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Topic: Early Medieval History of Northumbria

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	History
		The History of Northumbria in the 7th and early 8th centuries was extensively recorded by a Jarrow monk called Bede, whose History of the Church of England became the equivalent of an early medieval best seller.
		By the early 10th century a dynasty of earls based at Bamburgh were ruling an Anglo-Saxon Northumberland which at that time extended from the Tees to the Forth.
		The history of the earldom in Norman hands was somewhat short because in 1095 earl Robert de Mowbray joined a conspiracy against king William Rufus as a result of which he was deposed and imprisoned following his capture during a siege at Bamburgh.
	www.btinternet.com /~graemeyoung/History.html (1427 words)

	History of England, Arthurian Britain
		Let's face it, history is written by the victors anxious to boast of their triumphs, to magnify their successes, and to denigrate the enemy.
		Acting as a bard of his own tribe in Northumbria, hIs intense hostility made him a partisan witness when he wrote of the British people, for they had retained a form of Roman Christianity which was anathema to him.
		Perhaps the most authentic of the early Arthurian references is the entry for 537 in the Annales that briefly refers to the Battle of Camlan in which Arthur and Medrawd were killed.
	www.britannia.com /history/nararthist.html (1737 words)

	History of Calligraphy
		Early alphabets had evolved by 3000 B.C. The oldest known alphabetical inscription of the Phoenicians, traders and seafarers of the eastern Mediterranean, dates from 1000 BC.
		The early alphabets were slowly stylized and simplified by scribes, but the alphabet can always be traced through the centuries to a picture.
		From this point on in the history of writing, all the elements of modern writing were in place; modifications since that time have been essentially practical or fashionable, not structural.
	mysite.verizon.net /houseofcalligraphy/history.html (2727 words)

	Reviews in History:
		In early twelfth-century Durham the body of St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne was still enshrined in its seventh-century coffin with its iconic images of the Virgin and Child, saints and archangels.
		Book II narrates both the history of Northumbria and of the Lindisfarne bishops, and the wanderings of the religious community from 735 to the interim settlement at Chester-le Street.
		The history of the see of St Cuthbert from its start at Lindisfarne in the seventh century to the reestablishment of a monastic community in Durham is again firmly underpinned and clearly visible.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/mcgurkP.html (1625 words)

	History of Medieval Scotland
		While these changes served to unite the eastern and southern portions of medieval Scotland, they served to further alienate the west, which continued to use the gaelic language and clung to the Celtic Christianity of their ancestors.
		While David I was Normanizing his portion of medieval Scotland, extending her borders well into England, and, all in all, very capably ruling, the western clans were caught up in their own battles with the Norse.
		A note on tanistry (or why early medieval Scots kings were constantly being murdered by their uncles, nephews and cousins):
	www.heartoscotland.com /Categories/History3.htm (1948 words)

	King Cnut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		After Earl Uhtred of Northumbria surrendered and was killed by Cnut on the advice of Eadric, Erik of Lade became Cnut's Earl in the north.
		Early in this battle, Eadric and his forces fled from the Danes and the English were decisively defeated.
		Cnut was still young when he became king of England, but he had either been well trained in statesmanship, or more likely, he listened to the advice of his more experienced counsellors.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/vikings/cnutaut.html (2410 words)

	Paul Halsall/Fordham University/Intro to Medieval History
		This course is an introduction to the history and civilization of Europe and the Mediterranean area in the middle ages.
		A History of Medieval Islam, (London: Routledge, 19??), chap.
		The Frontier in Medieval History", AHA 1955 [at UKans]
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/medieval.html (2947 words)

	HIEU 314: Reading Questions
		Although written in the early eighth century, it is an invaluable introduction to the sense of the late Roman history in the mind of one Anglo-Saxon intellectual.
		Early medieval Christianity was often focused around the cult of particular holy men and women - the saints - and churches and monasteries would preserve their relics, often their bones, but occasionally also fragments of their clothes or other objects that they had touched in life.
		D.P. Kirby, 'The Genesis of a Cult: Cuthbert of Farne and Ecclesiastical Politics in Northumbria in the Late Seventh and Early Eighth Centuries', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 46 (1995), pp.
	www.virginia.edu /history/courses/fall05/hieu314/questions.html (3055 words)

	Introduction to the Old English poem called BEOWULF
		Kiernan, in the early 1980s, proposed that the palimpsest was made by the second scribe himself, in order that he might revise the text.
		Kiernan attributes the spots of illegibility of the folio to the fact that the vellum was still damp in places when the revision was made, so that the ink did not properly adhere where the parchment was still wet.
		Early scholarship of Beowulf tended to favour placing the composition of the poem in late 7th or early 8th century Northumbria, in the time of the Venerable Bede (673-735), most likely in the court of the scholar-king Aldfrith (d.
	www.heorot.dk /beowulf-vorwort.html (6290 words)

	History of Richmond
		This brief history of Richmond, England is a dateline of the highlights of the town.
		Richmond Green during medieval times was the area used for a tannery, corn and fulling mills, a brewery and nail makers.
		The medieval fields, West Field, The Gallowfield and East Field, ceased to be public.
	www.richmondancestry.org /richmond_history.shtml (1965 words)

	History of England, Medieval Britain
		Known as Edward the Confessor, he was perhaps one of the most misunderstood monarchs in the history of England.
		In the early part of the 11th century, mainly under the Cluniac Order, there had been a tremendous monastic revival in the Dukedom of Normandy.
		This came about as a result of close cooperation between King and Church in what was basically a feudal society, and one which was transferred to England in 1066 lock, stock and barrel.
	www.britannia.com /history/narmedhist.html (3250 words)

	History Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Phill Jones chronicles the history of timekeeping and its impact on history.
		Fragments of medieval life surface in some entries, such as donations of land to the Church for the salvation of a dead husband's soul.
		David Hume, philosopher and author of History of England, wrote of Domesday that it "is the most valuable piece of antiquity possessed by any nation." The detail of Domesday was not surpassed until the introduction of censuses in the early 19th century.
	www.history-magazine.com /domesday.html (3310 words)

	Reviews in History:
		On the other hand, widowhood was also a new conceptual framework or frameworks within which the widowed individual now had to function, the fact of being no longer married, with all that this implied in terms of moral reputation, relationships to one’s kin, relationships to property-ownership, and even one’s potential as a future marriage partner.
		This conclusion is also implied by Sharpe, writing about a later, early industrial, England, when there was a correlation between reduced remarriage rates among both men and women and the growing recourse by widowers in the absence of any support from the state to seek shelter with adult daughters.
		Patricia Skinner’s study of widowhood in medieval Southern Italy poses the problem faced by wealthy contemporaries that, in spite of the wholehearted support by the Church for the claustration of widows, the supply of places in convents rarely matched the potential demand for them.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/cowanAlex.html (2401 words)

	History Bibiliography
		Early Scotland: The Picts, the Scots and the Welsh of Southern Scotland
		The history, development and usage of one of the most devastating weapons of Medieval Europe, renowned as the winner of Crecy and Agincourt against heavily armed cavalry.
		Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes Books I-IX This is a translation from the Latin of a medieval text which has both historic and mythic elements.
	www.sunnyway.com /runes/historybooks.html (2922 words)

	Northumbria, 500¿1100 - Cambridge University Press
		The story is set in a wider European context so that the history of Northumbria is seen as paradigmatic for an understanding of state formation and religious and cultural change in the early medieval world.
		Full attention is given to archaeological and art-historical material, and the extent to which narrative sources were shaped by sectional interests and created imagined visions of the past.
		The English and Scottish impact: partition and absorption (a) the west Saxon kings and the kings of England (b) the kings of Scots and the origins of the Scottish border (c) the Norman kings of England (d) the shadow of the past.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521813352&print=y (321 words)

	THE CONVERSION OF THE PAGAN ANGLOSAXON KINGS: medievalhistory.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The development of the faith of those early English kings will be discussed here, in five parts, beginning with the early church Fathers and ending with the imposition of the Norman regime.
		By the early middle ages, the local traditions of the late roman iron age had evolved into the religious traditions which we now associate with the Viking people of the Baltic.
		The Venerable Bede, writing his English history in the eighth century, described policies of extermination warfare as executed by Caedwalla of the West Saxons, a new convert to the Jesus-as-war-god version of Christianity so preferred by inveterate heathens.
	www.medievalhistory.net /page0003.htm (7326 words)

	History from Rampant Scotland Directory
		Based in Edinburgh, NAS is the main archive for sources of the history of Scotland as a separate kingdom, her role in the British isles and the links between Scotland and many other countries over the centuries.
		The history of the The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
		History of the Railways of Coatbridge & Airdrie (The Monklands)
	www.rampantscotland.com /history.htm (5376 words)

	BBC - History - Scottish History
		To the dark age and medieval mind, he was as close to Jesus as you could get.
		The town of St Andrews on the east coast of Scotland, now a centre of pilgrimmage for golfers, was a magnet for religious pilgrims during the medieval period, and has been pivitol in the swings and roundabouts of political and religious history in Scotland since it was a Pictish settlement.
		A treasure of Dark Age Pictish art, the Sarcophagus may have lain before the high altar of the original 8th or 9th century church dedicated to the saint.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/scottishhistory/earlychurch/trails_earlychurch_standrews.shtml (525 words)

	Department of History : Staff Profile - Durham University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		I have also held a Research Fellowship in the History Department (1984-86), and taught in both departments at undergraduate and postgraduate levels on topics which include the early Irish church and Christian Northumbria 600-800.
		This was the conversion period, and I am interested in exploring the ways in which Christianity, accompanied by literacy and a knowledge of Latin, interacted with the native culture and society of the Irish and of the Anglo-Saxons.
		This was followed by my move to Durham, where my interest in early Irish spirituality led to my working on Columbanus and his sermons ('The thirteen sermons attributed to Columbanus and the question of their authorship').
	www.dur.ac.uk /history/staff/profiles/?id=2223 (664 words)

	Hereford.uk.com - Herefordshire History
		When Edward the Elder's grandson, Eadwig, succeeded to the throne in 955 Mercia and Northumbria rejected him after two years and chose his brother Edgar as king.
		Godwine married a Danish princess and their sons, who were figure large in history, received Danish names - Sven, Harold and Tostig.
		In Wessex, Cnut's widow Emma was regent for her son Harthacnut, while Mercia and Northumbria were ruled by Harthacnut's half brother Harold Harefoot.
	www.hereford.uk.com /history/ascendancy.asp (481 words)

	Historical Handfasting
		It was the late medieval Christian church that was telling secular authorities that couples who married in clandestinely against the wishes of their parents were, nevertheless, validly and bindingly married.
		Historically, in late medieval and early modern Scotland (and northern England), "handfasting" was a the normal term used for "betrothal" — that is, for the ceremony of exchanging future consents to marriage and agreeing to marriage contracts.
		Note that the marriage law in late medieval England was essentially the same as that in Scotland —; all of Roman Catholic Europe had more or less the same marriage law because marriage came under the jurisdiction of canon rather than civil law.
	www.medievalscotland.org /history/handfasting.shtml (5044 words)

	Mediev1
		The European middle ages, or "medieval era," is traditionally described as the time period between the fall of the Roman Empire c.
		Medieval art is often described as "animal style," organic and geometric in design.
		These "illuminated manuscripts" which preserved early texts and conveyed Christian ideas in Viking and Celtic art forms, proved to be the most outstanding and valued works of art.
	www.accd.edu /sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Mediev1.htm (980 words)

	History of English Place-Names
		To combat this sort of confusion, scholars of English placenames collect as many early forms of a name as possible and analyze them in the light of their knowledge of language and dialect, grammar, pronunciation, topography, sound shifts and other relevant factors.
		In early AngloSaxon documents this was indicated by inserting the Old English preposition æt or Latin ad in front of the placename (Ekwall, p.
		Reflected in the history of English placenames is the history of England.
	www.sca.org /heraldry/laurel/names/engplnam.html (4626 words)

	http://www.uwm.edu/~carlin/earlymedoutlines02-wk4.htm
		After Roman imperial power collapsed in the West iin the later 5th century, a patchwork of kingdoms and lordships developed (e.g., the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, Merovingian Gaul, Visigothic Iberia, etc.).
		Early medieval Western society was a blend of Roman, Celtic, and Germanic peoples and cultures, with Latin Christianity as its most unifying feature.
		Christianity began as an urban-based religion, and it retained an urban focus (cathedrals, the headquarters of bishops and archbishops, were always in cities), even as urban life was fading in the West.
	www.uwm.edu /~carlin/earlymedoutlines02-wk4.htm (172 words)

	A Brief History of the Picts
		King Aedan of Dalraida, alarmed by the expansive aspect of the Angles in Northumbria, built an army of Scots and Picts to invade the Northumbrians at Degastand (south of Strathclyde).
		However a new player emerged who was to become as important in Scotish history as Robert the Bruce, and that was the Pict Bridei, grandson of King Neithon of Strathclyde.
		With a Scottish Court, gaelic became the language of the court and the new ruling class, and with it a resurgence of the Columban church.
	www.pictavia.org /history/history.html (1152 words)

	History
		This is the first truly comprehensive and authoritative account of Irish history from the dawn of time down to the coming of the Normans in 1169.
		This is a collection of 15 essays on the subject of computus and the related topics of Irish annals, historical chronology, and manuscript history, published by me over the last 20 years, here reprinted together with one previously unpublished essay.
		The commentary on Genesis in Munich Clm 6302 (Wendepunkte 2)', Journal of Medieval Latin 7 (1996) 178-233, and 'The myth of Hiberno-Latin exegesis', Revue Bénédictine 110/1-2 (2000) 42-85.
	www.nuigalway.ie /history/ocroinin (1349 words)

	Nancy Netzer - Boston College
		Professor Netzer teaches courses on European medieval art of the first millennium and the history and philosophy of museums from the classical period to the present.
		Her research focuses on illuminated manuscripts and metalwork of Britain, Ireland and the Continent in the early medieval period on the collecting, publication and display of medieval art from the early modern period to the present.
		"Style: A history of uses and abuses in the study of Insular Art" in Redknap, Edwards, Youngs, Lane and Knight, eds.
	www.bc.edu /schools/cas/finearts/faculty/arthistory/netzer (303 words)

	Early Medieval Overview
		Pope Gregory II excommunicates Iconoclast Byzantine emperor, representative of the growing divisions between the western and eastern church.
		Barbarian Invasions and Establishment of Kingdoms, the shifting political structures that lead to the fall of the western half of the empire, as well as the eventual rise of new power bases and cultural milieus.
		Rise and Spread of Monasticism enabled 1) the continuation of some elements of classical education, 2) the development of early corporation economic structures, and 3) the perpetuation of a spiritual-temporal dualism in Christian understandings of vocation and culture.
	www.dbu.edu /mitchell/early_medieval_overview.htm (1047 words)

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