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	History of medicine - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Medicine is currently defined as the science of disease prevention, diagnosis, alleviation and cure.
		Medicine was aided in the 18th century and beyond by advances in chemistry and laboratory techniques and equipment, old ideas of infectious disease epidemiology were replaced with bacteriology (Robert Koch, Louis Pasteur), and for the first time actual cures were developed for certain endemic infectious diseases.
		The harsh scientific nature of modern medicine is the pinnacle of a very narrow concern, a particular aspect of the human condition has been exulted at the cost of considerable social disquiet, as evinced by anti-vivisectionism, eugenics, 18th and 19th century concerns about body-snatching and attacks at doctors for 'playing god' in the 20th century.
	www.questionz.net /History_of_medicine.html (1010 words)

	Center on Islam, Democracy and the Future of the Muslim World
		American Muslims, then, are forced to answer this question not only as U.S. citizens seeking to define their place in that society, but also as members of a worldwide Muslim community for whom this debate is charged and divisive.
		My Muslim friends and acquaintances often say this is a burden they would prefer to be without, seeking in America, as they do, like many immigrants before them, a more secure and comfortable life rather than a religious mission or conflict.
		Due to intimidation and the greater public standing of the "official" Muslim organizations, which are unsympathetic to the reformers' efforts, their voices have had to struggle to be heard and lack public validation.
	www.futureofmuslimworld.com /research/pubID.16/pub_detail.asp (5752 words)

	CONCEPT OF ISLAMIC MEDICINE
		The scope of tibb nabawi is not inclusive of all branches of medicine.
		Muslims have no major problems with the science and technology of modern medicine because these are based on empirical research and are an intellectual heritage of all humanity including major contributions by Muslims in the past and in the present.
		The golden era of Muslim medicine during the early abassid period was due to a combination of translated Greek medical knowledge with the addition of empirical observations by Muslims.
	www.e-imj.com /Vol4-No1/Vol4-No1-H2.htm (9832 words)

	Avicenna
		He is considered "The Father of modern medicine" and is one of the greatest physicians of all time.
		He turned to medicine at the age of 17 and described it in his own words as "not difficult".
		Along with Rhazes, Ibn Nafis, Al-Zahra[?] and Al-Ibadi[?], he is considered an important compiler of Early Muslim medicine.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ib/Ibn_Sina.html (2557 words)

	A Look at Preventive Medicine
		Muslims such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna) were early pioneers in this field and laid the groundwork for generations of doctors to come with their detailed studies of the human body and its mysteries.
		Many references to health and medicine are made in the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammed (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and we should take of our physical selves just as well as we take care of our spiritual selves in order to remain healthy and worship properly.
		Had she consented to take the routine test to screen for it in her fourth month of pregnancy as is typically recommended, she could have used the remaining five months before the birth of her child to educate herself and prepare psychologically for this unusual situation.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/muslim_women_retired/44144/1 (423 words)

	Early Islamic philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Early Muslim philosophy is considered influential in the rise of modern philosophy.
		As the Sunnah became published and accepted, philosophy separate from Muslim theology was discouraged due to a lack of participants.
		Early Muslim medicine and Early Muslim sociology in particular benefited from the Mutazilite approach, but it led to very strong reaction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Early_Muslim_philosophy (620 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Discover 1000 Years of Missing History
		Savage-Smith is an internationally recognised authority on the History of Science, and is a key figure within a small band of historians that are spearheading the discovery of Muslim Heritage and its impact on the civilisation.
		Such was the impact of Muslim farming that the effects are still prevalent to this day.
		However, a number of very early and accurate maps exist which were made by Piri Reis based on material including the maps by Columbus and used by the Turkish navy.
	www.muslimheritage.com (1364 words)

	Medicine and Health
		Medicine and health care were perhaps the highest scientific achievement of the Muslims during the Middle Ages.
		Muslim scientists and scholars translated them into Arabic, tested, and built upon this knowledge with their own research and discoveries.
		Ibn Sina's portrait is in the hall of the Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris.
	www.sfusd.k12.ca.us /schwww/sch618/Medicine/Medicine_and_Health.html (2340 words)

	Islamic medicine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Islamic medicine is the profession of Muslim doctors and one of the fields of study in Islamic science.
		Of all the branches of Islamic medicine, ophthalmology was certainly the foremost.
		As with everybody else, Muslim physicians surgeons and pharmacologists engage in the study and practice of the many disciplines of medicine throughout the universities and medical centers of the world, and thus contribute to the collective advancement of these sciences, especially by those innovating new techniques and engaging in original research.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Early_Muslim_medicine (694 words)

	Caesarean Section
		As an example, it is a generally held view in the West that surgical advancement was discouraged by great Muslim physicians like Ibn Sina because, in his Al-Qanon he did not emphasise surgical procedures.
		Unfortunately worthwhile literature of the early Islamic period is scanty and scattered or else is in the wrong hands.
		On the contrary, the Muslims in the Middle ages were the first to write about it in text and poetry and to illustrate the operation in pictures.
	www.ummah.net /history/scholars/c_section (1202 words)

	New Page 3
		Zahira Abdin is an outstanding example of the modern Muslim woman whose career speaks of a life time of public and altruistic service, where talent,time, and energy were lavished on the sick, the poor and the needy.
		She is the recipient of the honorary doctorate of medicine from the University of Edinburgh, Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians UK, and the Mother of Doctors (Egypt).
		Muslim women studies is a new interdisciplinary field that comes to the academic scene with a vision and a sense of mission.
	www.muslimwomenstudies.com /panorama1.htm (389 words)

	Islam And Science
		While is true, it is over-simplified; most people, whether Muslim or non-Muslim, are unaware that western medicine would not be where it is today without numerous important contributions from Muslim medicine.
		Muslims generally agree that the Abbasids were lax in their Islam (one ruler drowning in a pool of wine), but under them tolerance, science, and medicine flourished.
		A hospital carried on camels in a caravan, food, water, medicines, operating and isolation rooms, and a crew of doctors, nurses, attendants, officers, and servants.
	www.muslimhope.com /IslamAndMedicine.htm (2643 words)

	DefenseLINK News: Muslim Troops Highlight Nation's Diversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Before dining, the Muslim troops turned toward Mecca, the Muslim holy city in Saudi Arabia, and chanted prayers led by Army Muslim Chaplain (Capt.) Mohammed Khan of the 519th Military Intelligence Battalion, Fort Bragg, N.C. Khan also led prayers during the first Iftar at the Pentagon.
		"Muslim troops are a minority, but they are a part of the military," he said.
		After Muslim service members said prayers and broke their day's fast with water and dates, Clark expressed his appreciation for their contribution to the nation's defense.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Jan1999/n01261999_9901261.html (1078 words)

	Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At first the great physicians among Muslims were mostly Christian but by the 9th century Islamic medicine, properly speaking, was born with the appearance of the major compendium, The Paradise of Wisdom (Firdaws al-hikmah) by 'Ali ibn Rabban al-Tabari, who synthesized the Hippocratic and Galemic traditions of medicine with those of India and Persia.
		Islamic medicine continued in Persia and the other eastern lands of the Islamic world under the influence of Ibn Sina with the appearance of major Persian medical compendia such as the Treasury of Sharaf al-Din al-Jurjani and the commentaries upon the Canon by Fakhr al-Din al-Razi and Qutb al Din al-Shirazi.
		Islamic medicine combined the use of drugs for medical purposes with dietary considerations and a whole lifestyle derived from the teachings of Islam to create a synthesis which has not died out to this day despite the introduction of modern medicine into most of the Islamic world.
	www.iad.org /islam/medicine.html (956 words)

	islam-usa.com
		Muslims raised the dignity of the medical profession from that of a menial calling to the rank of one of the learned professions.
		Islamic medicine has been nurtured by Muslims in the light of the Quranic edicts and Prophetic directions which led the scholars of mysticism and spiritualism to the determination between the Nature and the bodies and between the material and the spiritual worlds.
		The Muslim researchers an students who are the inhabitants of European and American countries and especially of medical universities and college are becoming more self-conscious about their Islamic perspective, this trend is likely to continue.
	www.islam-usa.com /im2.html (1639 words)

	Paediatric Urology 1000 Years Ago
		Consisting of 30 volumes it is an encyclopaedia of medicine and surgery [2,9, 11, 18].
		In these books the supreme abilities of the authors as clinicians and their role in the creation of clinical medicine are shown by: the presentation of the various pathological conditions usually starting with the complaint then describing the origin of the disease and enumerating the accurate signs necessary for diagnosis.
		Dickinson EH (1875) The medicine of the ancients.
	www.muslimtents.com /historyofmedicine/paediatricurology.htm (2951 words)

	PBS Online: Beyond the Veil - Early Islamic Scholarship
		Indeed, the quick expansion of Islamic civilization in its early years owed much to the excellence of its physicians, architects, and practitioners of the "exact sciences"- mathematics, astronomy, and physics.
		Much of the genius of the early Muslim intellectuals was grounded in their eagerness to understand and integrate the research already carried out in these disparate societies.
		Early Islamic mathematicians wedded Greek geometry with the greatly superior Hindu numeric system (which we use today), and with these powerful tools developed a new type of math: algebra.
	www.internews.org /visavis/BTVPages/Early_Islamic_Scholarship.html (878 words)

	Ibn Nafis
		It was not uncommon for early Muslim medicine to be re-invented in Western Europe, or for ambitious Europeans to discover Muslim ideas and publish them as their own.
		It was also not uncommon for Europeans to simply not know of, or to disbelieve, Muslim discoveries, despite the fact that Rhazes, Avicenna, Al-Zahra[?] and Al-Ibadi[?] were well known.
		See also: circulatory system, History of medicine, Early Muslim medicine.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ib/Ibn_Nafis.html (93 words)

	Family Planning and Islam: A Review
		Muslim jurists do not speak with one voice on the question of birth prevention, on it's lawfulness, on conditions for practice and on methods that may be used.
		According to Muslim scholars, it is lawful to have an abortion during the first 120 days, but after the stage of ensoulment, abortion is prohibited completely except where it is imperative to save the mother's life.
		The good of the Muslims then required that there should be a call for the multiplication of their numbers, in order that they might be able at the time to fulfil their responsibilities in defending the mission of Islam and protecting the true religion of Allah against the power and multitudinous adversaries threatening it.
	www.muslim-canada.org /family.htm (3056 words)

	The Islamic contribution to Western development - 1
		Christian Spain recognized the superiority of the Muslims, and as a result, around 830 AD, Alphonse the Great, king of the Asturias, had sent for two Muslim scholars to act as tutors to his son and heir.
		In the field of geography, the Muslim contribution was enormous.
		Their passion for travel is one of the striking traits of the Muslim scholars, and one of those which helped them to make their deepest mark on the history of civilization.
	www.muslim.org /guyana/islam-c.htm (1279 words)

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		In this paper we review some of the medical texts written by Muslim scholars during the period from the ninth to the fourteenth century and present evidence that anaesthesia monitoring and resuscitation were practised by Muslim scientists more than 1000 years ago.
		An introduction to the history of medicine from the time of the pharoahs to the end of the XVIII century.
		Arabian medicine and its influence on the middle ages Ist edn (reprint).
	www.muslimtents.com /historyofmedicine/anesthesia2.htm (1414 words)

	Islamic Medical Manuscripts, Chemical Medicine 1
		The concept of 'chemical medicine' was introduced to the Ottoman court of the seventeenth century through the writings of a court physician, a Syrian named
		Ibn Sallūm's treatises not only reflected the new 'chemical medicine' but also described for the first time in Arabic a number of 'new' diseases, such as scurvy, anemia, chlorosis, the English sweat (a type of influenza), and plica polonica (an East European epidemic of matted and crusted hair caused by infestation with lice).
		The first group of manuscripts state in the introduction that the treatise is divided into four maqalat, or chapters, the first of which is concerned with the basic principles of medicine, while the second chapter is in two parts concerned with material medica and with compound remedies.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/arabic/chemical_medicine1.html (749 words)

	Wikinfo \| Isnad
		Isnad was influential in the development of disciplined scientific citation as early Muslim philosophy developed and applied Muslim disciplines like isnad and ijtihad and ijma to the natural world.
		Some claim this resulted in the breakthroughs in early Muslim medicine and the Mutazilite school of scientists.
		However, the capacity to cite prior authority so reliably was probably also influential in the rise of the Asharite school, which led to the classical fiqh and taqlid "blind imitation" of prior jurists, and ultimately limited Muslim sciences.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Isnad (527 words)

	Islamset - Medical Philosophy in Islam:FOREWORD
		The concept of Islamic medicine is now openly discussed and debated and Muslim physicians are now proudly professing their loyalty to Islamic medicine.
		They are justifiably proud of the outstanding contributions made by the early Muslim scientists in such fields as medicine, astronomy, mathematics and optics, etc., contributions, which for centuries have been suppressed and indeed plagiarised by western scientists.
		Finally he discusses how the Muslim scientist received the knowledge from contemporary civilizations of the time - Persian, Greek and Indian -and critically analyzed it, improved upon it by observation and research and applied it within the framework of the Islamic belief-system.
	www.islamset.com /heritage/philos/Foreword.html (429 words)

	Muslims and Islam
		Muslims believe that Jesus was a Prophet of God but not the Son of God.
		Muslim nations have not responded to the attack as the terrorists planned.
		Instead of uniting Muslims against non-Muslims, the terrorists have united Muslims with non-Muslims to destroy the abomination of terrorism.
	www.awesomelibrary.org /Muslims.html (1669 words)

	British Muslims, Britain and the global Ummah
		According to Muslim commentators, even the slaves captured from the coast by some Muslim pirates based in north Africa at the time were a disappointment: they were "too fair and not used to the sun, too laid-back, lazy, not inclined to hard physical work and not good at words or making conversation."
		The Muslim Manifesto and the Muslim Parliament were efforts to tackle a complex matter in a comprehensive and revolutionary manner.
		We need to establish a framework for Muslim identity development in Britain to serve as a basis for creating and shaping well-adjusted, well-rounded individual Muslims who have a firm grip on reality and a heightened sense of responsibility to both the Muslim community and to society at large.
	www.muslimedia.com /ARCHIVES/features00/fuad-brit.htm (2408 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Ibn Sina Avicenna
		On the birth of Ibn Sina's younger brother the family migrated to Bokhara, then one of the chief cities of the Muslim world, and famous for a culture which was older than its conquest by the Saracens.
		Ibn Sina was put under the charge of a tutor, and his precocity soon made him the marvel of his neighbors; he displayed exceptional intellectual behavior and was a child prodigy who had memorized the Qur'an by the age of 10 and a great deal of Arabic poetry as well.
		Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, andc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).
	www.afghanland.com /history/ibnsina.html (2436 words)

	Muslim Legacy in Early Americas - W. Africans, Moors and Amerindians
		While it is true that there have been a number of Muslim writers such as Clyde-Ahmad Winters who have sought to enlighten folks to that fact, it is perhaps more significant that "non-Muslims" have conceded such evidence of pre and post-Colombian Muslims on this continent.
		Although German art historian and collector Alexander Von Wuthenau argues that the ancient and early Americas were filled with an international melange of peoples from Africa, Asia and Europe, his artifactual evidence reveals that Islamic peoples were clearly a prominent group within it.
		The famed Ibn Battuta spoke of the Marabouts in his renowned "Travels." The antiquity of such a "Moorish" (African) presence in the Americas is hereby seen to be quite early when one considers the significance of all the evidence presented here-to-for.
	www.cyberistan.org /islamic/africanm.htm (1011 words)

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