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	William Cavendish, Marquis of Newcastle, 1593-1676
		Newcastle clashed with Lord Ferdinando Fairfax and his son Sir Thomas in the north of England during 1642-3 and defeated them at the battle of Adwalton Moor in June 1643, securing all of Yorkshire except the vital port of Hull for the Royalists.
		Newcastle's manoeuvres delayed the Scottish advance for a time, but after Fairfax stormed and captured Selby in April 1644, Newcastle was obliged to fall back to defend York itself, where the combined armies of the Covenanters, Lord Fairfax and the Earl of Manchester surrounded and besieged him.
		Newcastle had taken offence at the brusque nature of Rupert's communications with him and was uncooperative in preparing for the decisive battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644).
	www.british-civil-wars.co.uk /biog/newcastle.htm (1260 words)

	Lennox - LoveToKnow 1911
		Maldouen, the 3rd earl, eldest of the sons of Alwin the younger, is an historical personage; he was a witness to the treaty between Alexander II., king of Scotland, and his brotherin-law the English king Henry III., at Newcastle in 1237, concerning the much disputed northern counties of England.
		Their elder brother Matthew, 2nd earl of this line, fell on Flodden Field, leaving by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of James, earl of Arran, and niece of James III., a son and successor John, who became one of the guardians of James V.
		The old earl of Lennox, now grandfather of his sovereign, obtained the regency in 1570, but in the next year was killed in the attack made on the parliament at Stirling, being the third earl in succession to meet with a violent death.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Lennox (1473 words)

	A History of Newcastle
		Newcastle prospered partly because of the wars between the English and the Scots.
		In Newcastle there were Franciscan friars (know as grey friars because of their grey costumes), Dominican friars, (known as fl friars), Carmelite friars (white friars), Trinitarian friars and Austin friars.
		Newcastle sided with the king but after the battle of Marston Moor in 1644 a parliamentary army laid siege to the town.
	www.localhistories.org /newcastle.html (1524 words)

	2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AN... - Online Information article about 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AN...
		Elizabeth married 'in 1543 James Douglas, who became by this marriage 4th earl of Morton.
		Touraine, lord of Galloway and Annandale (1372-1424), who married in 1390 Lady Margaret Stewart, eldest daughter of John, earl of Carrick, afterwards King Robert III.
		He became reconciled during his captivity with the earl of March,whose lands had been conferred on Douglas, but were now, with the exception of Annandale, restored.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /INV_JED/JAMES_2ND_EARL_OF_DOUGLAS_AND_M.html (1285 words)

	The Battle of Otterburn. How the Earl Douglas Won the Pennon of Sir Henry Percy at the Barriers before ...
		Between Durham and Newcastle is but twelve leagues English and a good country: there was no town, without it were closed, but it was brent, and they repassed the river of Tyne where they had passed before, and then came before Newcastle and there rested.
		When these three Scottish earls who were chief captains had made their enterprise in the bishopric of Durham and had sore overrun the country, then they returned to Newcastle and there rested and tarried two days, and every day they scrimmished.
		If the earl Douglas have won your pennon, he bought it dear, for he came to the gate to seek it and was well beaten: 4 another day ye shall win as much of him or more.
	www.bartleby.com /35/1/401.html (1162 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Henry Pelham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Pelham, Newcastle's younger brother, was a younger son of Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham of Laughton and of Lady Grace Holles, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Clare.
		Sir William married Eleanor, daughter of Henry Neville, earl of Westmorland, and was the ancestor of the Pelhams of Brocklesby, Lincoinshire.
		THOMAS PELHAM, 2nd earl of Chichester (1756-1826), son of the 1st earl, was surveyor-general of ordnance in Lord Rockinghams ministry (1782), and chief secretary for Ireland in the coalition ministry of 1783.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Henry-Pelham (7366 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Dukes of Newcastle
		The Dukes of Newcastle are an aristocratic family in the United Kingdom, related to the Dukes of Devonshire with whom they share the surname of Cavendish, both families being descended from William Cavendish (pictured at right) and his wife, Bess of Hardwick.
		William Cavendish, the 1st Duke of Newcastle (December 6, 1592 - December 25, 1676) was a nephew of the first Earl of Devonshire.
		He was created Knight of the Bath by James I and Earl of Newcastle by King Charles I of England who also made him governor of his son, the future Charles II.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/du/Dukes_of_Newcastle (217 words)

	William Cavendish, duke of Newcastle, 1592-1676
		In the aftermath of the battle, Newcastle's troops even captured Thomas Fairfax's wife, but in a gesture typical of his attitude to war, she was sent to join Fairfax at Hull.
		Newcastle's role in the build up to the Battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644) was not creditable.
		During the battle Newcastle played an active part, even killing three of the enemy himself while supporting an attack, but once it was clear the battle was lost, he and Eythin made their way back to north.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/people_newcastle.html (1184 words)

	Earl Carpenter - The Unofficial Website - Sunset Boulevard
		Earl Carpenter is a believable Joe and although his character cannot be considered sympathetic, Earl's winning and professional performance is rightly acclaimed by the audience.
		Earl Carpenter is in good voice as the narrator/anti-hero Joe while Ceri Ann Gregory -- as Betty, the beautiful, young writer who falls for him -- packs a magnificent voice.
		Earl Carpenter is engaging as the feckless Joe, finding himself a kept man as cashmere suits and silk shirts are lavished on his body.
	www.earlcarpenter.co.uk /sunset.html (799 words)

	Nottinghamshire: history and archaeology \| The Scenery of Sherwood Forest: Welbeck (2)
		In 1628 Cavendish received the title of Earl of Newcastle; and in 1629 the Barony of Ogle was revived in favour of his Countess; the title at her death descended to the Earl.
		Newcastle obeyed the order, but with resentment, and as soon as the army was disbanded sent a challenge to the Earl of Holland, which the General did not show alacrity to accept —and this delay caused the affront to come to the knowledge of the King, by whose authority the matter was composed."
		In this encounter Newcastle held no command, but fought at the head of his troop of gentlemen volunteers, and was as usual distinguished by his bravery, for he was a man of courage and of self-devotion.
	www.nottshistory.org.uk /rodgers1908/welbeck3.htm (935 words)

	GENUKI: English Peerage 1790: Extinct Earls (2)
		Geoffrey de Mandeville was created by king Stephen earl of Essex, William, third earl of Essex, succeeded to the title of earl of Albemarle in right of Hawise, his wife, daughter of William third earl of Albemarle, The titles became extinct at his death 24 November 1190.
		Henry Bourchier, earl of Eu in the province of Normandy, was created by king Henry the sixth 1446 viscount Bourchier, and by king Edward the fourth earl of Essex, which titles became extinct in this family upon the death of Henry, second earl of Essex, 13 March 1539.
		James Butler, earl of Ormond of the kingdom of Ireland, was created by king Henry the sixth earl of Wiltshire, which title became extinct by his attainder 4 November 1460.
	www.genuki.org.uk /big/eng/History/Barons/Extinct2Earls.html (2206 words)

	The ECW Pages - Earl of Newcastle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		When he became Earl in 1628, he was one of the richest men in England.
		Newcastle served in the Bishops' Wars, and was recognised as a competent leader and swordsman.
		When Newcastle returned to England in 1660 he became the 1st Duke of Newcastle, being in a good position for advancement as he had taught Charles II to ride when the future King was young.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /~crossby/ECW/people/cavendish.html (188 words)

	Newcastle, United Kingdom: Things To See & Do
		The High Bridge: obviously the highest bridge in Newcastle, this is also the first to combine a railway and a road, albeit on different levels.
		A short trip outside Newcastle is the only Roman World Heritage Site in UK, the famed wall built on the orders of Emperor Hadrian to mark the northernmost borders of his island conquest.
		Newcastle’s rather tacky but still entertaining seaside resort area boasts some fair beaches, theme park and other entertainments.
	www.holidaycityflash.com /uk/newcastle_things_todo.htm (474 words)

	Adwalton Moor
		The Earl of Newcastle led a force of 5000 infantry and 3500 cavalry towards Bradford intending to besiege the town and Fairfax's parliamentarian forces.
		Newcastle captured the town but was few people were harmed - some say it was because he saw a ghost in female form who told him to spare the people of Bradford.
		Newcastle had secured all of Yorkshire for the King except the town of Hull.
	www.thevickerage.worldonline.co.uk /ecivil/adwalton.htm (308 words)

	Newcastle Upon Tyne (Pepys' Diary)
		Newcastle’s chartered control of the river meant that even coal mined outside the town boundaries was shipped through its port, greatly increasing revenue.
		Royalist Newcastle was besieged for three months in 1644 and fell to the Earl of Leven’s Scottish army.
		According to Hearth Tax Returns of 1663-65 Newcastle was the fourth largest provincial town in terms of the population, after Norwich, York and Bristol.
	www.pepysdiary.com /p/7005.php (326 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		When Carteret, now Earl Granville, resigned office in November 1744, Bedford became First Lord of the Admiralty in the administration of Henry Pelham, and was made a privy councillor.
		After Newcastle's resignation in November 1756, Bedford became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the ministry of William Pitt and the Duke of Devonshire, retaining this office after Newcastle, in alliance with Pitt, returned to power in June 1757.
		Having allied himself with the Earl of Bute and the party anxious to bring the Seven Years' War to a close, Bedford was noticed as the strongest opponent of Pitt, and became Lord Privy Seal under Bute after Pitt resigned in October 1761.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford (880 words)

	[No title]
		The Earl Of Newcastle arrived in Yorkshire with a force of 8 to 9,000 men in 1642.
		The Earl however had another problem the Queen had arrived in Yorkshire and needed a safe escort to the king who was in Oxford so the Earl had to give up some of his men to guard the Queen.
		There is a story that while the Earl was at Bolling hall he was visited by a ghost who told him not to harm the people of Bradford this may have been the reason why very few of the people of Bradford were harmed when the Earls men finally entered the town.
	www.schoolshistory.org.uk /civilwarinbradford.htm (401 words)

	[No title]
		Made Baron Cavendish of Bolsover and Earl of Newcastle by Charles I. King Charles stayed at Welbeck on his way to be Scotland to be crowned.
		Newcastle's troops captured Sir Thomas Fairfax's wife but being a gentleman, she was escorted safely to her husband in Hull.
		On hearing of Rupert's approach with the Royalist forces, the siege was abandoned and the Parliamentarian forces went to confront Rupert.
	www.theteacher99.btinternet.co.uk /ecivil/cavendish.htm (324 words)

	Welcome to the Castle Keep, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. The Castle Keep Timeline.
		Desperate to defend Newcastle, Sir John Marley used dung from the huge dung heap which had accumulated by the Keep to reinforce the decaying castle walls.
		Royalist reinforcements, led by William Cavendish, Marquis of Newcastle, were sent to defend the town.
		Charles was impressed by Newcastle’s bravery in holding out against the Scots, and to commemorate it, he awarded the town the motto ‘Fortiter Defendit Triumphans’ - She bravely defends and triumphs.
	museums.ncl.ac.uk /keep/keeptimeline/keep_timeline_tudors8.htm (213 words)

	CHRONOLOGY OF THE FIRST CIVIL WAR 1643 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the North, the Earl of Newcastle garrisons Newark, and appoints Sir John Henderson, a loyal Scot, as its governor.
		In Lancashire, the siege of Manchester is raised.
		October 7 (Saturday) Waller agrees to recognise the authority of the Earl of Essex, and is tasked with raising an army for the Western theatre.
	www.wargames.co.uk /RandomS/Library/1643.htm (12690 words)

	health Earl_of_Newcastle - health-notes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The title Earl of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was first created for Ludovic Stuart in 1623 as a subsidiary title, he being made Duke of Richmond.
		(The barony of Cavendish of Hardwick had been granted to his uncle William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, in 1605.) He was raised to the rank of Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1643) and finally Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1665), the last with the subsidiary title Earl of Ogle (from his Barony of Ogle).
		The title of "Earl of Newcastle", in the Jacobite Peerage, was created in 1692 for Piers, or Pierce, Butler, 3rd Viscount of Galmoye, who married, in March 1695, Henrietta Fitzjames, widow of Henry Waldegrave, 1st Baron Waldegrave and natural daughter of King James II by his mistress Arabella Churchill.
	www.health-notes.com /Earl_of_Newcastle (517 words)

	List of businesses in Newcastle UK beginning with e 1
		E and A M and Son Cruddace in Newcastle
		E and R A Morris Wholesale Jewellers Ltd in Newcastle
		Earle R Hall Drawing Services Ltd in Newcastle
	www.touchnewcastle.com /business/names/letter/e (260 words)

	Thomas Hobbes
		William Cavendish (1592-1676) Earl - and later (1665) Duke of Newcastle - was a close advisor of Charles I. He became an important Royalist military Commander during the English Civil Wars.
		The book was directly aimed against the views of the parliamentary opposition to Charles I. Hobbes (and Newcastle) wanted to toughen Charles I's attitudes: then and later, Hobbes believed that it was Charles I's vacillation and concessions that caused the Civil War; an immediate crackdown would have blasted opposition in the bud.
		Newcastle was also deeply interested in the new scientific ideas becoming current in Europe.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/367/367-091.htm (1325 words)

	Earl of Chatham
		The Earl of Chatham, William Pitt 'The Elder' 1766-8 Whig
		His first campaign, during Newcastle's premiership, was his advocacy of war with, rather than the appeasement of, Spain.
		The Prime Minister, Lord Newcastle, would have preferred to control Pitt by having him in the government, but the King was deeply opposed to this.
	www.number-10.gov.uk /output/Page167.asp (902 words)

	John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute Summary
		John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, KG, PC (25 May 1713 – 10 March 1792) was a Scottish nobleman who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain (1762–1763) under George III.
		A close relative of the Campbell clan (his mother was a daughter of Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll), Bute succeeded to the Earldom of Bute (named for the Isle of Bute) upon his father's death in 1723.
		He was brought up thereafter by his maternal uncles, John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll and Archibald Campbell, 3rd Earl of Ilay, and studied at Eton College and the University of Leiden, Netherlands.
	www.bookrags.com /John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute (1205 words)

	Candidates for Shakespeare William Stanley
		William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby (1561-1642) was 81 when he died, and he had lived through the “Shakespeare period”.
		Yet the 6th Earl’s interest with players and theatre is believed from his youth, and was strengthened with involvement with the family Company on his return to this country in 1587 when 26.
		At 38, the Earl was reportedly “busied only in penning commodities for the common players”, which might explain why he apparently did not join the military campaigns in Ireland and the Low Countries, though nominated to participate, with Rutland and Southampton.
	www.shakespeareidentity.co.uk /william-stanley.htm (857 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hexham and Newcastle
		On the establishment of the present English hierarchy in 1850, the See of Hexham was revived, that of Newcastle (where the cathedral is) being joined to it in 1861.
		Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, educates some 300 students, clerical and lay; and there is a boys' grammar school at Newcastle.
		Together with Our Lady Immaculate, the diocese's chief patron is St. Cuthbert, to receive whose incorrupt body Durham's magnificent cathedral was originally built; his ring, now preserved at Ushaw, is worn by the bishop when ordaining.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07318b.htm (563 words)

	UK Battlefields Resource Centre - Civil War - Lincolnshire Campaign 1643
		Perhaps expecting a more rapid royalist advance, the key port of King’s Lynn on the north coast of Norfolk was premature in declaring for the king and, by the 13th September, the Eastern Association army was able by siege and blockade the garrison to force its surrender.
		On the 10th October, with the arrival of the Earl of Manchester with the Eastern Association infantry the garrison at Bolingbroke was called to surrender and when they did not a limited exchange of fire began.
		In response the Earl of Newcastle, the majority of whose northern army was then besieging Hull, directed the Lincolnshire royalist forces to relieve the siege of Bolingbroke.
	www.battlefieldstrust.com /resource-centre/civil-war/campainview.asp?CampainId=40 (588 words)

	Bolling Family Association
		The town of Bradford was besieged by the Royalist army, under the Earl of Newcastle, in December 1642.
		The story tells that he was very cross, one Sunday evening, at Bradford's continued resistance and, as he went to bed, declared that the following morning he would slaughter every man, woman and child in the place, in spite of this being against the general code of conduct for war.
		During the night the Earl was awakened by feeling the bedclothes being pulled off him.
	www.bolling.net /ghost.html (590 words)

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