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	UNIVAC 1103 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The UNIVAC 1103 or ERA 1103, a successor to the UNIVAC 1101, was a computer system designed by Engineering Research Associates and built by the Remington Rand corporation in October, 1953.
		The UNIVAC 1103 had 1024 words of 36 bit Williams tube memory (first commercial computer to use random access memory).
		Remington Rand announced the UNIVAC 1103 in February 1953.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/UNIVAC_1103 (287 words)

	Seymour Cray - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		ERA had formed out of a former US Navy lab that had built codebreaking machines, a tradition ERA carried on when such work was available.
		Cray quickly came to be regarded as an expert on digital computer technology, especially following his design work on the ERA 1103, the first commercially successful scientific computer.
		He remained at ERA when it was bought by Remington Rand and then Sperry Corporation in the early 1950s.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Seymour_Cray (2003 words)

	Unisys History Newsletter v6n1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At the time of its acquisition by Remington Rand, ERA was working on a successor to the 1101, which had been called the ERA 1103, and it was later referred to as the UNIVAC Scientific Computer or the UNIVAC 1103.
		The computers designed by ERA in St. Paul for cryptologic purposes were suited for scientific computation, since they used binary arithmetic, but their input/output capabilities were limited to paper tape and low-speed typewriter.
		James Rand came in late in the presentation and apparently was taken with the idea that the 1103 was a worthy rival to the 701.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /gvu/people/randy.carpenter/folklore/v6n1.html (2483 words)

	Cray Inc. - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		There, he helped to create the ERA 1103, regarded as the first successful scientific computer.
		ERA eventually became part of UNIVAC, and started to be phased out.
		At first Cray Research pooh-poohed such approaches, complaining that developing software to effectively use the machines was difficult—which was true in the era of the ILLIAC IV, but becoming less true by the day.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Cray (1857 words)

	Obituary - Seymour Cray, Father of supercomputing
		At ERA, Cray had his chance to design his first computer, the 1103.
		ERA was taken over first by Remington Rand and later by Sperry, which produced one of the first commercial computer, the Univac.
		With the advent of commodity chips and the end of the cold war, supercomputers made from custom built chips and costing $30 million are less in demand.
	www.hoise.com /primeur/96/pr-96-oct/CL-PR-10-96-3.html (1497 words)

	No Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Another important first-generation computer was the ERA 1103, developed by Engineering Research Associates, the Minnesota firm that Remington-Rand bought in 1952.
		Machines like the ERA 1103 were too big, too expensive, and required too much specialized programming skills to be found anywhere but at the largest aerospace firms or government research laboratories.
		Nearly all the pioneers of the personal computer era had such experiences on a time shared system, and it was that illusion's appeal as an alternative to batch operation that they sought to recreate on a small system.
	www.cs.union.edu /~hemmendd/Courses/cs40/History/digcomphist.html (12008 words)

	The Free Information Society - Seymour Cray Biography
		He was one of the leading designers of the ERA 1103, which would become one of the first successful computers for scientific functions.
		When ERA was acquired by Sperry-Rand Corporation, he was placed in their scientific computing branch.
		There, he was placed on a team that worked on designing a successor to the ERA 1103 and finished it in 1960, calling it the CDC 1604.
	www.freeinfosociety.com /site.php?postnum=653 (813 words)

	Engineering Research Associates Records1946-1959 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Engineering Research Associates' (ERA) origins can be traced to a classified World War II era Navy project which recruited highly skilled cryptologists, mathematicians, engineers, and physicists to break German and Japanese codes in order to pinpoint the movements of their ships.
		During this project, ERA personnel was given access to classified government reports and worked with computer pioneers John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, inventors of the ENIAC, and John von Neumann, of Princeton University's Institute for Advanced Study.
		During this project ERA developed the first magnetic storage drum; the technology upon which the next two generations of computers was based.
	www.hagley.lib.de.us /2015.htm (1197 words)

	Halakha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the modern era, Jewish citizens may be bound to Halakhah only by their voluntary consent.
		On the one hand, there is a principle in Halakha to not overrule a specific law from an earlier era, unless based on an earlier authority.
		The Hilchot of the Rif, Rabbi Isaac Alfasi (1013 - 1103), summations of the legal material in the Talmud.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Halakha (5364 words)

	Interview with Seymour Cray
		It was the dramatic change from hand calculating to electronic calculating which was the first step and then from that point on its mostly has been related to improvements in memory because memory has dominated the speed of computation throughout these decades.
		DKA: You stayed at the ERA for a couple of years and then later went on to work for Remington Rand.
		It was an acquisition of ERA by Remington Rand, later an acquisition of Remington Rand by Sperry and after I left an acquisition of Sperry by Burroughs and now called Unisys but there is still the basic continuity of people and product through those various stages.
	americanhistory.si.edu /collections/comphist/cray.htm (10120 words)

	Undergrad HIS Course Descriptions
		The final evolution of the English political system from the reign of William and Mary to the contemporary era, including social and economic transformations, the British Empire, the two world wars, the welfare state, and current issues.
		Historical review of the transitional centuries bridging the medieval and the modern eras, including the rebirth of art and literature, the Protestant and Catholic reform movements, and the role of kings and states.
		Study of the origins of the Civil Rights Movement in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, beginnings of change in the 1930s and the World War II era, and the movement itself as defined by legal, political, and social conflict and change from the latter 1940s to the present.
	www.troy.edu /catalogs/0506undergrad/U16HIS.htm (2278 words)

	Modern Mechanix » Rand Ad: Tomorrow’s Design Today… (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the aircraft industry, as in many other engineering applications, the Remington Rand ERA 1103 Electronic Computing System has proven how easily it can handle the most difficult research problems.
		Because of its ability to reduce large volumes of data at extremely high speeds, the ERA 1103 is the ideal computing system for scientific applications.
		Its speed is matched by many other outstanding characteristics: superb operating efficiency, obtained through large storage capacity … great programming versatility… the ability to operate simultaneously with a wide variety of input-output devices … and far greater reliability than any computer in its class.
	blog.modernmechanix.com /2006/04/26/rand-ad-tomorrows-design-today (235 words)

	Wikinfo \| Seymour Cray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		He remained at ERA as it was bought by Remington Rand and then Sperry Corporation.
		There ERA became the "scientific computing" arm of their Univac division.
		But when the scientific computing division was phased out in 1957, a number of employees, including Cray, left to form Control Data Corporation.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Seymour_Cray (653 words)

	Charles Babbage Institute: EXHIBITS > Cray Research Virtual Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At ERA, he worked on the development of the ERA 1101 scientific computer for the U.S. government.
		Later, he had design responsibility for a major portion of the ERA 1103, the first commercially successful scientific computer.
		He inventeda number of technologies that were patented by the companies for which he worked; among the most significant are the Cray-1 vector register technology, the cooling technologies for the Cray-2 computer, the CDC 6600 freon-cooling system, and a magnetic amplifier for ERA.
	www.cbi.umn.edu /exhibits/cray/index.html (630 words)

	eniac's 50th Anniversary: The Birth of the Information Age -- A Short History of the Second American Revolution by ...
		IBM, which introduced the IBM 701 in 1952, gained a predominant position in the computer industry by the mid-1950s, largely through sound product strategies and the efforts of their sales and marketing organizations.
		In 1951, the ERA 1103 computer was actually the first computer system available on the open market.
		ERA was acquired by Remington Rand in 1951.
	www.upenn.edu /almanac/v42/n18/eniac.html (5052 words)

	Off-Topic: Ponderables: Pick an era, any era
		Speculation has it that the Round Ticket, which is what they called it at that time - 'unnnngh urk argh unn ack' - was, in fact, very instrumental in the eventual invention of the wheel and the donut.
		If you went back and warned them, you'd've never been born, and if you were never born you could not go back to warn them in which case you WOULD have been born...
		I'd like to have witnessed, for my self, the generation that went from horse and buggy, iceboxes, gas lamps, etc., to an era of cars, planes, electricty, computers, space shuttles and the internet.
	www.canadiancontent.net /forums/post-7661.html (1335 words)

	Notable Hackers...Encryptoo.com
		The project, the Navy Tactical Data System, was completed early the next year and Cray left for CDC as well.
		By 1960 he had completed the design of the CDC 1604, a improved low-cost ERA 1103 that had impressive performance for its price range.
		Even as the 1604 was starting to ship in 1960, he had already moved on to designing its "replacement", the CDC 6600.
	www.encryptoo.com /nothack.html (1078 words)

	The Franklin Institute Certficates of Merit - Seymour Cray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		He pioneered in the development of digital computers with Engineering Research, Associates, where he contributed to the design of the ERA/Univac 1103 Scientific Computer, the first commercially available scientific computer.
		This computer, which truly ushered in the era of supercomputing, proved the viability of combining scalar and vectorizing architectures for a balanced computational system.
		The CRAY- I computer system, more than any other computer, stimulated competition in the supercomputer market and is considered by many to be the benchmark for measuring supercomputing.
	www.fi.edu /tfi/exhibits/cray.html (791 words)

	Engineering Research Associates (ERA) - Remington Rand - Sperry Rand Records
		ERA became a division of Remington Rand in 1952.
		At ERA, Hill supervised development of the ERA 1101 and several other projects including a message storage and relay system for stored flight plans using magnetic drums for the Civil Aeronautics Administration.
		Also documented are ERA projects for 3M, a thermal printer, and a John Plain and Company product called the Speed Tally, or Distributon, completed after ERA became a division of Remington Rand.
	www.cbi.umn.edu /collections/inv/cbi00176.html (5731 words)

	Seymour Cray
		He served as a director for CDC from 1957 to 1965 and was senior vice president at the time of his departure in 1972.
		While with ERA, he worked with the gamut of computer technologies ranging from vacuum tubes and magnetic amplifiers to transistors.
		Seymour Cray is the inventor of a number of technologies that have been patented by the companies for which he has worked.
	www.cray.com /about_cray/seymourcray.html (545 words)

	Modern Mechanix » Remington Rand introduces the ERA 1103 general-purpose computer system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Remington Rand introduces the ERA 1103 general-purpose computer system (Mar, 1953)
		This machine was also known as the UNIVAC 1103
		For complete information about the application of the ERA 1103 to your problems, write on your business letterhead to Room 1734, 315 Fourth Ave., New York 10.
	blog.modernmechanix.com /2006/03/30/remington-rand-introduces-the-era-1103-general-purpose-computer-system (128 words)

	Still More Real Machines
		In the case of the 1103, that word length was supported by 37 (count 'em!) Williams tubes, one of which provided a parity bit.
		However, the ERA 1101 and 1102 computers did have a 48-bit word length and a 24-bit instruction size.
		These computers only had drum memory, and the instruction format included a six-bit opcode field and a 14-bit address field.
	www.quadibloc.com /comp/cp0305.htm (1736 words)

	U.S. Catholic Bishops - Catechism of the Catholic Church
		The Church was made manifest to the world on the day of Pentecost by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit.
		The gift of the Spirit ushers in a new era in the "dispensation of the mystery"—the age of the Church, during which Christ manifests, makes present, and communicates his work of salvation through the liturgy of his Church, "until he comes."
		In this age of the Church Christ now lives and acts in and with his Church, in a new way appropriate to this new age.
	www.usccb.org /catechism/text/pt2sect1.htm (2885 words)

	Crusader States, Kings of Jerusalem & Cyprus, Templars, Hospitallers, Israel, etc.
		Although no longer with a territorial base, the Hospitallers, headquartered in Rome, are, however, still accorded the status of a Sovereign nation, issuing their own passports and maintaining their own embassies.
		Malta then entered a new era as one of the most strategic possessions of the British Empire.
		The name of "Prussia" was erased, and the district was the Soviet "Kaliningrad Oblast." Now, Kalinin was President of the Soviet Union under Stalin (1919-1946), and such Soviet era names have generally been replaced in Russia; but there is a dilemma with "Kaliningrad." The original name of Kaliningrad was, of course, Königsberg.
	www.friesian.com /outremer.htm (14277 words)

	Seymour Cray, Supercomputer Architect
		While with ERA, he worked with the gamut of computer technologies, from vacuum tubes and magnetic amplifiers to transistors.
		Cray is the inventor of a number of technologies that have been patented by the companies for which he has worked.
		Among the more significant are the CRAY-1 vector register technology, the cooling technologies for the CRAY computers, the CDC 6600 freon-cooling system, a magnetic amplifier for ERA, the three-dimensional interconnected module assembly used in the CRAY-3 and the CRAY-5, and gallium arsenide logic design.
	americanhistory.si.edu /collections/comphist/montic/cray.htm (4289 words)

	Korea to 1875 by Sanderson Beck
		Koreans trace their ancestry back to the era of China's Xia dynasty in 2333 BC.
		The legendary Tangun was said to have been the son of a heavenly incarnation and a female bear, possibly indicating the totem of the original tribe.
		Songjong was a conscientious Confucian and ruled Korea in an era of peace except for a brief war near the end of his reign on the northern frontier.
	www.san.beck.org /3-10-Koreato1875.html (16754 words)

	[No title]
		ERA established a small office in Arlington, Virginia, but the majority of ERA's workforce was located in the former NAC facility in St. Paul.
		Also included are some administrative materials related to the St. Paul location, engineers' files, and materials exhibited at the ERA 40th anniversary event in 1986.
		Warren P. Burrell's files document his activities and involvement in many projects, including the ERA 1101, ERA 1103, the UNIVAC File Computer, and NIKE-X. The majority of the materials consist of technical reports, blueprints, notes, and correspondence.
	special.lib.umn.edu /findaid/xml/cbi00176.xml (2906 words)

	Time line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This is a time line from the Brooks and Blaauw book starting from the ERA 1103.
		The now Unisys 1100 series is still being built and checking our taxes at the IRS.
		The Japanese supercomputers at Fujitsu, Hitachi, and NEC use the Cray multiple vector processor architecture formula.
	research.microsoft.com /~gbell/craytalk/sld014.htm (161 words)

	Solar Eclipses: 1101 to 1200 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For a detailed key and additional information about the catalog, see: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses.
		The terms BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively.
		They are the secular equivalents to the BC and AD dating conventions.
	sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov /eclipse/SEcat/SE1101-1200.html (764 words)

	Digital Depth of Field Article
		Richard Ten Dyke is a member of Danbury Area Computer Society who has had a long interest in both photography and computers.
		He started his photogr aphy career with a Leica IIIC in 1952, and his computer career working with an ERA 1103 in 1956.
		He currently is retired from IBM and resides in Bedford, New York.
	www.svca.org /articles/DigitalDepthofField.htm (1144 words)

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