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	"EFF DES Cracker" Machine Brings Honesty to Crypto Debate
		Five years from now some teenager may well build a DES Cracker as her high school science fair project." The Data Encryption Standard, adopted as a federal standard in 1977 to protect unclassified communications and data, was designed by IBM and modified by the National Security Agency.
		DES accounted for more than $125 million annually in software and hardware sales, according to a 1993 article in "Federal Computer Week." Trusted Information Systems reported last December that DES can be found in 281 foreign and 466 domestic encryption products, which accounts for between a third and half of the market.
		DES crackers have been researched by scientists and speculated about in the popular literature on cryptography since the 1970s.
	cryptome.sabotage.org /des-cracker.htm (1519 words)

	Dear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		DES clearly is not enough, and U.S. policy restricting the widespread deployment of more robust encryption is a threat to both privacy and security.
		EFF published a report of its findings and is currently working with key stakeholders in the region to encourage the development of public interest and industry groups to ensure a balanced and informed public policy making process on issues associated with the Internet.
		EFF believes any censorship of a global medium is censorship for all of the users of that medium, regardless of location.
	www.templetons.com /brad/effyear.html (1384 words)

	EFF DES cracker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since DES was a federal standard, the US government encouraged the use of DES for all non-classified data.
		In October of that year, DES was reaffirmed as a federal standard, but this time the standard recommended Triple DES (also referred to as 3DES or TDES).
		The small key-space of DES, and relatively high computational costs of triple DES resulted in its replacement by AES as a Federal standard, effective May 26, 2002.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/EFF_DES_cracker (652 words)

	EFF: DES Cracker Project
		On Wednesday, July 17, 1998 the EFF DES Cracker, which was built for less than $250,000, easily won RSA Laboratory's "DES Challenge II" contest and a $10,000 cash prize.
		DES, which uses 56-bit "keys", has been incorporated into numerous industry and international standards since the Secretary of Commerce first approved DES as a Federal Information Processing Standard during the height of the Cold War in the late 1970s.
		DES is now generally believed to be the most widely used general-purpose cryptosystem in the world.
	www.eff.org /Privacy/Crypto/Crypto_misc/DESCracker (1267 words)

	TECH - Technology Information, New Technology, Technology Degree - Shopping, Services and Information at TECHIWORLD.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		DES consequently came under intense academic scrutiny, and motivated the modern understanding of block ciphers and their cryptanalysis.
		DES is the archetypal block cipher â” an algorithm that takes a fixed-length string of plaintext bits and transforms it through a series of complicated operations into another ciphertext bitstring of the same length.
		DES also uses a key to customize the transformation, so that decryption can only be performed by those who know the particular key used to encrypt.
	www.technologyiworld.com /wiki3-Data_Encryption_Standard (4256 words)

	RSA y distributed.net
		Contiene sendas tablas estadísticas de frecuencias de letras en castellano y en inglés.
		Less than one year later and for well under U.S. $250,000, the EFF, using its DES Cracker, entered and won the RSA DES Challenge II-2 competition in less than 3 days, proving that DES is not very secureand that such a machine is inexpensive to design and build.
		EFF has prepared a background document on the EFF DES Cracker, which includes the foreword by Whitfield Diffie to "Cracking DES".
	www.zator.com /Internet/N_14.htm (930 words)

	After testing our sample product, you will agree how much U
		From the floor of the RSA Data Security Conference and Expo, a major data security and cryptography conference being held in San Jose, Calif., EFF's DES Cracker and the Distributed.Net computers were testing 245 billion keys per second when the key was found.
		The Electronic Frontier Foundation began its investigation into DES cracking in 1997 to determine just how easily and cheaply a hardware-based DES Cracker (i.e., a code-breaking machine to crack the DES code) could be constructed.
		EFF set out to design and build a DES Cracker to counter the claim made by U.S. government officials that American industry or foreign governments cannot decrypt information when protected by DES or weaker encryption, or that it would take multimillion-dollar networks or computers months to decrypt one message.
	www.secretcomputer.com /FBI.data.com/military-scenario.html (537 words)

	DES Challenge
		The contest was meant to demonstrate to the US government that 56-bit DES is an ineffective form of encryption for international use, and only stronger forms will ensure security.
		DES Challenge I was solved on 17.June 1997 after a period of 140 days by DESCHALL, a group led by Rocke Verser, Matt Curtin, and Justin Dolske.
		In July, then a new record was established, when the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) won DES Challenge II-2 cracking a message in just 56 hours using the first unclassified hardware for cracking DES messages, called 'Deep Crack'.
	cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at /index.php?id=263 (368 words)

	www.oreilly.com -- Press Room
		The machine that cracked the DES Challenge was built by EFF and is the first unclassified hardware for easily decrypting messages encoded with the government's 56-bit DES (Data Encryption Standard) encryption algorithm (definition below).
		With the success of the DES Cracker machine, the EFF has proven what has been argued by scientists for twenty years, that DES can be cracked quickly and on a low budget.
		The Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm, adopted by the US government in 1977, is the US government's secret-key data encryption standard and is widely used around the world in a variety applications including banking and wide-area networking applications.
	www.oreilly.com /www/oreilly/press/crack_des.html (768 words)

	disLEXia - "EFF DES Cracker" machine brings honesty to crypto debate (1998-07-17) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The nonprofit foundation designed and built the EFF DES Cracker to counter the claim made by U.S. government officials that governments cannot decrypt information when protected by DES, or that it would take multimillion-dollar networks of computers months to decrypt one message.
		"EFF has proved what has been argued by scientists for twenty years, that DES can be cracked quickly and inexpensively," said Gilmore.
		EFF and O'Reilly and Associates have published a book about the EFF DES Cracker, "Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Politics, and Chip Design." The book contains the complete design details for the EFF DES Cracker chips, boards, and software.
	md.hudora.de /blog/guids/16/54/2003010321073734346048.html (1223 words)

	Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Politics, and Chip Design
		Paul and EFF met with the chip designers at Advanced Wireless Technologies, and determined that a workable DES Cracker could be built on a budget of about $200,000.
		A DES mode in which the first plaintext block is XORed with an initialization vector (IV) prior to encryption, and each subsequent plaintext is XOR with the previous ciphertext.
		EFF is backing the lawsuit in which Professor Daniel Bernstein seeks to overturn the United States export laws and regulations on cryptography, arguing that the First Amendment to the US Constitution protects his right to publish his cryptography research results online without first seeking government permission.
	www.foo.be /docs-free/eff-des-cracker/book/cracking-des.htm (17180 words)

	Fed Encryption Standard Exposed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		"EFF has proved what has been argued by scientists for 20 years, that DES can be cracked quickly and inexpensively", said John Gilmore, the organization's co-founder and leader of the encryption project.
		Schneier said the EFF machine is significant in that it does what the government has denied is possible.
		The government established the 56-bit DES as a standard in 1977, and has claimed that the vast difficulty and expense in cracking DES makes it sufficiently safe, and that stronger encryption was not only unnecessary but dangerous, since it could be used by terrorists and other criminals.
	www.efc.ca /pages/media/wired-news.17jul98.html (530 words)

	Wired News: Fed Encryption Standard Exposed
		Robert Litt, principal associate deputy attorney general at the Department of Justice, denied that it was possible even for the FBI to crack DES.
		It has claimed that the vast difficulty and expense in cracking DES makes it sufficiently safe, and that stronger encryption was not only unnecessary but dangerous, since it could be used by terrorists and other criminals.
		EFF said the full results of its DES crack are documented in a book published this week by the group and O'Reilly and Associates, entitled
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,13800,00.html (866 words)

	DES - CryptoDox
		Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a cipher selected as an official Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States in 1976.
		DES was the first government-approved standard for encrypting sensitive information and grew out of research by IBM Corp. and the secretive U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), according to Paul Kocher, president of Cryptography Research Inc [1].
		In 1998, the EFF (Electronic Frontier Fundation) built a dedicated machine in order to show to the world that DES is not a secure algorithm any longer given the technology available [2].
	www.cryptodox.com /DES (318 words)

	Fed's Encryption Standard Cracked in Record Time
		The EFF DES Cracker, as the supercomputer is called, contains 1,500 "Deep-Crack" chips that, with a software program, searches for the key used to encrypt data.
		United States law-enforcement officials have claimed that 56-bit DES is plenty strong for public use and have pointed to the failure of anyone to win the RSA's $10,000 challenge as proof.
		According to the EFF, DES is now generally believed to be the most widely used general-purpose crypto system in the world.
	www.thestandard.com /article/0,1902,1115,00.html (543 words)

	U.S. govt.'s encryption standard cracked in record time
		The EFF DES Cracker, as the supercomputer is called, was designed to break 56-bit encrypted code in record time.
		DES is used in between one-third and one-half of the market for encryption products, according to data cited by EFF.
		Those who use DES have long been aware of its potential to be cracked because they run risk assessments, the researchers said.
	www.networkworld.com /news/0720des.html (774 words)

	Valery's blog - Wednesday, 14 July 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		DES algorithm is considered to be broken since 1998 when Electronic Frontier Foundation built 250 000 USD DES Cracker computer for the RSA laboratory’s “DES Challenge-2”.
		DES was designed to withstand certain types of attacks and particularly a variation of differential cryptanalysis that was know, but classified during time when DES was developed by Horst Feistel in IBM Watson Laboratory in
		Matsui – the inventor of linear cryptanalysis demonstrated successful linear and differential cryptanalysis attacks against DES, but consensus is that these attacks don’t have practical impact on the security of DES because its very unlikely that adversary will be able to accumulate such large number of plaintext-cipher text pairs encrypted with the same key.
	www.harper.no /valery/default,date,2004-07-14.aspx (6851 words)

	Application (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Data Encryption Standard [DES] was recently replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard [AES] as the recommended data encryption algorithm by [NIST].
		DES has a 64-bit key length but where 8 bits are used for parity; i.e, the total key space encompasses 2
		In fact, several projects have demonstrated that DES can be cracked in less than a day: see [EFF].
	www.pdc.kth.se /~mulmo/grid-2003/des.html (826 words)

	Cyberpunks.Org - Technology, Privacy, Security, and the Future
		Although DES has already been "cracked" by EFF DES Cracker, this technique is a true crack.
		Unlike EFF DES Cracker, which attacks DES via brute force (trying all possible keys), this new technique actually recovers the key.
		This is actually still a huge step up from the EFF DES Cracker, not only timewise, but it is also significantly cheaper.
	www.cyberpunks.org /display/45/display/657/article (297 words)

	DES Cracked
		As soon as DES was released, academics, among others, began looking at ways to break it.
		The EFF members who built the DES Cracker based their developments on these and their own researches.
		A significant part of the DES Cracker is that the actual cracking engine is built with simple (and cheap) off-the-shelf Integrated Circuits.
	www.nim.com.au /security/se02001.htm (488 words)

	link.archive.9807: EFF - "DES Cracker" machine brings honesty to crypto debate
		A DES cracker is a machine that can read information encrypted with
		DES by finding the key that was used to encrypt that data.
		EFF has prepared a background document on the EFF DES Cracker, which
	www.anu.edu.au /mail-archives/link/link9807/0328.html (1080 words)

	Story: EFF Cracks 56-Bit DES in Three Days, 7/20/98.
		(July 20, 1998) The EFF announced Friday that it built a computer with off the shelf parts for under $250,000 which cracked a message encoded in 56-bit DES.
		The EFF DES Cracker took only two days and eight hours to decode the message in a brute force search of 88 billion keys per second.
		The Electronic Frontier Foundation stated in a press release that "The U.S. government has long pressed industry to limit encryption to DES (and even weaker forms), without revealing how easy it is to crack.
	www.techlawjournal.com /encrypt/80720eff.htm (586 words)

	EFF DES cracker - Wikipédia
		Le but était de prouver que la clé du DES n'était plus assez longue pour résister à une attaque par force brute.
		Lorsque le DES a été conçu en 1976, une telle machine aurait coûté trop cher à fabriquer ou alors une machine moins chère n'aurait pas été assez rapide pour tester toutes les possibilités en un temps raisonnable.
		Le DES a été adopté comme standard fédéral en 1976 par le NIST, le gouvernement état-unien a encouragé à utiliser le DES pour toutes les données non-classifiées.
	fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/EFF_DES_cracker (572 words)

	Wired News: Code-Breaking Record Shattered
		Sneaking in just under the deadline, the group's EFF Data Encryption Standard Cracker machine cut its own record in half and deciphered the message in 22 and a half hours.
		In a joint effort with nonprofit coalition Distributed.net, the DES cracker guessed the correct key out of a possible 72,057,594,037,927,936 keys.
		When the EFF DES Cracker broke the 56-bit key last summer in 56 hours, the US government discouraged its own departments from using the cipher.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,17412,00.html (605 words)

	SkyREPORT.COM News
		DES Code Used By C-Band And PrimeStar Gets Cracked -- The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) has won RSA Laboratory's "DES Challenge II" contest with its EFF DES Cracker, which defeated the Data Encryption Standard algorithm.
		The VideoCipher II+ system used by C-Band programmers and the DigiCipher system used by PrimeStar both use the DES code for encryption.
		"To prove the insecurity of DES, EFF built the first unclassified hardware for cracking messages encoded with it," EFF said in a press release.
	www.adec.edu /user/skyreport/1998/sky07-21.html (744 words)

	Cryptography Research - DES Key Search Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The six cabinets (behind) house 29 boards whose searching is coordinated by a PC.
		The machine, shown here running, tests over 90 billion keys per second, taking an average of less than 5 days to discover a DES key.
		Over 1800 of these custom microchips, built by AWT, perform the DES key search.
	www.cryptography.com /resources/whitepapers/DES-photos.html (82 words)

	distributed.net: Project DES
		The original DES-I contest was completed on 17-Jun-1997 by Rocke Verser's collaborated effort.
		The RSA DES-II-2 contest was won by the EFF DES Hardware Cracker on 17-Jul-1998, although distributed.net raced closely behind them in terms of actual keyrate.
		During this contest, distributed.net cooperated with the EFF DES Hardware Cracker so that its computational power could be combined with the thousands of independent computers that were also running our clients.
	www.distributed.net /des (522 words)

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