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Topic: Euratom

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	Euratom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The organisational structures of EURATOM and EEC (together with the now defunct European Coal and Steel Community -ECSC-), have merged in 1967, by virtue of the Merger Treaty (signed in 1965).
		The denomination "the Communities" (plural), as in the Commission of the European Communities and the Court of Justice of the European Communities are occasional reminders of the existence of two distinct institutions.
		Some suggest that Euratom should dissapear in a similar way to ECSC and merge the European Community and the European Atomic Energy Community in a new European Community and Treaties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Euratom (268 words)

	Euratom Loans - EUbusiness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Euratom loans are granted for the purpose of financing investment projects in the Member States relating to the industrial production of electricity in nuclear power stations and to industrial fuel cycle installations.
		Euratom cannot finance new nuclear power plants, new installations in the nuclear fuel cycle or any military installations.
		Euratom Treaty dated 25.3.1957, Articles 2, 172 and 203 Council decision 77/271/Euratom of 29.3.1977 as thereafter amended.
	www.eubusiness.com /funding/finance/ecfin07_en.htm (484 words)

	INFORSE-Europe - Euratom loan ceiling increase
		INFORSE recommends that the EU countries reject the proposal for increase of the Euratom loan ceiling, that the remaining funds are used solely for supporting decommissioning activities, and that the loan facility then be closed.
		The proposal is still on the table of the EU countries ministers of finance and it was not discussed during the Irish Presidency (2004 spring) or the Dutch Presidency (2004 fall).
		One reason for not using EURATOM for this is that the existing agreement to allow EURATOM loans in Eastern Europe specifically stated that loans could be given for decommissioning of nuclear facilities, but this has not been taken up and in the future it will not do, as such project cannot be economically viable.
	www.inforse.dk /europe/eu_atomloan.htm (975 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Euratom has no expiry date unlike the European Coal and Steel Community which expired in 2002 after 50 years, and is unusual in that it both promotes and regulates an industry — the nuclear industry.
		The Protocol on Euratom, included in the draft EU Constitution, only amends administrative aspects of the Treaty, to bring them into line with general institutional and financial changes proposed in the draft text.
		The Protocol amending the Euratom Treaty should be deleted from the draft EU Constitution.
	www.antaisce.org /resources/euratom.doc (397 words)

	CRS Report: IB96001 - EURATOM and the United States: Renewing the Agreement for Nuclear Cooperation - NLE
		EURATOM nations are required to obtain U.S. consent before transferring U.S. supplied nuclear materials or equipment to a third party outside of the European Community.
		EURATOM remained suspicious that a future U.S. Administration or Congress could abrogate such an approval and thereby interfere with French reprocessing of Japanese spent fuel containing U.S.-controlled plutonium.
		Statutory provisions relating to the EURATOM agreement appear in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, especially Section 123, as amended by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, P.L. 95-242, and by the Export Administration Amendments Act of 1985, Title III, P.L. 99-64 (the "Proxmire Amendment").
	www.cnie.org /NLE/CRSreports/energy/eng-20.cfm?&CFID=17219790&CFTOKEN=39578784 (3319 words)

	Euratom Loans
		Euratom is one of the founding treaties of the EU.
		One activity of Euratom is to provide loans for the construction of nuclear power plants in the EU, accession countries and the former Soviet Union.
		However, the proposal to extend the Euratom Loan ceiling should never have been approved by the Commission as the loan signed and subsequent value of the transactions have not reached the level at which action is required by the Commission.
	www.eu-energy.com /euratom.html (806 words)

	Europarl Greens Challenge Re-Adopting the Euratom Treaty as Unfair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The 1957 nuclear treaty, known as Euratom, was inked to guide support and development of nuclear energy at a time when the future of the then-new and barely tested energy source was unclear.
		The issue of annexing the old Euratom Treaty—also known as the “European Atomic Energy Community”—has been a source of debate within the CEUF for the past 15 months while it was working out the new constitution.
		The Euratom Treaty, which supports nuclear power in a biased way to the detriment of other energy sources and research programmes, should therefore be gradually abolished, and all energy matters—such as supply and demand, alternative technologies and fuel—should be addressed in a common framework and on equal levels.
	bellona.no /en/.../russia/nuke_industry/co-operation/30045.html (1651 words)

	EURATOM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		EURATOM Treaty –; click here for a consolidated version), is one of the three founding treaties establishing the European Communities.
		In the words of the Treaty: "It shall be the task of the Community to contribute to the raising of the standard of living in the Member States and to the development of relations with the other countries by creating the conditions necessary for the speedy establishment and growth of nuclear industries."
		However, the purpose of the EURATOM Treaty as adopted against the historical background of the 1950s, namely the promotion of nuclear energy in the European Atomic Energy Community, does not automatically oblige member states to promote the use and development of nuclear energy as a commercial energy source within their territories.
	www.auswaertiges-amt.de /www/en/aussenpolitik/vn/nuklearpolitik/euratom_html (327 words)

	Joint European Torus JET; European Atomic Energy Community EURATOM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		EURATOM, the European Atomic Energy Community, was founded in 1957 with the aim of coordinating national research activities in the field of fusion and, through joint research programmes, to find ways of using controlled nuclear fusion as a source of energy.
		Thanks to the cooperation within EURATOM, Europe leads the world in fusion research and, in the past few years, has achieved important milestones with JET: world record generation of fusion power with 16 megawatts, observation of self-heating plasma through fusion reactions and application of technologies for remote control of complex operations in the reactor chamber.
		In the EURATOM fusion programme, Switzerland has the same rights and obligations as EU member states regarding definition of work programmes, financial contributions, exchange of research results, industrial contracts and representation in programme committees.
	www.swissworld.org /dvd_rom/eng/education_2004/content/research/euratom-eng.html (305 words)

	For Mother Earth: Latest News
		Although a few minor procedural changes have been made, the Euratom Treaty today remains substantially unchanged, 45 years after it was drawn up, tasking the EU to promote nuclear despite most member countries not wishing to do so.
		This means that the bias in Euratom towards nuclear power should end, and that all energy matters (supply and demand, different technologies and fuels) are address together in a common framework.
		Euratom can be changed but only if enough people make enough pressure for it to happen.
	www.motherearth.org /news?art=vfANc&print=1 (1377 words)

	Documents on Canadian External Relations (DCER)
		The Euratom question and safeguards are particularly pressing since the presence of many senior scientific personalities in Europe in September for the Second Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Conference would seem to provide an appropriate occasion for further action on these matters.
		The Euratom treaty entered into effect on January 1, 1958, and since then both the United States and the United Kingdom have undertaken negotiations with Euratom, with a view to the conclusion of agreements for co-operation in atomic matters.
		Euratom represents a significant step towards European integration and it is in Canada's interest to lend support to this political concept particularly in view of the reserved attitude which we have been forced to take towards the European Economic Community.
	www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca /department/history/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=7011 (1877 words)

	Euratom loans could be used to complete Kursk reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In November 2002 the EC approved a proposal for the EC to extend the Euratom loan ceiling which would apparently be used to increase reactor safety to Western standards in EU candidate countries.
		In this case of non-Member States, Euratom can only finance up to 50% of the investments and the involvement of complementary financial sources are required, such as the state concerned and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; although the EBRD’s nuclear lending is restricted to projects linked to plant closure.
		Euratom is the only international financial institute providing "unrestricted" long-term funds for nuclear projects.
	www.bellona.no /en/international/russia/nuke_industry/co-operation/28114.html (1690 words)

	1/29/96 EURATOM Legal Analysis (2)
		The advance consent arrangements subject to criticism in the past, for all their legal infirmities, were at least entered into incidentally to new agreements for nuclear cooperation whose underlying text appropriately mirrored the guarantees required by Section 123.
		The net result is that the EURATOM countries effectively will be free to go their own nuclear way, utilizing U.S.-origin nuclear facilities, equipment and fuel, with little or no oversight or control by the United States.
		The EURATOM Agreement reflects an unparalleled capitulation to the negotiating demands of a U.S. trading partner and is deeply disturbing as a matter of non-proliferation policy for numerous reasons.
	www.nci.org /i/ib12996b.htm (1274 words)

	Euratom reform
		A number of Governments and delegates to the European Convention have stated that the reform of Euratom should be included on this agenda.
		It is clear that by proposing the further extension of the powers of Euratom the Commission is highlighting the need for the extensive overhaul or removal of the Euratom Treaty from the EU legal framework.
		The intergovernmental EU conference that was convened to form a new EU Treaty did not propose to change the EURATOM Treaty, but left it as an independent treaty with no amendments.
	www.inforse.dk /europe/eu_euratom.htm (314 words)

	WISE NC; EURATOM LOAN FOR KOZLODUY 5 AND 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Euratom (the nuclear energy agency of the European Union) is empowered to make such a loan on the basis of a European Council Decision of 1994, that extended the scope of its lending to certain countries in the Central and East European Countries and the former Soviet Union countries.
		According to Gheorgui Kastchiev, chairman of the Bulgarian nuclear safety commission, the next round of negotations with the EC on the fate of the future of units 3 and 4 is scheduled for 2003.
		The announced Euratom loan therefore is a continuation of the inconsistent strategy that the Commission has been pursuing in recent years which has failed to assure the closure of any nuclear power plant in the region.
	www10.antenna.nl /wise/528/5155.html (699 words)

	[No title]
		Basic features of Euratom FP6 As the name indicates Euratom FP6 is the frame for the EURATOM research activities in the field of nuclear energy.
		Euratom FP6 is composed of the following main activities of nuclear research (see Table 1): A Euratom Specific programme for research and training on nuclear energy implemented through indirect actions and a Specific programme for research and training implemented by direct actions and carried out by the Joint Research Centre (JRC).
		The Euratom Work programme and the Call for proposals as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities indicate the type of instrument to be used for each topic of research.
	info.tuwien.ac.at /ai/fp6-euratom02dec.doc (5332 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		According to the preamble to the Euratom Treaty, its signatories were [a]nxious to create the conditions of safety necessary to eliminate hazards to the life and health of the public.
		Even though the Euratom Treaty does not grant the Community competence to authorise the construction or operation of nuclear installations, under Articles 30 to 32 of the Euratom Treaty the Community possesses legislative competence to establish, for the purpose of health protection, an authorisation system which must be applied by the Member States.
		Under Article 37 of the Euratom Treaty, the Community possesses competence as regards any plan for the disposal of radioactive waste in whatever form if the implementation of that plan is liable to result in the radioactive contamination of the water, soil or airspace of another Member State.
	www.curia.eu.int /jurisp/cgi-bin/gettext.pl?lang=en&num=79978789C19990029&doc=T&ouvert=T&seance=ARRET&where=() (5966 words)

	EURATOM: Setting the Record Straight (3)
		16 Although Euratom claims to have better safeguards than the IAEA, the laws of physics and the limitations of technology that constrain safeguards are equally applicable to IAEA and Euratom inspections.
		Thefts of plutonium from Euratom plants on behalf of outside organizations or rogue states determined to acquire nuclear weapons are a distinct possibility.
		Although the possibility of diversions and breakout in Euratom states is now seen to be low, the risks may be much higher in other nations to which reprocessing and use of plutonium spread once they are legitimated, with U.S. acquiescence, in Euratom.
	www.nci.org /e/eurib3.htm (1098 words)

	Welcome to ENS - European Nuclear Society
		The two-and-a-half-day programme consists of plenary sessions in the morning featuring both invited speakers and moderated panel debates on the latest developments, challenges and developments.
		The EC will sign on behalf of Euratom and official accession will follow once the formality of ratification has been completed.
		Romania, as a candidate country, is waiting for the final report of the European Commission’s concerning the achievement of integration criteria in April 2006.
	www.euronuclear.org (409 words)

	Plutonium Investigation - Our News - 20/10/2000 - Head of EURATOM Safeguards pulls the alarm over budget cuts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Wilhelm Gmelin, Director of Euratom Safeguards, stated at a recent conference that "despite the overwhelming need for verification in the nuclear field, governments and the EU Commission are unwilling to commit the necessary resources".
		Under the Treaty, the Commission is required to satisfy itself that ores, source and special fissionable materials are not diverted from their intended uses as declared by the users and that provisions relating to supply and any particular safeguarding obligations are complied with.
		In principle, all civil nuclear material that is on the territory of the EU should be subject to EURATOM safeguards.By the end of 1996 the stocks of nuclear material safeguarded comprised some 434 tonnes of plutonium, 10.9 tonnes of high enriched uranium and some 290,000 tonnes of uranium in other qualities, thorium and heavy water.
	www.wise-paris.org /english/ournews/year_2000/ournews001020.html (483 words)

	2002-03 - Europaudvalget, Alm. del - bilag 309
		The Euratom lending instrument was established by Council Decision 77/270/Euratom of 29 March 1977 empowering the Commission to issue Euratom loans for the purpose of contributing to the financing of nuclear power stations (the "Establishing Decision") in Member States.
		The ceiling for borrowing to fund Euratom lending was originally fixed by Council Decision 77/271/Euratom of 29 March 1977.
		Subsequently, the ceiling was raised by various amendments of that Decision, the latest of which (Council Decision 90/212/Euratom of 23 April 1990) increased it by 1 000 million ECU to 4 000 million ECU.
	www.folketinget.dk /Samling/20021/udvbilag/EUU/Almdel_bilag309.htm (2644 words)

	2/28/96 Paul Leventhal Testimony on EURATOM Agreement (2)
		As a consequence, EURATOM may be in a position to claim that the United States is in breach of the agreement if, at some future date, Congress enacts or agencies adopt nuclear controls more rigorous than the weak measures contained in the agreement.
		EURATOM is now negotiating with Russia to acquire HEU for European research reactors -- a slap in the face of the United States, which for nearly two decades has been leading an international program to phase out commerce in bomb-grade uranium.
		The proposed EURATOM agreement is silent with respect to SNT transfers and does not contain the guaranty required by Section 123a.(9) of the NNPA.
	www.nci.org /t/t22896b.htm (1607 words)

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