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Topic: ERG theory

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Clayton Alderfer

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	Erg (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An erg (landform) is a large flat area of desert covered with shifting wind-swept sand, especially in the Sahara.
		An erg (as short for ergometer) is an indoor rower, taken from its purpose of measuring the amount of work done during.
		ERG is the approved GeneSymbol for the 'v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene like' gene, frequently involved as a part of fusion genes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Erg_(disambiguation) (173 words)

	Motivation and Motivation Theory - HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
		The content theories of motivation are based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives.
		ERG theory also suggests that if an individual is continually unable to meet upper-level needs that the person will regress and lower-level needs become the major determinants of their motivation.
		ERG theory's implications for managers are similar to those for the needs hierarchy: managers should focus on meeting employees' existence, relatedness, and growth needs, though without necessarily applying the proviso that, say, job-safety concerns necessarily take precedence over challenging and fulfilling job requirements.
	www.referenceforbusiness.com /management/Mar-No/Motivation-and-Motivation-Theory.html (2457 words)

	Glossary
		A need theory that distinguishes between motivator needs (related to the nature of the work itself) and hygiene needs (related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed) and proposes that motivator needs must be met for motivation and job satisfaction to be high.
		A theory that focuses on identifying the types of goals that are most effective in producing high levels of motivation and performance and explaining why goals have these effects.
		Theories that focus on increasing employee motivation and performance by linking the outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviors and the attainment of goals.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0072860820/student_view0/chapter13/glossary.html (804 words)

	Cross-Cultural Motivation
		The motivation-hygiene theory was proposed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg.
		ERG theory does not assume that there exists a rigid hierarchy where a lower-need must be substantially gratified before one can move on.
		Essentially, the expectancy theory argues that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.
	home.skif.net /~todorov/036.htm (4708 words)

	ERG Theory (Alderfer)
		The ERG Theory of Clayton P. Alderfer is a model that appeared in 1969 in a Psychological Review article entitled "An Empirical Test of a New Theory of Human Need".
		ERG Theory recognizes that the importance of the three categories may vary for each individual.
		In addition, the ERG theory acknowledges that if a higher level need remains unfulfilled, the person may regress towards lower level needs, which appear easier to satisfy.
	www.12manage.com /methods_alderfer_erg_theory.html (273 words)

	MOTIVATION IN ORGANIZATIONS [cou]
		ERG theory has a frustration-regression element that suggests that if needs remain unsatisfied at some high level, the individual will become frustrated, regress to a lower level, and begin to pursue lower-level needs again.
		Equity theory, developed by J. Stacy Adams, suggests that once an individual has chosen an action that is expected to satisfy his or her needs, the individual assesses the equity or fairness of the outcome.
		Expectancy theory and reinforcement theory are similar in that both consider the processes by which an individual chooses behaviors in a particular situation.
	courses.washington.edu /inde495/lece.htm (1766 words)

	Paramita Group - erg theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Alderfer's ERG theory differs from Maslow's need hierarchy insofar as ERG theory demonstrates that more than one need may be operative at the same time.
		ERG theory does not assume a rigid hierarchy where a lower need must be substantially satisfied before one can move on.
		ERG theory also accounts for differences in need preferences between cultures better than Maslow's need hierarchy.
	www.paramitagroup.org /erg.htm (197 words)

	MOTIVATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Numerous motivation theories address this questions and like the majority of leadership theories, most have been developed and tested in the U.S. Each of this theories attempt to explain why human beings behave in the ways they do and what managers can do to encourage certain types of behavior while discouraging others.
		This theory was proposed by Psychologist Frederick Herzberg.
		In theory Y, managers will design jobs that are more motivating, require mental effort and are without constant supervision. Out of these two theories, managers will adopt the theory Y if they want to maximize productivity and profits.
	bizetimes.webster.edu /archives/november2001/busn-termpaper11-01.html (2767 words)

	ERG Theory
		The ERG theory is based on the work of Maslow, so it has much in common with it but also differs in some important aspects.
		The ERG theory acknowledges that if a higher level need remains unfulfilled, the person may regress to lower level needs that appear easier to satisfy.
		Thus, while the ERG theory presents a model of progressive needs, the hierarchical aspect is not rigid.
	www.netmba.com /mgmt/ob/motivation/erg (323 words)

	Motivation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood as a subset of emotional intelligence; a person may be highly intelligent according to a more conservative definition (as measured by many intelligence tests), yet unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to certain tasks.
		Self-Determination Theory, developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, focuses on the importance of intrinsic motivation in driving human behavior.
		Harold Chugani, Medical Director of the PET Clinic at the Children's Hospital of Michigan and professor of pediatrics, neurology and radiology at Wayne State University School of Medicine, has found that children's brains are much more capable of consuming new information (linked to emotions) than those of adults.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/mo/motivation.html (2258 words)

	Motivation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human needs theory is the most widely discussed theories of motivation.
		Goal-setting theory is based on the notion that individuals sometimes have a drive to reach a clearly defined end state.
		At lower levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, such as Physiological needs, money is a motivator, however it tends to have a motivating effect on staff that lasts only for a short period (in accordance with Herzberg's two-factor model of motivation).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Motivation (2565 words)

	Suhreed Online - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		ERG Theory recognizes that the order of importance of the three Categories may vary for each individual.
		According to the ERG theory, focusing exclusively on one need at a time will not effectively motivate.
		In addition, the ERG theory acknowledges that if a higher level need remains unfulfilled, the person may regress to lower level needs that appear easier to satisfy.
	www.suhreed.org /modules.php?name=Encyclopedia&op=content&tid=107 (318 words)

	Assessing the Hierarchy of Needs in Levels of Service
		Alderfer’s (1972) ERG theory is much like Maslow’s theory except it only has three groupings, Existence, which would encompass steps 1 through 3 of Maslow’s hierarchy; Relatedness, which would encompass steps 3 and 4; and Growth, which would include step 5, self-actualization.
		However, the motivation theories, as they relate to transportation needs have not been tested adequately and an exploration of these theories are needed if we are to understand the exact nature of motivations affecting mode choice based upon motivational models.
		For this reason, Alderfer’s ERG theory may be used as the basis for this project, as an extension and completion of Maslow’s original theory.
	www.nctr.usf.edu /projects/Year4/527-08.html (1495 words)

	NCC-BUS137-Week11-Chapters-13-&-14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Vroom’s expectancy theory states that individuals will evaluate various behavior strategies on three bases: (1) the effort required for performance, (2) whether the performance will have a desired outcome, and (3) how valuable that outcome is to the employee.
		The emphasis of reinforcement theory is that the behavior of a person in a situation is influenced by the rewards or penalties that person experienced in a similar situation.
		Theory X is a philosophy of management reflecting a negative perception of subordinates’ potential for work and their work attitudes.
	www.nash.cc.nc.us /BUS137/Week11-Chapter13.htm (2658 words)

	Motivating pharmacists
		Thus these theories tend to be prescriptive, since, by assuming people have similar needs, they are also recommending the characteristics that ought to be present in all jobs.
		All process theories have in common an emphasis on the role of an individual's cognitive processes in determining his or her level of motivation.
		Equity theory The major process theory, known as the equity theory, assumes that the most important cognitive process involves people looking around and observing what effort other people put into their work and what rewards they receive, and comparing the ratio of these with their own efforts and rewards.
	www.pharmj.com /Editorial/20000513/articles/motivating.html (2509 words)

	Chapter 14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory is an extension of Maslow's theory.
		ERG theory does not assume that lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become activated.
		Unlike the prior motivation theories which rely on cognitive explanations of behavior, reinforcement theory focuses instead on the impact which external environmental consequences have on behavior.
	www.accd.edu /sac/mgt/1303.090/Chapter14.htm (1360 words)

	Psychology An International Perspective: Chapter Topic
		This is an individualist theory, and does not fit in with the collectivist approaches of co-operation and group benefit.
		ERG theory is simpler than Maslow's theory and is easier to test.
		Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the best-known needs theory and suggests we progress through a series of needs from the lowest, deficiency, needs dealing with survival and safety, to the higher needs dealing with love and belonging, up to the highest growth needs for esteem and self-actualisation.
	www.psypress.com /pip/resources/slp/topic.asp?chapter=ch03&topic=ch03-sc-01 (933 words)

	The Nine Planets Glossary
		This was highly controversial at the time as the Ptolemaic view of the universe, which was the prevailing theory for over 1000 years, was deeply ingrained in the prevailing philosophy and religion.
		German-American physicist; developed the Special and General Theories of Relativity which along with Quantum Mechanics is the foundation of modern physics.
		The result of this work was a theory, now widely accepted, that the Sun is surrounded by a distant cloud of comet-stuff, now called the Oort cloud, bits of which are occasionally hurled into the solar system as comets.
	www.nineplanets.org /help.html (4842 words)

	Jane Whitney Gibson
		Theory Y is the contrast to this theory.
		While Theory Y is widely believed to be the better operation system, please note that not all workers want responsibility and autonomy.
		As for the other motivational theories we are going to study, they can best be grouped under the categories content and process theories of motivation.
	www.nova.edu /~gibson/wk3notes.html (3297 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The theory states that people’s needs may be categorized into 5 levels of a hierarchy (see figure 1): physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.
		The theory has however lost some of it popularity and this may be because the theory better explains past than future behavior.
		When applying the theory managers must ensure that all resources needed to accomplish the goal are available and that all aforementioned factors are in place.
	www.islandia.is /verkefni/Hvatningogeflinglidsheilda_ensk.doc (3779 words)

	Content Theories of Motivation
		Theory X states that employees dislike and try to avoid work, so they must be coerced into doing it.
		This theory holds that employees can view work as natural, are creative, can be self-motivated, and appreciate responsibility.
		ERG Theory is similar to the famous Maslow's Hierarch of Needs.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/5919/43811 (406 words)

	bp_greenberg_bio_8\|Motivation in Organizations\|Multiple Choice
		ERG Theory was proposed by Alderfer in response to the criticisms of
		_____ theory proposes that individuals are motivated to maintain fair or equitable, relationships between themselves and others with respect to the distribution of reward and to avoid those relationships that are unfair, or inequitable.
		According to expectancy theory, _______ is the belief that one's efforts will positively influence one's performance.
	wps.prenhall.com /bp_greenberg_bio_8/0,,510031-,00.utf8.html (207 words)

	Free Essay Motivation at Hitachi Automotive Products, Organizational
		Clayton Aldefer's theory is a theory, which recognizes existence, relatedness and growth in regards to needs.
		This theory has also been known to be used by many individuals who recognize they themselves are in relationships, which could use some type of motivation.
		Using the different aspects of the ERG theory by Alderfer, an analysis can be made to determine if the individual portions of the motivational process used at HAP-LA meet the requirements of this theory.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=27240 (1900 words)

	Origins of Motivation Theory
		In short, Motivator-Hygiene Theory was developed by Federick Herzberg to explain the motivations of workers in the workplace.
		While it is obvious that ERG theory is also very similar to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Alderfer did diverge from Maslow in two important ways.
		In short, Alderfer’s ERG theory identifies three categories of human needs that appear to influence a worker’s behavior.
	www.ciadvertising.org /studies/student/99_fall/theory/marlow/johnswebpage/origins_of_motivation_theory.htm (840 words)

	Motivation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Social with self regulation Self control The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood for the subset of emotional intelligence; the person may be highly intelligent according to the more conservative definition (as measured by many intelligence tests), yet unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to certain tasks.
		The theory can be summarized for thus: Human beings have wants with desires which influence their behaviour, only unsatisfied needs can influence behaviour, satisfied needs cannot.
		Alderferâs ERG Theory Created by Clayton Alderfer, Maslow's hierarchy of needs is expanded, leading to his ERG theory (Existence, Relatedness with Growth).
	www.gettotal.info /Motivation.html (2607 words)

	CW Grader
		ERG Theory was proposed by Alderfer in response to the criticisms of Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory.
		Equity theory proposes that individuals are motivated to maintain fair or equitable, relationships between themselves and others with respect to the distribution of reward and to avoid those relationships that are unfair, or inequitable
		According to expectancy theory, expectancy is the belief that one's efforts will positively influence one's performance.
	wps.prenhall.com /WPS_CDA_Grade_Render/1,1015,510031,00.html (453 words)

	2220: Motivation
		Problems: theory hard to specify, difficult to measure variables, research not supportive of hierarchy or number of needs
		Cognitive theories highlight the importance of the individual's perceptions of environmental factors and judgments of fairness.
		Good theory for rational people (individual differences) and when people behave rationally.
	www.mindspring.com /~dileader/classes/2220/motivation.htm (688 words)

	Expectancy Theory - Victor Vroom
		Vroom's theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
		Together with Edward Lawler and Lyman Porter, Vroom suggested that the relationship between people's behavior at work and their goals was not as simple as was first imagined by other scientists.
		This formula can be used to indicate and predict such things as job satisfaction, one's occupational choice, the likelihood of staying in a job, and the effort one might expend at work.
	www.valuebasedmanagement.net /methods_vroom_expectancy_theory.html (353 words)

	Psychology 330: I/O Psychology
		With regard to the concepts and theories, you should know more than simply the definition of the concepts and the components of the theories.
		In addition, you should also be able to apply those concepts and theories to explain or predict behavior in specific situations.
		How ERG Theory is related to Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory; specifically, how the needs considered by the two theories are related, and how the theories differ with respect to the order in which the needs are activated..
	tigger.uic.edu /~jlarson/p330/xtra/p330StudyGuides/p330e2StudyGuide.html (1037 words)

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