier, it had come to the knowledge of the ECOMOG command and the legitimate government that such ECOMOG uniforms were being prepared in large quantities.
	www.sierra-leone.org /jonah101597.html (572 words)

	Liberia and Ecomog: Response to a Complex Emergency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The report is based upon a nine-month study undertaken by the authors from May 1994 to January 1995 as part of the United Nations University's programme on the United Nations System, Global Governance and Security.
		Three endemic problems were cited and elaborated upon by the authors as the major contributors to the ultimate failure of the peace process: (1) the armed factions; (2) civil disruption; and (3) the war damaged economy.
		The authors explained the failure of the Cotonou agreement by pointing to the fundamental flaws in the agreement, the failure of the disarmament process, the lack of impartiality on the part of ECOMOG, and the absence of an operational coordinating system.
	www.ony.unu.edu /seminars/Liberia&Ecomog.htm (357 words)

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