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	ESA Space Debris Telescope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As a large part of the observation time is dedicated to space debris surveys, in particular the observation of space debris in the geostationary ring and in geostationary transfer orbits, the term ESA Space Debris Telescope became used very frequently.
		The telescope is a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope with an aperture of 1 m and field of view of 0.7 degrees, equipped with an cryogenically cooled mosaic CCD-Camera of 4k*4k pixels.
		The detection threshold is between 19th and 21st magnitude, which corresponds to a capability to detect space debris objects as small as 15 cm in the geostationary ring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ESA_Space_Debris_Telescope (195 words)

	Space debris - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Space debris or orbital debris, also called space junk and space waste, are the objects in orbit around Earth created by man that no longer serve any useful purpose.
		Space debris has become a growing concern in recent years, since collisions at orbital velocities can be highly damaging to functioning satellites and can also produce even more space debris in the process.
		In order to mitigate the generation of additional space debris, a number of measures have been proposed: The passivation of spent upper stages by the release of residual fuels is aimed at decreasing the risk of on-orbit explosions that could generate thousands of additional debris objects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Space_debris (1197 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Hubble Space Telescope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Its successor telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope, is due to be launched in 2012.
		ESA agreed to supply some of the instruments for the telescope as well as the solar cells which would power it and contribute approximately 15% of the costs, in return for European astronomers being guaranteed at least 15% of observing time on the telescope.
		Astronomers using the telescope to observe distant supernovae uncovered evidence that far from decelerating under the influence of gravity, the universe may in fact be accelerating.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Hubble_Space_Telescope (7134 words)

	ESA Portal - Focus On - Space debris spotlight
		Debris studies are a growing field of space science attracting a lot of interest.
		Typical of the debris impact assessment work done at ESA, Dr Gerhard Drolshagen, at ESA/ESTEC, has analysed micro-debris impacts on the solar arrays used by the Hubble space telescope; the arrays were supplied by ESA and retrieved in March 2002 after more than 8 years in space.
		ESA's policy effort focuses on the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), comprising space agencies from China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Ukraine, the UK, the USA, Russia and ESA, as well as the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS).
	www.esa.int /esaCP/SEMHDJXJD1E_FeatureWeek_0.html (1176 words)

	Page suitable for printing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Clervoy flew in space for the first time on the Space Shuttle Atlantis in November 1994 and the experience gained on that flight - when he controlled the robotic arm to deploy an atmospheric research satellite for the German space agency DLR - will be invaluable.
		Clervoy then represented ESA in 1997 among the international crew of STS-84 which docked with the Russian Mir space station - an important mission in Europe's preparation for work on the International Space Station, in which Europe is participating as one of the five International Partners, together with the USA, Russia, Japan and Canada.
		During rendezvous with Hubble ESA astronaut Jean-François Clervoy will be monitoring on a laptop a Windows 95 programme that reads data from the orbiter systems, displaying graphically the relative motions of the Shuttle and telescope and providing the crew with a better awareness of what is going on.
	www.spaceflight.esa.int /print.cfm?PageID=130 (2024 words)

	IADC
		Currently, space debris between 1 cm and 10 cm are neither observable, nor are they shieldable with available on-orbit technology.
		A joint development of ESA, ASI, BNSC, CNES and DLR is the elaboration of European Space Debris Safety and Mitigation Standards.
		ESA's Launcher Directorate (at ESA Headquarter, Paris) coordinates the implementation of debris mitigation measures for the ARIANE launcher.
	www.iadc-online.org /members/about_esa.shtml (854 words)

	ESA Portal - Space debris: assessing the risk
		Smaller debris range from microscopic particles of dust, which are relatively harmless, up to objects about 1 cm in diameter.
		In addition to a debris warning system developed at ESOC, additional ESA space debris research is done at the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), in The Netherlands, mainly focusing on the space segment.
		ESA is not the only organization working on space debris.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/SEMH5KRMD6E_index_0.html (773 words)

	GIS Development: Have a Look! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In a bid to predict the threat to satellites from space debris, the European Space Agency is teaming up with a pair of physicists who spend their time smashing eggshells reports New Scientist.
		In a bid to estimate the danger from fragments in the 1 to 10-centimetre range, ESA ran experiments in the early 1990s in which rocket fuel was used to blow up metal cylinders in an underground bunker.
		Space Shuttle windscreens have been damaged by flecks of paint as small as 0.3 mm in size travelling at a mere 14 400 kph.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /have_a_look/28mar_03_apr05.htm (816 words)

	Telescopes
		The Chandra X-ray Observatory is the U.S. follow-on to the Einstein Observatory.
		The original low frequency telescope was superseded in 1976 by a 14-m diameter radome-enclosed antenna for use at high radio frequencies (mm wavelengths), built primarily to study the physics and chemistry of interstellar clouds, circumstellar envelopes, planetary atmospheres, and comets.
		Michelle: A mid-infrared spectrometer and imager for the UKIRT and Gemini telescopes
	www.cv.nrao.edu /fits/www/yp_telescope.html (12332 words)

	Space Debris
		The total amount and mass of debris is still rising, since rate of removal of debris by natural mechanisms, such as air-drag perturbations, is exceeded by the rate of deposition in space of man-made objects.
		ESA's research into space debris aims at achieving a better understanding of the critical issues, in particular the environment of the Earth and its future evolution, and measures for protection and mitigation.
		In response to the objectives relating to space debris formulated by the ESA Council in 1989, the Agency is conducting research with the aim of achieving a better understanding of critical issues.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /pff/pffv4n4/ppfflunr4.htm (901 words)

	Main Page - TOS-EES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Space Environments and Effects Section is responsible for providing support to ESA programmes in the evaluation of the environments of future missions and their potential effects.
		The shown crater was observed on the solar arrays of the Hubble Space Telescope which were retrieved in March 2002 from a 600 km orbit.
		ESA has initiated a study to systematically analyses the impact features with the aim to identify potential damage resulting from impacts, gain new knowledge on the meteoroids and debris populations and to validate or update the existing flux models.
	space-env.esa.int /topics/HST_Impact/index-HSTImpact.html (216 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Life after retirement for Hubble hardware
		In March 2002, during a Space Shuttle servicing mission, the European-built Faint Object Camera (FOC) and a set of solar arrays were retrieved from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and brought back to Earth.
		Since most of the hardware sent into space never reaches the ground again in one piece, engineers and scientists were eager to examine everything as soon after the landing as possible.
		The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=30157 (389 words)

	NASA Encyclopedia @ LaunchBase.org (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nine other missions followed, showing that long-duration human space flight was possible, proving that rendezvous and docking with another vehicle in space was possible, and gathering medical data on the effects of weightlessness on humans.
		The space shuttle became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s and the 1980s.
		Work began on Space Station Freedom as a focus for the manned space program but within NASA there was argument that these projects came at the expense of more inspiring unmanned missions such as the Voyager probes.
	www.launchbase.org /encyclopedia/NASA (1943 words)

	Universe Today - How to Deal with Space Debris
		When repairing the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993, astronauts discovered a hole blasted through an antenna, and numerous smaller pits and nicks.
		Assessing the risk that space debris pose to operational spacecraft and satellites is a challenge and depends on whether you are worried about being hit by a known, tracked debris object or by an unknown object.
		For example, for a satellite with a 100-m2 cross-sectional area (including solar panels) orbiting at 400 km altitude, the mean time between impact with a debris object 10 cm in size has been calculated to be on the order of 15 000 years.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/deal_space_debris.html?2232005 (810 words)

	Orbital Debris
		Space Debris 1999: Proceedings of the Space Debris Sessions from a Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics, held in conjunction with the 50th International Astronautical Federation Congress, Oct 4-8, 1999, The Netherlands.
		Space Debris 2000: Proceedings of the Space Debris Sessions from a Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics held in conjunction with the 51st International Astronautical Federation Congress, October 2-6, 2000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
		Space Debris 2001: Proceedings of the Space Debris Sessions from a Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics held in conjunction with the 52nd International Astronautical Federation Congress, October 1-5, 2001, Toulouse, France.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/hqlibrary/pathfinders/debris.htm (1289 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Near-Earth Object meeting has quite an impact
		At present, ESA studies NEOs as a by-product of investigations into space debris.
		However, there are at least two future ESA space missions under study which could contribute to such studies.
		ESA could contribute to such observational programmes through the agency's one metre space debris telescope in the Canary Islands.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=19110 (585 words)

	RedOrbit - Space - Shining the Spotlight on Space Debris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		ESA -- At closing speeds reaching 50 thousand km per hour, even the smallest bits of space debris can cause serious harm to spacecraft; larger ones cause catastrophe.
		One cm is also the maximum size of debris that can be defeated by modern shielding technology; Space Shuttle windscreens have been damaged by flecks of paint as small as 0.3 mm in size travelling at a mere 14,400 kph.
		The fastest debris, at 50,000 kph, are travelling about 17 times faster than a machine gun bullet.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=108540 (1230 words)

	SPACE.com -- Space Junk
		Of the total, 2,671 are satellites (working or not), 90 are space probes that have been launched out of Earth orbit, and 6096 are mere chunks of debris zooming around the third planet from the Sun.
		The oldest debris still on orbit is the second US satellite, the Vanguard I, launched on 1958, March, the 17th, which worked only for 6 years.
		The most space debris created by a spacecraft's destruction was due to the upper stage of a Pegasus rocket launched in 1994.
	www.space.com /spacewatch/space_junk.html (843 words)

	The European Homepage For The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope - News Archive
		Just as in a tornado, where debris is often found spinning about the vortex, so in a fl hole, a dust torus surrounds its waist.
		The European AVO science team led by Paolo Padovani from Space Telescope-European Coordinating Facility and the European Southern Observatory in Munich, Germany, now announces the discovery of a whole population of the obscured, powerful supermassive fl holes.
		The majority of the sources are so faint that it is currently not possible to take spectra of them and the VO techniques made it possible for the researchers to work seamlessly with images and catalogues from many different sources.
	www.spacetelescope.org /news/html/heic0409.html (1108 words)

	ScienceDaily: Space Debris: Assessing The Risk
		Space Debris Mitigation: The Case For A Code Of Conduct (April 22, 2005) -- There is a lot of junk orbiting the Earth and the problem will worsen unless there are changes in how spacecraft operators operate.
		Space debris -- Space debris or orbital debris, also called space junk and space waste, are the objects in orbit around Earth created by man that no longer serve any useful purpose.
		Space observatory -- A large number of observatories have been launched into orbit, and most of them have greatly enhanced our knowledge of the...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/03/050325161759.htm (2038 words)

	The European Homepage For The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope - News Archive
		The impact caused a brilliant flash of light and a constant increase in the brightness of the inner cloud of dust.
		The Hubble telescope continued to monitor the comet, snapping another image [upper right] an hour after the encounter.
		In this photo, the dust ejected during the impact is expanding outward in the shape of a fan.
	www.spacetelescope.org /news/html/heic0509.html (347 words)

	R & D - Eureca and HST Solar Array Post Flight Impact Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One of the two solar panel assembly wings of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was retrieved in December 1993 after 3.62 years in orbit (around 600 km altitude).
		The Proceedings of the Hubble Space Telescope Solar Array Workshop, ESA WPP-77, contain several other papers relating to the HST impact studies.
		They were always fully supported by ESOC/MAS, where ESA’s space debris activities are coordinated and by the HST project.
	space-env.esa.int /R_and_D/eureca.html (1182 words)

	MASTER - Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		MASTER (Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference) is a software that can be used to analyze space debris flux and spatial densities.
		Another use is the planning of debris observation campaigns, including the derivation of neccessary sensor parameters.
		PROOF-2005 has been applied in the course of the MASTER-2005 validation process to properly interpret debris observations performed by the ESA Space Debris Telescope, the Liquid Mirror Telescope, the Tracking and Imaging Radar, the Goldstone, and the Haystack Radar.
	www.master-2005.net (292 words)

	1st IAASS Conference: Space Safety, a new beginning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Measurement data gathered by instruments like the TIRA, Haystack, and Goldstone radars and the ESA Space Debris Telescope are used to validate the modelled population.
		Impact data from the Hubble Space Telescope solar panels returned during servicing missions 1 and 3B, the LDEF-Satellite, and the EURECA platform are used for the small particle validation of the MASTER-2005 population.
		Information on this risk, and what are the highest failures contributors, is a great value to ESA and to the Safety Authority of the Launch Base in helping to determine the acceptability and to obtain the Authorization to the launch operations and the overall compliance of the Safety aspects of the Launch Vehicle design.
	www.congrex.nl /05a15/session26.html (1283 words)

	ZVB
		Additionally, two explosion events are confirmed within the geostationary ring, which further enlarge the already existing population consisting of payloads and upper stages.
		Recent observation results obtained by the ESA Space Debris Telescope (SDT) at Tenerife show strong indications for even more fragment clouds.
		Since the geostationary ring can be seen as a unique resource, which is not protected by any significant self-cleaning effect, a monitoring of the object environment in the vicinity of this orbit is mandatory.
	www.zvb.tu-bs.de /publikationen?action=abstract&id=516 (367 words)

	SPACE.com -- Europe Unveils New Moon-Orbiting SMART-1 Spacecraft
		Testing of a structural model was carried out during the summer of 2001 at ESA's space research and technology centre (ESTEC).
		The craft, known as the SMART-1, is to launch in July for a two-year mission orbiting the moon to look for water, believed to be hidden deep in craters on the lunar surface.
		Scientists at the ESA -- funded by 15 European countries and based in Paris -- believe the engines will be an indispensable part of making longer space voyages to Mercury and Mars.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/smart_esa_030403.html (603 words)

	Spotlight On Space Debris
		In plain language, space debris is anything Up There that can interfere with a spacecraft - including other spacecraft.
		There are many thousands more uncatalogued objects larger than 1 cm - perhaps more than 500 000; no one really knows the exact count.
		In a bid to predict the threat to satellites from space debris, the European Space Agency is teaming up with a pair of physicists who spend their time smashing eggshells.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/debris-04c.html (1214 words)

	Other Planetary Systems
		Even the Hubble Space Telescope wouldn't be able to image planets at the expected sizes and distances from their suns.
		The ongoing renaissance in telescope construction and the anticipated launches of new space platforms are encouraging many scientists to review and improve the means by which planets can be discovered.
		The direct detection of the light from a distant planet would be the most compelling means of discovery and to gauge the feasibility of various search strategies, astronomers have traditionally used the current Jupiter as a benchmark planet.
	www.nineplanets.org /other.html (1806 words)

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