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Topic: Early Bronze Age

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	Bronze Age - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Bronze Age is a period in the development of human societies when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consisted of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in order to cast bronze.
		The Early Bronze Age saw the rise of urbanization into organized city states and the invention of writing (the Uruk period in the fourth millennium BC).
		The Bronze Age in Ireland commenced in the centuries around 2000 B.C. when copper was alloyed with tin and used to manufacture Ballybeg type flat axes and associated metalwork.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Bronze_Age (2110 words)

	Bronze Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bronze Age is a period in a civilization's development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze.
		The Bronze Age in the Near East is considered as beginning around 3300 BC with the increasing use of bronze and the rise of complex urban civilisation (to varying degrees and in varying forms) in the main cultural centres of the region, Egypt and Mesopotamia.
		The end of the Bronze Age in the Near East is normally associated with the disturbances created by large population movements in the 12th century BC and the rise of new technologies and political formations, characterised as the start of the Iron Age.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bronze_Age (1431 words)

	Bronze Age Craft (Bronze Sword Casting)
		Why could it be the bronze smiths who cast the swords 3000 years ago were absolute masters; with a lifetime’s accumulation of experience and skill, some of it passed down over the years, possibly from father to son or an apprenticeship.
		One of the first things you notice if you look at Bronze Age metal work, is that blade length was always at the edge of casting technology, and even from the early Bronze Age, bronze daggers had their handles riveted on, so all the casting length was in the blade.
		From the middle Bronze Age these blades, some of them over 24 inches in length, are known as rapiers: the blades tend to be very narrow and the handles are still riveted on.
	www.bronze-age-craft.com /swordcasting.htm (1938 words)

	Chronology and Terminology
		The Bronze Age chronology of all of Western Anatolia has traditionally been based upon the stratification of a single site in the northern subdivision, the mound of Hissarlik that forms the core of the Classical to Hellenistic Greek city of Ilion and the Roman Imperial city of Troy.
		The Western Anatolian MBA [Middle Bronze Age] is not further subdivided and is represented at Troy by settlement VIa-c or VI Early.
		The Western Anatolian LBA [Late Bronze Age] is likewise not subdivided, and is represented at Troy by settlements VId-h (or VI Middle and Late) and VIIa-b.
	projectsx.dartmouth.edu /history/bronze_age/chrono.html (1170 words)

	Bronze Age at AllExperts
		The Bronze Age is a period in a civilization's development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consisted of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in order to cast bronze.
		The earliest evidence of bronze metalworking dates to the mid 4th millennium BC Maykop culture in the Caucasus.
		Although bronze artifacts were exhumed in historic site of Majiayao culture (3100 BC to 2700 BC), it is commonly accepted that China's bronze age began from around 2100 BC during the Xia dynasty.
	en.allexperts.com /e/b/br/bronze_age.htm (1927 words)

	Bronze Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Well the bronze age is when bronze was the strongest metal around.
		Another trend towards the end of the Bronze Age was a growing emphasis on fortifications, hillforts being constructed in many upland areas of Europe.
		Bronze armour and helmets, and new types of weapons such as the very effective slashing sword, suggest that warfare had come to the fore.
	atschool.eduweb.co.uk /webmaster.stanground/flagfen/bronze.htm (241 words)

	THE GREAT BRONZE AGE OF CHINA
		The development of bronze metallurgy in ancient civilizations meant a settled and organized society, for bronze-making required locating, protecting, mining, and smelting the ores that contain copper and tin, the two metals that are alloyed to produce bronze.
		Bronze vessels were used to contain the wine and food which were offered up in ceremonies performed at the altar of the ancestral shrine.
		The Great Bronze Age of China exhibition which toured the United States in 1980-1981 featured a dazzling array of bronzes, jade pieces, and eight terracotta sculptures that were created to accompany the First Emperor of Qin to his grave.
	www.humanities-interactive.org /ancient/bronze/brochure_bronze_age.htm (1357 words)

	Early Bronze Age Levant - Ancient Near East .Net
		The Early Bronze Age in the Levant is most frequently characterised as the first great period of urbanism in the Near East, the material culture of the region reflecting a general trend towards living in urban settlements and social organisation along city lines.
		The EBA in the Levant corresponds in Egypt to the late Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods (EBI-II) and the Old Kingdom, extending across Dynasties 3-6 (EBIII).
		Joffe, Alex H. 1991 "Early Bronze I and the Evolution of Social Complexity in the Southern Levant", JMA 4 (1991), pp.3-58.
	www.ancientneareast.net /levant_archaeology/levant_eba.html (2514 words)

	Paper Topics for the Early Bronze Age
		Coleman, "The Chronology and Interconnections of the Cycladic Islands in the Neolithic Period and Early Bronze Age," AJA 78(1974) 333-344.
		Heath, "Early Helladic Clay Sealings from the House of the Tiles at Lerna," Hesperia 27(1958) 81-120.
		Renfrew, "Cycladic Metallurgy and the Aegean Early Bronze Age," AJA 71(1967) 1-20.
	www.brynmawr.edu /archaeology/PaperTopicsEBA.htm (1108 words)

	Holy Land Photos
		Ruth Amiran spent 18 seasons excavating the Early Bronze Age city.
		Early Bronze Age Arad was abandoned by 2650 B.C. Early Bronze Age cities in Canaan were known for their large size, massive city walls - with semi-circular towers attached - and "broad house" type buildings and Arad is no exception.
		The later, Iron Age citadel was excavated by Yohanan Aharoni.
	www.holylandphotos.org /browse.asp?s=1,2,9,25,64 (204 words)

	Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust - Windows on the Past - Late Neolithic to early Bronze Age
		Later Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, 3000 - 1500 BC The second half of the 3rd millennium BC was a period of change in almost every aspect of life.
		But though the burial monuments and the circles demonstrate the continuity between the Late Neolithic and the Bronze Age and their upland distribution reveals that the higher ground, opened up in the Late Neolithic, was still used in the following centuries, the settlements of the earlier Bronze Age remain unknown.
		The early burial monument was enlarged in successive stages during the Early Bronze Age.
	www.cpat.org.uk /cpat/past/neo/neo.htm (1837 words)

	Bronze Age on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the Copper Age.
		The earliest use of cast metal can be deduced from clay models of weapons; casting was certainly established in the Middle East by 3500 BC Following the Neolithic period, the development of a metallurgical industry coincided with the rise of urbanization.
		Age and growth of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the North Atlantic Ocean *.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/b/bronzea1g.asp (880 words)

	Bronze working
		Our focus is bronze and the early bronze age, but to understand the importance of bronze and how it was made we must first take a look at copper.
		For the purpose of melting scraps of metal in crucibles (vessel filled with metal and heated from the outside), a ring of stones, a pile of hot charcoal, and a clay tuyere connected to bellows is all that is needed.
		It is possible to obtain sufficiently high temperatures for melting bronze by forcing air through a grate in the bellows of the furnace.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/ancienttech/bronzeworking.html (622 words)

	Sinophilia - your gateway to China - guides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The use of bronze vessels in Shang times was mainly related with ritual purposes; so there is a prevalence of wine container bronzes, as zuns and gus, and of bronzes for cooking food, as lis and fangdings cauldrons.
		Bronze vessels are divided into three main groups, according to their function: food cointainers (for food cooking and food storing), wine containers and water containers.
		The bronzes gradually lost their function as a link between the king and the supernatural forces, but the use for ancestor cult increased; therefore, their inscriptions became longer, usually commemorating an important event or registering a bestowed honor to communicate to the ancestors.
	www.sinophilia.org /artestoria2.htm (1516 words)

	Ulster history - Bronze Age
		The Bronze Age in Ireland is normally considered to start in 2500 BC or 2000 BC, and to end in 600 BC or 300 BC.
		A more typical early Bronze Age burial would consist of a pit or stone cist, containing the cremated remains of a single individual, together with a large pottery vessel and perhaps a few bronze objects.
		Navan Fort was obviously a place of considerable importance in the Late Bronze Age, and emerges as the Royal centre of Emain Macha during the Iron Age.
	www.cruithni.org.uk /overview/over_3.html (651 words)

	Bronze Age Craft (An Introduction to early metalworking in Britain)
		Among the many gold and bronze objects is a dagger with a handle decorated with thousands of gold pins to form a zigzag pattern on the pommel.
		There is the trend towards longer blades that become dirks and rapiers of the middle Bronze Age, and similarly with the raised flanges and stopping ridge on the axe developing to become the palstave axe.
		After the early Bronze Age, metal work develops with better casting techniques, which save a lot of labour, and maybe because of this, one can sense that the metal work is losing some of its magic with items becoming more utilitarian in the middle Bronze Age.
	www.templeresearch.eclipse.co.uk /bronze/intro.htm (2011 words)

	Tell Qarqur 2001 Preliminary Report: Early Bronze Age levels
		In 1999, we concentrated on expanding the area of excavation around this Early Bronze Age IV building by removing the south and west balks, and opening a new square on the east, figure 24.
		A small Early Bronze Age IV jug was found in situ on a small section of a floor alongside one of these walls.
		A significant change in the nature of the Early Bronze Age occupation was encountered in A24 at the end of the 1998 season.
	www.asor.org /tqsection4.html (1275 words)

	Ålands museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Thousands of Bronze Age cairns built of stone material are to be found scattered round Åland, primarily in the Main Island.
		During the early Bronze Age, about 3000 years ago, the dead were buried unburned in large individually situated cairns.
		The late Bronze Age was characterized by cremation graves.
	www.aland-museum.aland.fi /eng/sten.html (479 words)

	SWORDS, ARMOR, AND FIGURINES
		This network moved tons of copper and tin during the Late Bronze Age and was revealed in the spectacular results of the underwater excavations at Uluburun Kas and Cape Gelidonya (Bass et al.
		Two examples from the Middle Bronze Age are a bronze spearhead engraved with inscriptions of Anitta the King and a sword dedicated to the god Nergal (Güterbock 1964).
		Fragments of other tin bronzes (containing 7.79% and 10% tin respectively) and fragments of slag (5% tin) in crucibles were excavated in secure level G contexts at Judeidah, making these some of the earliest examples of tin alloys (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960:300-315; Braidwood, Burke, and Nachtrieb 1951).
	www-oi.uchicago.edu /OI/PROJ/GOL/BA_95/BA_95.html (3502 words)

	Bronze Age in Anatolia and Asia Minor
		Bronze Age is the time period that marks a significant development in the human culture, before the introduction of Iron, when most tools and weapons were made of bronze.
		Bronze Age is somehow a local value, for bronze came into use at different times in different parts of the world.
		For instance, the bronze technology was known in Thailand as early as 4,500 BCE, in China the use of Bronze began about 1,800 BCE, and in Americas, the bronze was introduced only after 1,000 CE.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/bronze.htm (437 words)

	Early Bronze Age Greece - History for Kids! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Bronze is a metal that is a mixture of a little tin and a lot of copper.
		It was invented in West Asia, where copper was smelted as early as 6000 BC, and during the 3000's BC experiments showed that adding tin to the copper made it harder: that is bronze.
		Bronze knives and swords were much easier to make and sharper than stone, bone or wood ones.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/greeks/history/earlybronze.htm (676 words)

	Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Bronze Vessels - NGA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Bronze vessels were used during the Shang and Zhou periods in ancestral rituals.
		The bronze vessels were kept in ancestral halls and used during a variety of feasts and banquets.
		Originally these bronzes were bright and shiny (their present dark patina is a result of burial and age).
	www.nga.gov /education/chinatp_bze.htm (469 words)

	Through The Ages - Bronze Age - Prehistoric Music Ireland
		In early 2005 the first composition for Wicklow pipes, double bass and marimba by Michael Holohan was performed as part of a concert in Drogheda, Co. Louth.
		The great age of these pipes and the undoubted complexity of the design and manufacturing involved, place them in the forefront of recent music archaeological finds and there is no doubt that further research will reveal a great deal more about them and the people who played them.
		They are hollow cast bronze and most have a stone or pebble inside which moves around when the crotal is shaken in one hand or between two hands causing a rapid rattling or high pitched ringing.
	homepage.eircom.net /~bronzeagehorns/bronzeage.html (701 words)

	Early Bronze Age Metalworking in the U.K. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Early Bronze Age Metalworking in the U.K. Index Dutch Bronze Age
		Over the next 800 years of the Early Bronze Age we see an intensive building of stone circles, and the embellishment of several henges with stone circles and later additions of avenues.
		After the Early Bronze Age, metal work develops with better casting techniques, but one can sense that it is losing some of its magic with items becoming more utilitarian in the Middle Bronze Age.
	home.zonnet.nl /postbus/earlyBBA.html (1366 words)

	Findon Village Antiquities www.findonvillage.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		By the middle of the Bronze Age, bronze was becoming sufficiently common to be a growing market commodity to rival flint.
		For more than a thousand years, in successive migrations and with varying cultures, Bronze Age men found shelter in scattered isolated farmsteads on ridges with their cattle, sheep, goats and pigs.
		The Bronze Age is linked with a return to colder, drier conditions and the bleak windswept height of Cissbury would have become less hospitable to dwell on at this time.
	www.findonvillage.com /0288_the_cissbury_beakers.htm (503 words)

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		Firstly, Amos Nur argues that large earthquakes are likely to have contributed to the physical and political collapse of Late Bronze Age civilisations around the eastern Mediterranean.
		In Nur's scenario, the burst at the end of the Late Bronze Age probably began between 1225-1175 BC, and made urban centres vulnerable to opportunist military attacks.
		It used to be assumed that the hillforts were an Iron Age development, but as the earliest iron object found in Wales - a sword discovered at Llyn Fawr, Rhondda - dates from c.600 BC and the earliest hillfort dates from c.1000 BC, this assumption is no longer accepted.
	www.lycos.com /info/bronze--late-bronze-age.html (337 words)

	Jordan - History - Rise of the City States
		Archaeologists usually date the end of the Middle Bronze Age to about 1550 BCE, when the Hyksos were driven out of Egypt by the rulers of the 17th and 18th Dynasties.
		The destruction of many of the Middle Bronze Age towns in Palestine and Jordan is usually blamed on the Egyptian armies pursuing the Hyksos, although there is little direct evidence of Egyptian involvement.
		The Late Bronze Age was brought to a mysterious end around 1200 BCE, with the collapse of many of the Near Eastern and Mediterranean kingdoms.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /his_citystates.html (1083 words)

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