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Topic: EXclusive OR XOR

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	Exclusive or - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Exclusive or (usual symbol XOR occasionally XNAD nand>), which is sometimes called exclusive disjunction, is a logical operator that results in true if one of the operands, but not both of them, is true.
		The exclusive disjunction of propositions A and B is usually called A xor B, where "xor" stands for "exclusive or" and is pronounced "eks-or" or "zor".
		Exclusive-or is sometimes used as a simple mixing function in cryptography, for example, with one-time pad or Feistel network systems.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xor (809 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The same result is produced in cells 113-115 when an XOR operation is performed on cells 105 and 109,106 and 110, and 107 and 111, respectively, because the contents of the corresponding pairs of cells in frames 101 and 102 are identical.
		XOR comparison can be used to dramatically reduce the size of the compressed file because each box of each frame is usually identical to the same box in a subsequent frame, and can therefore be compressed accordingly.
		Exclusive-OR comparison unit 194 is coupled with run-length encoding/decoding unit 192, and performs XOR comparison on a data stream.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=02/73973.020919&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3860 words)

	Exclusive Or Instuctions for Allen-Bradley SLC 500 PLC's (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The XOR instruction is used to perform the exclusive or logic on the value in source A by the bit with the value of source B and the output logic stored in the destination.
		Values and addresses are assigned to the XOR command by positioning the cursor to the right of the Source A and Source B location in the command and then double clicking the left mouse button.
		In this example the bits 0, 1, 2, 3, in B3:0 is Exclusived ORed to the logic value of bits 0, 1, 2, 3 in B3:1.
	www.psu.edu /courses/e_met/e_met430_jar14/data/xor.html (480 words)

	Cprogramming.com - Articles - XOR Encryption
		Exclusive-or encryption requires that both encryptor and decryptor have access to the encryption key, but the encryption algorithm, while extremely simple, is nearly unbreakable.
		XOR is a binary operator (meaning that it takes two arguments - similar to the addition sign, for example).
		The idea behind exclusive-OR encryption is that it is impossible to reverse the operation without knowing the initial value of one of the two arguments.
	www.cprogramming.com /tutorial/xor.html (583 words)

	Minimum identical consecutive run length data units compression method by searching consecutive data pair comparison ...
		The logical operation exclusive OR (XOR) is performed on each pair of adjacent bytes in a source string of data bytes in a single machine instruction, resulting in a comparison data string of bytes.
		Although an XOR instruction results in no immediate logical action based on the similarity of the operands unlike a COMPARE instruction, it is capable of executing on each pair of adjacent data bytes in a data string in a single machine instruction as opposed to a single pair of adjacent bytes.
		XOR is a logical operation in which a logical zero is returned if the operands are identical and a logical one is returned if the operands are not identical.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5179711.html (6087 words)

	Exclusive disjunction : Xor
		In logic, exclusive disjunction is a logical operator.
		The exclusive disjunction of propositions A and B is called A xor B, where "xor" stands for "exclusive or".
		The xor operation is sometimes used as a simple mixing function in cryptography, for example, with one-time pad or Feistel network[?] systems.
	www.findword.org /xo/xor.html (590 words)

	Xor Football -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		W xor X, commonly written as W^X, is a security policy in some operating systems, such as OpenBSD (and is planned to be implemented in new Linux kernels), in which a page can only be either writable (W) or executable (X), but never both at the same time.
		This policy is enforced in order to alleviate the problem of buffer overflows and related attacks; by ensuring that the stack is not executable (since it is writable), arbitrary code injected into the stack will not execute but, instead, will cause the program to terminate with a signal.
		In computer programming, the xor swap is an algorithm which uses the exclusive disjunction (XOR) operation to swap distinct values of variables having the same data type without using a temporary variable.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/182/xor-football.html (799 words)

	What is XOR encryption?
		XOR encryption is a trivially simple symmetric cipher which is used in many applications where security is not a defined requirement.
		The XOR operator is used to "flip" bits (zeroes and ones) in a piece of plaintext to create a ciphertext.
		Understanding XOR and the other binary operators is a necessary step on the path to becoming a cryptologist.
	www.tech-faq.com /xor-encryption.shtml (333 words)

	Exclusive disjunction - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Exclusive disjunction (usual symbol xor) is a logical operator that results in true if one of the operands, but not both of them, is true.
		a plus sign ("+") or a plus sign that is modified in some way, such as being put inside a circle (" $\oplus "); this is used because$ exclusive disjunction corresponds to addition modulo 2 (where 0+0 = 1+1 = 0, and 0+1 = 1+0 = 1), if F = 0 and T = 1.
		Similarly, different textual notations are used, including "EOR" (with the same expansion as "xor") and "orr" (modelled on iff, of which it is the negative).
	www.unipedia.info /XOR.html (630 words)

	Disjunctive Inference with XOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Disjunctive Inference with XOR is a rule of inference pertaining to the XOR operator.
		Disjunctive Inference with XOR states that in an exclusive disjunction, if one of the exclusive disjuncts is false, then the other has to be true.
		Imagine we are given an exclusive disjunction: "Alice married Alex or Paul." We know that this is an exclusive disjunction as opposed to a regular disjunction because Alice could not have married both Alex and Paul.
	lc.brooklyn.cuny.edu /LeftBarFiles/FromAboutLC/Core5Files/Logic/xorinf.html (201 words)

	Glossary Search Results
		XOR (exclusive or) - An operation that can be executed on two or more binary strings.
		XOR returns true, or "1", if only one of the two strings contains a 1 at a particular bit position, and a false, or "0", if both strings contain 0s or 1s at both positions.
		It is similar to the behavior of OR, but is false when both bits are positive (thus "exclusive" one or the other, but not both).
	www.geek.com /glossary/glossary_search.cgi?x (797 words)

	Opto-electrical exclusive or logic gates - Patent 4950882
		An opto-electronic XOR gate includes a pair of diode type light sources connected back to back in parallel by a pair of input leads to which first and second electronic logic signals are applied.
		The ultimate speed of the XOR gate will be determined by the speed of the laser diodes which is determined by the laser diode parasitics (those which divert high-frequency components of the drive currents away from the laser diode).
		In the XOR gate, the parallel connection of the two laser diodes increases the circuit's capacitance by a factor of two which implies that the speed will be reduced of a factor of two as well.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4950882.html (2844 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Early computers were memory limited, and a XOR based draw engine was both fast (because it operated on a per bit level) and memory efficient (because the draw routine was the same as the undraw routine).
		XOR is much less useful with the Flash player, because Flash does not operate in the same way as early computers did (Flash uses a high level vector based draw engine that doesn’t allow per bit operations direct to screen).
		XOR therefore has very few (if any) practical motion graphics applications in Flash.
	www.friendsofed.com /books/1590591658/as_ref_demo/htm/(bitwisebinaryxor).htm (333 words)

	Simple Circuit Doubles Input Frequency - Maxim/Dallas
		A simple circuit consisting of a comparator and an exclusive-OR gate is sufficient to double the frequency of a reference signal.
		If the input is low for a long time, pin 4 of the XOR gate is low but pin 5 is high, due to signal inversion by the comparator.
		Thus, a single rising edge on the input causes a single negative pulse at the XOR output.
	www.maxim-ic.com /appnotes.cfm?an_pk=3327 (457 words)

	operator^ (Standard C++ Library Reference) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Obtains the bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) between corresponding elements of two equally sized valarrays or between a valarray and a specified value of the element type.
		The second of the two valarrays whose respective elements are to be combined with the bitwise XOR or a specified value of the element type to be combined bitwise with each element of a valarray.
		The element-by-element result of the bitwise XOR operator^ is the valarray: (1 0 0 3 2 4 7 6 6 9).
	msdn.microsoft.com /library/en-us/vcstdlib/html/vclrf_valarray_operator^.asp (294 words)

	Derived Logical Functions and Gates
		The third is a variation of the OR function, called the Exclusive-OR, or XOR function.
		The Exclusive-OR, or XOR function is an interesting and useful variation on the basic OR function.
		The XOR symbol is a variation on the standard OR symbol.
	www.play-hookey.com /digital/derived_gates.html (721 words)

	PHP: gmp_xor - Manual
		To be unbreakable XOR encryption must have a key that is totally random and is never re-used.
		Although I am not an expert on cryptography, I understand that decyphering involves recognizing patterns and that it would be possible to decrypt code that was encoded using XOR with the same key if there were enough samples to examine.
		XOR encryption only works if the key is at liest the same size as the plaintext, and the key is perfectly random.
	www.php.net /manual/en/function.gmp-xor.php (344 words)

	Artificial Neural Networks : Colin Fahey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		When I was training a two-layer, three-neuron network to match the Exclusive-OR (XOR) function, I was frustrated and depressed by the failure to converge -- until I discovered that it was just a bad combination of initial weights.
		It is impossible to implement Exclusive-OR (XOR) with a single neuron.
		For Exclusive-OR (XOR) a single neuron cannot make the TWO separations necessary to sufficiently distinguish the input combinations that yield distinct output combinations.
	www.colinfahey.com /2003apr20_neuron (7472 words)

	Exclusive Or
		Exclusive Or Exclusive Or An exclusive or is when you want to test for one thing or another but not both.
		For example, for a word to be a valid plural, it should have an s on the end (like cats) or it should be a collective noun (like sheep) but not both (like sheeps).
		Xor.hs:5: Conflicting definitions for `false' In the definition of `xor'...
	www.cs.bris.ac.uk /hot/decisions/xor.html (561 words)

	3-7 THE XOR AND XNOR GATES
		Two other gates that are useful are the exclusive OR (XOR) and, to a lesser extent, the exclusive NOR (XNOR).
		Note that the output of the XOR gate is HI, if and only if, exactly one input is HI.
		Note that the output of the XNOR gate is just the compliment of the XOR gate and therefore the XNOR gate could also be constructed by adding a NOT gate to the output of the XOR gate.
	www.thiel.edu /digitalelectronics/chapters/ch3_html/ch3-7.htm (374 words)

	xor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Definition: "Exclusive OR" or "not equal to" function: 0 XOR 0 = 0, 0 XOR 1 = 1, 1 XOR 0 = 1, 1 XOR 1 = 0.
		Note: The name "exclusive or" is in contrast with inclusive or.
		Paul E. Black, "xor", from Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures, Paul E. Black, ed., NIST.
	www.nist.gov /dads/HTML/xor.html (89 words)

	Deriving the XOR Function
		On the previous page we stated that the Exclusive-OR, or XOR function can be described verbally as, "Either A or B, but not both." In the realm of digital logic there are several ways of stating this in a more detailed and precise format.
		While this illustrates a practical application using all three of the basic gate types, it is cumbersome to construct on a printed circuit board.
		There are commercial packages which contain four XOR gates, but often only a single XOR function is wanted in a given application.
	www.play-hookey.com /digital/xor_function.html (415 words)

	Midrange Guru
		Exclusive OR (XOR) compares two bits and generates a resulting bit.
		One reason XOR encryption is so easy to use is that one key both encrypts and decrypts data.
		XOR encryption is not industrial-strength, but it is sufficient for many in-house applications.
	www.itjungle.com /mgo/mgo021403-story01.html (393 words)

	3.7 Logical Operations on Bits
		The logical XOR (exclusive-or) operation is also a dyadic operation.
		In English, the logical XOR operation is, "If the first operand or the second operand, but not both, is one, the result is one; otherwise the result is zero." Note that the exclusive-or operation is closer to the English meaning of the word "or" than is the logical OR operation.
		If one of the operands to the logical exclusive-OR operation is a one, the result is always the inverse of the other operand; that is, if one operand is one, the result is zero if the other operand is one and the result is one if the other operand is zero.
	webster.cs.ucr.edu /AoA/Linux/HTML/DataRepresentation4.html (1278 words)

	Binary XOR Operation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The binary XOR (exclusive OR) operation has two inputs and one output.
		The binary XOR operation (also known as the binary XOR function) will always produce a 1 output if either of its inputs is 1 and will produce a 0 output if both of its inputs are 0 or 1.
		In XCSB the binary XOR operator works in the same way, operating in parallel on sets of inputs and outputs within a variable or constant.
	www.xcprod.com /titan/XCSB-DOC/binary_xor.html (315 words)

	Boolean Logic, Gates, and Computer Circuits
		The fourth boolean function, XOR (exclusive or) sometimes included with the other three.
		XOR (eXclusive OR) Gate - The XOR gate outputs 1 if one or the other input is 1 BUT NOT BOTH (see Truth Tables below).
		An XOR gate can be constructed out of 2 AND gates, 2 NOT gates and one OR gate.
	userpages.wittenberg.edu /bshelburne/Comp150/S&GCh4_3.htm (2098 words)

	Neural Networks Introduction
		In particular, it is incapable of solving the classic exclusive-or (XOR) problem, which will be discussed later.
		For the network to represent the XOR function, the inputs (1,1) and (0,0), with sums (wl+W2) and 0, must produce outputs on one side, while the inputs (1,0) and (0,1), with sums wl and w2, must produce outputs on the other side.
		While such limitations were the cause of a temporary decline of interest in the perceptron and in neural networks in gneral, the perceptron laid foundations for much of the later work in neural networks.
	uhaweb.hartford.edu /compsci/neural-networks-tutorial.html (3432 words)

	Xor swap algorithm
		Xor swap is a simple algorithm which uses the Exclusive disjunction (XOR) operation to swap the values of two variables without using an extra variable.
		XOR the values of X and Y and store the result in X
		XOR the values of X and Y and store the result in Y
	www.fastload.org /xo/Xor_swap_algorithm.html (238 words)

	[No title]
		Code Journal is helpware: in return for reading it, you are asked to help someone else out with their own programming problems.
		The intersection of the rows and columns contains the result of the operation when done performed with the inputs from each row and column.) The idea behind Exclusive-OR Encryption is that it is impossible to reverse the operation without knowing the initial value of one of the two arguments.
		XOR is the equivalent of (A OR B) AND NOT(A AND B) (Try using the truth table's values to test this expression), so a function that will quickly act as an Exclusive-OR need only test that condition.
	www.aihorizon.com /codejournal/txtarchive/cj2002-01-08.txt (1850 words)

	Logical Instructions in Assembly Language
		Typical logical operations include logical negation or logical complement (NOT), logical and (AND), logical inclusive or (OR or IOR), and logical exclusive or (XOR or EOR).
		EORI Exclusive Or Immediate; Motorola 680x0, Motorola 68300; performs a logical exclusive or (XOR) of the contents of a register or memory location (8, 16, or 32 bits) with an immediate; sets or clears flags
		XOR Logical Exclusive OR; Intel 80x86; performs a logical exclusive OR between two registers, a register and contents of a memory location, or an immediate operand and either the contents of a register or the contents of a memory location; byte (8 bits), word (16 bits), or doubleword (32 bits); sets or clears flags
	www.osdata.com /topic/language/asm/logicop.htm (765 words)

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