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Topic: EU enlargements

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	Socialism Today - EU enlargements, but no celebrations
		EU leaders should be rejoicing with further European expansion and integration.
		However, near the capital, Bratislava, incomes are about 90% of the EU average, a sign of how the gap between a very rich minority and a poor majority has opened up rapidly since the reintroduction of capitalism, accelerated by the drive towards EU membership.
		Far from unifying Europe, the effects of the euro and EU enlargement will be to sharpen the dangers of the development of right-wing populist and nationalist forces in opposition to the policies of the major EU powers.
	www.socialismtoday.org /83/eu.html (2960 words)

	[No title]
		Second, the current EU enlargement is expected to have stronger effects on the agricultural sector and labour migration in the accession countries.
		The effects from earlier or later EU accession are assessed in terms of average annual GDP growth in the period 2007-2010 as a deviation from the trends of development of the index until 2006 inclusive.
		The EU accession process as a whole positively affects the level of FDI since it acts as a kind of guarantee to foreign investors that the country is not a very risky place to invest.
	www.balkannetwork.org /info/EU_year_acc_BG.doc (4628 words)

	Dutch Support For EU Enlargements Wanes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The average support for 12 possible enlargements was slightly higher in the Netherlands at 57 percent than the EU country average (54 percent).
		In assessing positive effects and threats from EU membership, the size of the differences between individual countries is called remarkable.
		The CPB has discovered that the "marked cultural differences between the northern and southern EU countries have turned out to be quite unchanging" in the past decades, but suggests that this is damaging.
	www.nisnews.nl /public/220906_2.htm (294 words)

	EIoP: Text 2005-006: Full Text
		The last enlargement of the European Union followed the pattern, established by the four previous enlargements, and contributed to widening the gap between the enlargement routine and the way enlargements are regulated by the Treaty to a scale, unknown before.
		Puissochet saw a reflection of a supranational approach to enlargement procedure in the ECSC Treaty regulation,(6) since all the stages of the process were meant to be fully controlled by the Council.
		Importantly, this consistency of application of enlargement law and constant evolution of the enlargement principles and criteria were achieved by the European Union in the atmosphere of vagueness of the Treaty text related to the regulation of this matter.
	eiop.or.at /eiop/texte/2005-006.htm (14883 words)

	EUROPA - Overviews of the European Union activities - Consumers
		But concerns about the size and the consequences of enlargement persisted among people in the old EU countries and were a factor in the negative vote on the draft EU constitution in France and the Netherlands in 2005.
		As the EU assimilates its 10 new members, the deadline for the next enlargement is already approaching.
		At a summit in December 2005, EU leaders adopted the long-term budget guidelines for the Union for the period from 2007 to 2013.
	europa.eu /pol/enlarg/overview_en.htm (991 words)

	CePIT E-learning: Evropske integracije
		Due to the relationship between the enlargement and the deepening of the EU integration, one important question is to what extent the previous enlargements can be compared, and if any common attributes and common principles can be found that could be analogically supposed to be valid in the future Eastern enlargement.
		It is not necessary to mention that the enlargement always took place in a different international political context, according to the decade in which it occurred.
		The beginning of the Eastern enlargement process is usually associated with the year 1989, when the communist regimes in Central and East Europe collapsed and the countries of the region gradually set out on a journey through complex transformational processes.
	www.bos.org.yu /cepit/evropa/html/tema5b.htm (1539 words)

	CEU ENS
		Located at Central European University in Budapest, the new Center for EU Enlargement Studies is dedicated to making recent and upcoming enlargements work, by contributing to the debate on the future of the EU and by exploring the results and lessons of previous EU enlargements.
		Research activities, however, are not limited only to the analysis of previous enlargements, but also to the potential effects that a wider extension of the EU’s sphere of influence may have on bordering regions.
		Thus possibly the greatest challenge facing the EU in the twenty-first century is how to expand the union, while at the same time making common policies and the institutional structure functional.
	www.ceu.hu /cens/about.html (544 words)

	The New Anatolian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An internal EU document in early June ahead of the opening of the first chapter of Turkey's accession negotiations (on science and research) fired warning shots across the bows of Turkey.
		Turkey's EU bid will not be helped by the possibility that restrictions will be placed on the rights of immigrants from Romania and Bulgaria, much smaller countries than Turkey, to work in Britain when those countries join the EU in 2007.
		As a first step towards putting an end to the isolation, the EU agreed this February to grant 139 million euros in aid to the Turkish Cypriot community but implementation of it was blocked, as of this July, by the Greek Cypriots in a European Technical Committee.
	www.thenewanatolian.com /print-14602.html (2153 words)

	European Affairs [A Publication of the European Institute]
		The EU market is actually far more open than its average standard duty rates indicate, because of the large preferences the Union grants to developing countries.
		The result is an overestimation of the level of EU border protection and a serious bias in the expected gains and losses from a liberalized trade environment.
		The EU move toward less trade distorting forms of support is evident from its budget, which shows that export subsidies and market support fell during the last decade, while direct aids and rural development measures increased.
	www.europeanaffairs.org /current_issue/2003_spring/2003_spring_92.php4 (2278 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions
		The EU laws and policies in general, are the result of decisions taken by three main institutions: the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament and the European Commission.
		This comprises a representative of the country holding the Presidency of the EU, a representative of the European Commission, a representative of the Secretary-General of the Council, in his capacity as High Representative for the common foreign and security policy and by the Member State, which is next in line for the Presidency.
		Access to all EU legislation can be found at the EUR-LEX website http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex Alternatively contact or visit the Delegation’s Business Information Centre where a full collection of EU legislation in the form of Official Journals is available and lots of helpful advice is available.
	www.dellao.ec.europa.eu /en/faq (2370 words)

	QCEA: Around Europe No.263 June 2004
		Unlike the enlargements that saw the accession of Ireland, Spain, Portugal and Greece, now the resources for extending the substantial farm subsidies or regional development aid to the new Member States are limited.
		The EU has accepted by Treaty to take account of the EP elections in their decision about who to appoint as the President of the European Commission.
		For the majority of countries in the EU, - Germany, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Portugal, France, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK – the outcome of the election was essentially a message to their national governments.
	www.quaker.org /qcea/aroundeurope/2004/263.htm (2157 words)

	European Commission - Enlargement - Candidate Countries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The EU has repeatedly reaffirmed at the highest level its commitment for eventual EU membership of the Western Balkan countries, provided they fulfill the accession criteria.
		They assess the ability of the candidate countries to transpose and implement EU legislation and the progress of the potential candidate countries in adopting EU standards and in fulfilling other specific conditions, such as regional cooperation and cooperation with the ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia).
		However, many citizens are questioning the reasons for EU enlargement and the way it is going: sometimes these questions are ill-founded and turned into myths.
	ec.europa.eu /enlargement/countries/candidate_en.htm (763 words)

	News Archive / September 2004. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		However a discussion on the EU's forthcoming EU budget for 2007-2013 proved to be a little more contentious, with Spain fighting to keep aid for its poorer regions after the accession of 10 new EU members in May this year.
		Mr Bot, whose country currently holds the EU presidency, promised to calm the incident by talking to Russian foreign minister to assure him that he was not looking for a justification from Moscow and it was a misunderstanding.
		Proposals to reform the EU's beleaguered economic rules were unveiled on Friday (3 September) in a bid both to restore confidence in the Stability and Growth Pact and to end the rows between member states that have dogged the Pact in recent years.
	www.emins.org /english/press/news/0409.htm (14224 words)

	Welcome to University of Monaco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		IUM Professor Marie-José Rinaldi-Larribe, attended a Jean Monnet Conference on "Europe's Democratic Challenges - EU Solutions?", in Trento, Italy, on June 30 - July 1st, 2006; she presented a paper which is entitled "The future of the EU's frontiers: a new approach".
		This enlargement has involved a major geopolitical change: the European Union now includes countries of the former Soviet block.
		Following this idea of neighborhood policy, would it be possible then for the EU to propose another kind of integration to its new Eastern neighbors, but also to Southern countries, among which the Mediterranean countries, which would exclude the idea of a traditional accession, but which would still be appealing for these countries?
	www.monaco.edu /MonthlyNews/Articles/EU_Rinaldi/eu_rinaldi.php (378 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| European press review
		The papers are dominated by the Thessaloniki summit in Greece, where the enlarged EU pointed the way to a European constitution but failed to agree a common immigration policy.
		The final declaration, the paper says, "explicitly supports Romania's ambition to close the EU entry negotiations by the end of 2004 and to become an EU member by 2007".
		When EU leaders took a boat cruise off Thessaloniki on Saturday it was, says the Paris daily Le Monde, "with a feeling of having accomplished their duty".
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/3012116.stm (922 words)

	Croatian premier hopes for fast-track EU accession talks despite EU misgivings - iht,europe,EU Croatia - Europe - ...
		Croatia and Turkey began their accession talks with the EU simultaneously last year, and the bloc has been holding talks with both on about 35 policy chapters — in which a country's laws and practices are compared to those in the EU.
		The EU's screening of Croatia's legislation to check its compatibility with EU laws will finish Oct. 17, Croatian Prime Minister Ivo Sanader said, after which he said he hoped to accelerate his country's talks with the union and "decouple" Croatia from Turkey.
		European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso said last week there should be no more EU enlargements after Romania and Bulgaria join the 25-nation bloc in 2007 before the EU resolves the future of its stalled constitution.
	www.iht.com /articles/ap/2006/10/02/europe/EU_GEN_EU_Croatia.php (470 words)

	David Smith's EconomicsUK.com: The EU's new boys are shaking up Europe
		It is doubtful, however, whether any of the EU’s enlargements have had as big an immediate effect as the one that occurred in May 2004.
		Before this latest enlargement fears were expressed that the new members would impose a burden on the existing EU, through both the Common Agricultural Policy and the EU budget more generally.
		Not only does the new EU of 25 have a different dynamic than its smaller version (though this was of no help in the task of securing public backing for the Constitution) but the new members have been very influential in other respects.
	www.economicsuk.com /blog/000270.html (1186 words)

	EU-Enlargements and Limits to Amendmentsof the E.C. Treaty
		The differentiation between enlargement and treaty modification is clearly expressed in the E.U. Treaty.
		Therefore, enlargements of the EU that are not simultaneously aimed at reforming Community law need to leave fundamental principles of the Community unharmed.
		Apart from the fact that the practice at earlier enlargements did not stay within certain limits, transitional measures serve the approximation to a certain level of integration.
	www.jeanmonnetprogram.org /papers/01/013801-05.html (2035 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		While none of the previous EU enlargements have been as controversial as the incorporation of Turkey, they have included progressively less “Western” European nations.
		Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the EU recognized the pressing need to support the new countries’ fledgling democracies and encourage their economic growth, because leaving poor and politically volatile countries on the EU’s doorstep would be threaten the its own stability.
		As one researcher notes: “The EU aims to emerge as a global actor (Tekin 2005).” Turkey’s relatively large population of seventy million would add significantly to the EU constituency, making opinions voiced by the EU more important on the world stage.
	www.uweb.ucsb.edu /~tweedie/eudo.html (298 words)

	SIPRI YEARBOOK 2003, CHAPTER 7
		Within Europe, both NATO and the EU have sought to promote democratic standards in the defence and security sphere and have placed this among the criteria for accession candidates.
		The EU has been particularly strict in demanding that all its new members scheduled to accede in 2004 should demonstrate their ability to enforce the full ‘Schengen’ system of border control and internal security cooperation (from which some existing members have been allowed to opt out).
		In sum, NATO and the EU have sought, and to a considerable extent achieved, SSR goals in Central Europe through the medium of a conditional accession process, and have shown the value (in terms of both effectiveness and legitimacy) of addressing these issues through a multilateral authority.
	editors.sipri.se /pubs/yb03/ch07.html (778 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| European press review
		"For the first time, the EU has given concrete hope to, and shown political will towards the remaining countries in their long road towards full European integration," the paper says.
		"Moreover," the paper says, "the EU decision to support the western Balkan states in their efforts for European integration represents an historic moment which our government has to encourage".
		Hungary's leaders suggested the EU constitution should protect not only the individual but also the rights of national minorities, the paper explains.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/3012116.stm (922 words)

	SSRN-Regional Policies and EU Enlargement by Michele Boldrin, Fabio Canova
		Taking both the enlargement process, as currently defined by the EU, and the structural funds as a given, this Paper examines what is the best way for candidate countries to fuel real convergence.
		The experience from earlier EU enlargements and current economic conditions within the CEEC10 suggest that placing too high expectations on enlargement per se would be misplaced.
		This includes further fostering of trade integration within the EU, restructuring public spending, creation of supply side incentives by proper reforms of fiscal and social insurance policies, free movement of capital and labour, together with a competitive level of labour income taxation.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=385200 (582 words)

	EUROCHICAGO
		The European Union (EU) is a family of democratic European countries, committed to working together for peace and prosperity.
		In 1985, it was adopted by EU heads of State and government as the official anthem of the European Union.
		Other EU institutions and bodies use an emblem of their own in addition to the European flag.
	www.eurochicago.org /Pages/europe.html (1091 words)

	President Bush supports "a strong Europe" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first thing that needs to be said is that speeches are crafted for the effect they have on the audience; it is not necessarily the case that a politician's speech is a true reflection of the speaker's thoughts, or even that he believes any of it.
		That said, some interpretations of the speech, such as those at the EU Referendum blog, strike me as absurd.
		So Bush is clearly voicing support both for past EU enlargements and future ones.
	www.cabalamat.org /weblog/art_447.html (1214 words)

	EU-Enlargements and Limits to Amendmentsof the E.C. Treaty
		For the fourth time in their history, the European Communities, now being part of the institutional framework of the European Union, have started an enlargement process.
		Several hopes and fears accompany this process, which is without precedent in terms of the number of states involved.
		According to the Euro barometer of April 2001, the opinions are rather divided: 44% of EU citizens are in favor of enlargement but 35% are against it, and support levels vary significantly among the 15 Member States.
	www.jeanmonnetprogram.org /papers/01/013801-02.html (643 words)

	Christilla Roederer-Rynning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although the Eastern enlargement of the EU occupies most of our attention, the objective of this course is to develop a general understanding of EU enlargement processes.
		Feist H. “The Enlargement of the European Union and the Redistribution of Seigniorage Wealth.”
		Migration Policies and EU Enlargement: The Case of Central and
	www.sam.sdu.dk /undervis/93027.e03 (822 words)

	Austin Bay Blog » UPDATED: The Failed State After Next: Oui et Non
		I suspect a weak “Oui” won’t be quite as damaging to EU prospects as a narrow “Non”– but don’t let anyone tell you a “yes” vote is a triumph for Chirac, France, or European unity.
		The insistent soundbite is “There is no Plan B” (no alternative to the EU as envisioned by France’s current leadership).
		At the same time, successive EU enlargements over the decades have brought in other powerful contenders, chiefly Spain and the UK, as well as smaller countries that are unwilling to bow before French-German leadership.
	austinbay.net /blog/?p=282 (1145 words)

	Strategic Aspects of the 1995 and 2004 EU Enlargements
		Strategic Aspects of the 1995 and 2004 EU Enlargements
		We discuss the two latest enlargements of the EU.
		While the 1995 entrants are by now fully integrated, the 2004 entrants will ``enjoy'''' a secondary status for a number of years.
	ideas.repec.org /p/dgr/umamet/2005043.html (418 words)

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