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	List of recessions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Early 1980s recession - 1982 and 1983, caused by tight monetary policy in the U.S. to control inflation and sharp correction to overproduction of the previous decade which had been masked by inflation
		Late 1980s recession - 1987 to early 1990s, collapse of junk bonds and a sharp stock crash in the United States leads to a recession in much of the West
		Early 2000s recession - 2000 to 2003: the collapse of the Dot Com Bubble contributes to a relatively mild contraction in the North American economy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_recessions (502 words)

	Bend.com - Oregon recession labeled 'moderately severe' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In the early 1980s, the Portland area's job loss between 1979 and 1982 was 5.6 percent compared to 9.0 percent for the state as a whole.
		The longest episode was that of the early 1980s, in which employment declined by 1.1 percent in 1980, by 2.5 percent in 1981, and by 5.7 percent in 1982.
		The current recession is on track to match the duration of the downturn in the early 1980s, with losses of 0.8 percent in 2001, 1.3 percent in 2002, and 0.5 percent (projected) in 2003.
	www.bend.com /news/ar_view^3Far_id^3D12078.htm (1068 words)

	HBOS Press Release
		During the 'stagflation' era of the 1970s and early 1980s, the saving ratio tended to be very high, for example, reaching its peak of 12.4% in 1980.
		The savings rate has been at its highest when the economy was in recession and unemployment was high, reaching its historic high of 12.4% during the early 1980s recession in 1980.
		The saving ratio was low during the late 1980s housing market boom, subsequently rising to high levels when the housing market went into recession in the early 1990s.
	www.hbosplc.com /media/pressreleases/articles/halifax/2003-07-05-00.asp (1332 words)

	Economic Restructuring in New York State - Federal Reserve Bank of New York (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		By contrast, the two state downturns of the early 1980s (here treated as one "double-dip" episode) closely matched the national recessions in duration and were the least severe in recent decades, as shown by the relatively mild drops in the CEI.
		Significantly, in the 1980s downturn—the one state downturn that did not outlast its national counterpart—the percentage of jobs in state industries that underwent greater structural change than their national counterparts was, at 62 percent, markedly lower than in the state downturns of the 1970s, 1990s, and 2001-03.
		By contrast, during the 1980s downturn, slightly more than half of the jobs in industries whose structural adjustments exceeded those of their national counterparts were in industries that expanded—a feature that may have contributed to the relative mildness and more limited duration of this state downturn.
	www.newyorkfed.org /research/current_issues/ci10-7/ci10-7.html (4079 words)

	Dollars and Sense: The Magazine of Economic Justice
		The 2001 recession was hard on African American workers both in relation to earlier recessions and in relation to white workers.
		Unemployment for adult fl workers rose by 2.9 percentage points in the recession of the early 1980s, but by 3.5 in the 2001 recession.
		The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights found that during the recession of 1973 to 1974, 60% to 70% of laid-off workers were African-American in areas where they were only 10% to 12% of the workforce.
	www.dollarsandsense.org /0504leondar.html (2255 words)

	FRBSF: Economic Letter - Recession in the West: Not a Rerun of 1990-1991 (03/08/2002)
		Figures 2 and 3 show the annualized percent change in employment in selected District sectors and all District states, respectively, for the early stage of the recession (2001:Q2 and Q3) and the later stage of the recession (2001:Q4) The broad sectors are one-digit SIC classifications.
		The IT directed downturn in the early part of the recession is evident in the state pattern of employment losses in the District (Figure 3).
		Although the District economy clearly was hit by a recession of about the same magnitude and character as the rest of the U.S., it is important to put the effects in perspective.
	www.frbsf.org /publications/economics/letter/2002/el2002-06.html (1465 words)

	The Facts of the Matter: Arizona’s Tax Cuts
		Tax cuts and tax increases of the early 1980s had been implemented by then, few changes to the tax code were made at that time, and the tax increases of the late 1980s had not yet occurred.
		In the early 1980s recession, a cumulative transfer of nearly $220 million from the BSF to the general fund would have been called for by the formula.
		In the prolonged economic slump of the late 1980s and early 1990s, the formula would have called for a cumulative transfer from the BSF to the general fund of about $570 million.
	www.asu.edu /copp/morrison/tax/tax5.html (6857 words)

	Dollars and Sense: The Magazine of Economic Justice
		The article showed that, as Peterson suggests, the return of economic growth in the early 1990s had failed to improve the living standards and purchasing power of workers and their families.
		The 1980s, and now the 1990s, have shown that economic growth and improved productivity do not automatically translate into improved living conditions and purchasing power for most workers and families.
		The 1982 recession initiated an era of corporate restructuring that profoundly shifted the balance of class power in the United States against labor.
	www.dollarsandsense.org /archives/2002/0702miller.html (3277 words)

	Has Structural Change Contributed to a Jobless Recovery? - Federal Reserve Bank of New York (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		To assess whether the job losses in the 2001 recession have been mostly permanent or temporary—and thus whether they are indicative of structural or cyclical change—we examine the contribution of temporary layoffs to the unemployment rate.
		The difference from the pattern of the early 1980s is quite stark: now, the industries cluster heavily in the two structural quadrants.
		To get a clearer sense of how the 2001 recession compares with earlier episodes, we add up the shares of employment at the business cycle peak held by industries in each quadrant for recessions in four different periods: the mid-1970s, the early 1980s, 1990-91, and 2001.
	www.newyorkfed.org /research/current_issues/ci9-8/ci9-8.html (4614 words)

	Employment Services and the Introduction of Youth Schemes: The Case of the United Kingdom - Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		During the 1980s it was found that a young man's chances of being unemployed were one in three in the high unemployment area of Sunderland (a northern town with a heavily industrialized local economy) compared to only one in 33 in the prosperous southern town of St. Albans.
		Although the impact of the recession during the early 1990s was less region-specific, such local labour market effects remain a significant determinant in both the incidence and the duration of youth unemployment.
		During the 1980s, it was proposed by many commentators that the level of employment protection enjoyed by young people was artificially raising the cost of their recruitment for employers.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/dialogue/govlab/admitra/papers/1999/doc58/ch2.htm (6103 words)

	UK Housing Market Historical Background
		Income growth after the early 1980s recession was strong, as were income growth expectations and house prices became more sensitive to expectations as a result of financial liberalization, though partly offset by greater sensitivity to real interest rates.
		While medium-run demographic trends may be less favourable, many people under 30 postponed entry into owner-occupation in the housing recession of the early 1990s and its aftermath, when buying a house with a heavy mortgage still had the reputation with many of being risky.
		This is another reason why the overshooting on the downside of house prices relative to incomes in the early to mid 1990s has helped to give the rises since then a momentum which, in turn, increases the risk of overshooting at the next peak.
	www.housingoutlook.co.uk /Papers/background.html (1007 words)

	Educational Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa: 1980s-1990s
		However, this Keynesian consensus was to break apart, first under the pressures of the OPEC oil crisis in the late 1970s, and then as the result of the early 1980s' recession.
		When these educational reforms begun in the early 1980s, there was little doubt that they would affect the nature and character of educational provision across an array of countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
		However, under the strains of fiscal crisis and subsequent adjustment in the 1980s, the stage was set for the ascendancy and eventual domination of neo-liberal analyses of educational policy and development.
	www.theperspective.org /educationalreforms.html (2713 words)

	Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin: Financial accelerator effects in UK business cycles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The depth and persistence of the UK recession of the early 1990s came as a surprise to many forecasters, particularly the prolonged weakness of corporate investment growth.
		The non-financial corporate sector was far more dependent on external borrowing entering the 1990s recession than at the start of the previous downturn in the early 1980s: the financial deficit was around 4% of GDP in 1989 compared with a surplus of about 1% of GDP in 1979.
		In the early 1990s the proportion of respondents to the CBI Industrial Trends survey citing the cost of finance as a constraint on investment increased and corporate bond yields rose relative to default risk-free rates on government debt.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3774/is_200204/ai_n9022607 (1016 words)

	QWES
		During a recession or a jobless recovery, when the economy is generating too little job growth, the number of people coming into the labor force can slow, as some individuals decide not to compete for scarce job openings.
		Since the early years of a career are key in setting the future trajectory of these young men and women, this sharp contraction of employment rates for highly educated workers exposes a serious problem in the current labor market.
		In the recession of the early 1980s, service employment was up 7% over the comparable period, and female employment rates were up slightly as well, by 0.7 percentage points.
	www.epinet.org /qwes/qwes.html (1085 words)

	Forbes.com: Poverty Up, But Not Across The Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		But on the positive side, the recent recession has not caused a dramatic effect on income or poverty rates as did the recessions of the early 1980s or early 1990s--both of which saw the number of poor shoot up.
		The poverty rate was around 15% at the end of the early 1980s recession.
		The overall rates were lower in the early 1970s, but substantially higher in the early 1960s, when the rates were over 20%, accordng to census data.
	www.forbes.com /home/2002/09/25/0925topnews.html (757 words)

	Global Economic Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The good news is that there is an important silver lining to the deep global recession of the early 1980s -- it was eventually followed by a sustained V-shaped recovery that produced seven years of close to 4% average growth in world GDP over the 1983-89 interval.
		Unlike the deep recession of the early 1980s, today’s global economy may find it considerably tougher to overcome the headwinds of a synchronous contraction.
		In the global trade recession of 1975, world trade contracted by about 2% after having risen by about 6% in 1974 -- a sharp reversal, to be sure, but one that actually pales in comparison to that which is now unfolding.
	www.morganstanley.com /GEFdata/digests/20011112-mon.html (8904 words)

	2002 Budget Analysis: P&I, Perspectives on the Economy and Demographics
		In its early stages, California's rebound will be powered by the same forces as those boosting the national economy—namely, expansionary monetary and fiscal policies, improving consumer confidence, increased travel and tourism, and a restocking of business inventories.
		The early 1980s' recession was slightly longer and the job losses were much more severe than the current recession.
		However, the recovery from this recession was much stronger than the current projected upturn, as falling interest rates and a major defense buildup led to a surge in jobs and income in the mid-1980s.
	www.lao.ca.gov /analysis_2002/2002_pandi/pi_part_2_anl02.html (4634 words)

	Scoop: Robert Brenner: The Trajectory of the US Economy
		The recession brought an end to the decade-long expansion that began in 1991 and, in particular, the five-year economic acceleration that began in 1995.
		Even in the recession year 2001, the rate of profit for the entire non-financial corporate economy outside of manufacturing actually rose slightly, and it has risen a lot faster in 2002 and the first half of 2003.
		Simply put, since the early 1980s the system has moved forward by way of the expansion of the US current account deficit leading to the piling up of ever greater us liabilities to the rest of the world, on the one hand, and further increases in over-capacity in the international manufacturing sector, on the other.
	www.scoop.co.nz /mason/stories/HL0403/S00330.htm (15203 words)

	Global Economic Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Even though it still too early to gauge precisely the impact of these events, we believe it is time to try to put some numbers on it.
		In light of the events of the 11th of September and their impact on the economy, we are revising down our European growth forecasts by 0.2 percentage point to 1.6% in 2001 and by 1.0 percentage point to 1.5% in 2002.
		Formal entry could be as early as November, at which time the clock will start ticking on further mandatory phasing out of protection in the agricultural sector.
	www.morganstanley.com /GEFdata/digests/20010925-tue.html (10904 words)

	FT.com - Special Reports / Assault on America
		The majority of economists now expect the US economy to be in recession in the third and fourth quarters of this year.
		If economists tend to agree on the likelihood of recession, there is a wide range of views on how quickly the US will recover.
		The HSBC economics team thinks that "the US recession is going to be more 'V' shaped than before" because aggressive policy action will encourage a rebound in growth next year.
	specials.ft.com /aoa/FT38KME6ZRC.html (516 words)

	Booms and Busts in the UK Housing Market
		It is now recognized that the increases in housing wealth which took place in the 1980s contributed significantly to the consumer boom of the 1980s.
		Indeed, that none of the major econometric models of the UK incorporated housing wealth in their consumption functions at that time, was a major reason for the failure to forecast consumer expenditure which led to costly errors in macroeconomic policy.
		Income growth after the early 1980s recession was strong, as were income growth expectations and these became more important as a result of financial liberalization, though partly offset by bigger real interest rate effects.
	www.housingoutlook.co.uk /Papers/booms.html (1247 words)

	Article: Recession Session (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As the United States enters its 11th recession since 1945, entrepreneurs who have seen it all before offer caution, hope and advice to those experiencing their first slump.
		And despite predictions that this recession will be shallow and short, experienced entrepreneurs say newbies' anxiety is appropriate.
		During a recession, companies that fail to hang on to cash often don't survive.
	www.entrepreneur.com /article/print/0,2361,297009,00.html (1656 words)

	Greenspan allays fears of oil-sparked recession
		Greenspan gave a generally upbeat assessment of the economy’s ability to withstand the spike in oil prices of recent months, saying he did not believe the country will see a replay of the oil shocks of the 1970s and early 1980s that triggered a series of recessions.
		He said this year’s rise in oil prices, which currently stand 80 percent higher than 12 months ago, had the effect of imposing a tax on U.S. consumers equivalent to 0.75 percent of the country’s total economic output, or about $80 billion.
		That was a smaller dampening effect than the oil crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, he said, which were severe enough to send the country into a number of recessions.
	www.columbiatribune.com /2004/Oct/20041016News011.asp (542 words)

	Herman Schwartz - Public Choice Theory
		During the 1980s governments in most of the advanced industrial countries tried to slow the growth of their public sector and reduce the size of their fiscal deficit.
		Indeed, by the early 1980s each of these states was running large fiscal deficits and public dissatisfaction with government services was high.
		In the early years of the four party bourgeois bloc this coordination committee forced the traditionally independent ministers to stick to financial targets laid down by the cabinet via the committee.
	www.people.virginia.edu /%7Ehms2f/pubchoic.html (10329 words)

	JS Online: Atypical recession: Recent downturn is deceptively serious
		Measured by the nation's output of goods and services, the officials note, the recession that began early last year looks like one of the weakest in decades.
		Employment also grew less quickly in the year before this recession started than it typically had in the past, as companies began realizing that they had expanded too quickly during the boom.
		While the unemployment rate, which is below 6%, remains far lower than it did at the end of recessions in the 1980s and '90s, for example, it has still risen significantly from its 30-year low of 3.9% in 2000.
	www.jsonline.com /bym/news/sep02/82313.asp (824 words)

	Ubcpress.ca :: University of British Columbia Press
		Nor should we forget that as late as 1988, the Social Credit minister of environment was still proclaiming the goal of increasing the proportion of the province protected to 6 percent by the year 2011.
		If it is going to move beyond the gains made in the early 1990s and pursue the goal of ecosystem management, the movement must confront the issues raised by its failure to counter the political power of timber workers and their supporters.
		People of the twenty-first century are likely to deliver a negative verdict when they discover that one of the wealthiest societies of the late twentieth century aggressively pushed policies threatening forest ecosystems, all in the face of varied and compelling doubts about long-term consequences.
	www.ubcpress.ca /books/pdf/chapters/talk/index.html (6290 words)

	California's Fiscal Outlook: LAO Projections 2003-04 Through 2008-09
		Although the recession officially concluded in late 2001, the ensuing recovery was weak and unbalanced through 2002 and into early 2003.
		The job losses experienced in California since early 2001 (when the most recent recession began) are not out of line with the rest of the nation.
		As indicated in Figure 4, the cumulative job losses associated with the 2001 recession and its aftermath are roughly on a par with those of the early 1980s' recession, but considerably less severe than the early 1990s' downturn.
	www.lao.ca.gov /2003/fiscal_outlook_03/03-04_fiscal_outlook.html (6232 words)

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