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Topic: Early Swedish Kingdoms

	Early Swedish History - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As early as the reign of Louis I of France (Louis the Pious) in the first half of the 9th century, we hear of Varangians arriving in Constantinople and of piratical expeditions on the Black Sea and on the Caspian Sea.
		A minority view disputes the Swedish origins of at least part of the early Rus, hypothesizing that the princes invited by the population of Ladoga stemmed from the royal house of Haithabu.
		Finally, on his death in 1470, the three kingdoms were reunited under Christian II of Denmark, the prelates and higher nobility of Sweden being favourable to the union, though the great majority of the Swedish people always detested it as a foreign usurpation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Early_Swedish_History (2713 words)

	Early Swedish Kingdoms
		The fact that many of the names which occur in Russian chronicles seem to be peculiarly Swedish suggests that Sweden was the home of the settlers, and the best authorities consider that the original Scandinavian conquerors were Swedes who had settled on the east coast of the Baltic.
		In the year 1000, when the Norwegian king was in Pomerania, a coalition was formed between the king of Sweden, Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark, and earl Eric of Lade, and the allies way laid their enemy off the coast near Rügen and overthrew him in the great sea-battle of Svolder.
		Anund Jacob of Sweden, now sole king, early in his reign allied himself with Olaf II of Norway against Canute II of Denmark, who had demanded the restitution of the rights possessed by his father King Anund, Sweyn in Norway.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/early_swedish_kingdoms (2036 words)

	Early Swedish Kingdoms -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The politics of these early kingdoms are retold in (The legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century; he slays a monster and becomes king but dies fighting a dragon) Beowulf and the (additional info and facts about Icelandic sagas) Icelandic sagas.
		One of the most powerful petty kings was the Swedish king, the king of the Sweon ((The extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350) Old Norse Svíar), who ruled Sweoland.
		In 1014, the year of Earl Eric's departure to (A division of the United Kingdom) England with Canute, (additional info and facts about Olaf Haraldsson) Olaf Haraldsson, returning to Norway as king, put an end to the Swedish and Danish supremacy, and in 1015 he forced Earl Sweyn to leave the country.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ea/early_swedish_kingdoms.htm (2021 words)

	History of Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The union's final disintegration in the early 16th century brought on a long-lived rivalry between Denmark on one side and Sweden on the other.
		Although the young Swedish King Charles XII won spectacular victories in the early years of the Great Northern War, his plan to attack Moscow and force Russia into peace proved too ambitious; he was shot during the siege of Frederiksten fortress in Norway in 1718.
		In the treaty of Kiel, the king of Denmark-Norway ceded Norway to the Swedish king.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/h/hi/history_of_sweden.html (855 words)

	NORWAY - LoveToKnow Article on NORWAY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Swedish viceroy at the time, Count Sandels, had tried to convin.ce him that his prejudice against the celebration of the 17th of May was groundless, and for some years the king had made no objection to the celebration.
		By a change in the Swedish constitution in 1885 the ministerial council, in which diplomatic matters are discussed, came to consist of the Swedish foreign minister and two othei The members of the cabinet on behalf of Sweden, antI ~f Norwegian claim, the Norwegian minister at Stockholm on behalf of Norway.
		In January 1902, on the initiative of the Swedish foreign minister, another committee, consisting of an equal number of leading Norwegians and Swedes, was appointed by The the king to tnvestigate the consular question.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NO/NORWAY.htm (20439 words)

	Language and Culture in Sweden (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The nation has its roots in the different kingdoms of the Viking Age, and is said to have been created when the king of the Svenonians ("Svearna") assumed kingship over Goths ("Götarna") as well in early middle ages.
		Swedish is a Germanic language, very closely related to Danish and Norwegian (most Swedes can understand Danish and Norwegian), and somewhat less close to Icelandic, German, Dutch and English.
		Swedish women have one of the highest fertility rates in the industrialized world, giving birth to 1.97 child each, and the highest rate of breast feeding.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq724.html (2934 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Members of a kingdom share general characters; members of a species share quite specific characters (in the most common scheme, structural characteristics are utilized).
		Members of old Kingdom Monera lack a true nucleus, are unicellular, obtain organic molecules by absorption or photosynthesis, and reproduce asexually; includes bacteria and cyanobacteria.
		Members of the kingdom Animalia are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that obtain their organic molecules by ingestion, are generally motile, and reproduce asexually and sexually; includes animals.
	www.stcsc.edu /genbio/102StudyGuide.doc (14405 words)

	Encyclopedia: Lands of Sweden
		As such, the Österland (=medievally inhabited parts of Finland) was the third kingdom and the thord part of the realm.
		The town of Stockholm, which became the Swedish capital mostly because it was centrally located vis-a-vis to Finnish provinces, is geographically located in the east and south of Sweden, but in the Swedish mindset this is rather more perceived as middle Sweden.
		The historical provinces (Finnish: maakunta, Swedish: landskap) of Finland is a legacy of the countrys joint history with Sweden.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lands-of-Sweden (693 words)

	Swedish strife
		Scandinavia in the Middle Ages consisted of three kingdoms, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, all of which were converted from paganism to western Latin Catholic Christianity in the decades before and after the year 1000.
		On the other hand, beginning early in the last quarter of the Nineteenth Century and gathering speed for nearly fifty years Sweden experienced a catastrophic decline in church attendance and religious practice that was to end with regular churchgoers numbering rather less than 10% of the population.
		To deny the validity of some Swedish Church ordinations (i.e., those of women), or even to express doubts about them, suffices to bar a candidate from ordination; as the “official line” goes, such people must be excluded from ordination because their denials “exclude” those women who have been ordained.
	kalin.nu /tighe.htm (4735 words)

	Viking City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		According to a chronicle written in the 12th century, the Swedish vikings were the founders of Russia.
		She was the daughter of the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung in Sigtuna.
		Swedish Vikings among the prince's followers (druzina) played important roles as traders and warriors.
	www.eccentrix.com /members/figge33/inkeri/viking.htm (2411 words)

	chat_voice
		By the early 11th century Baghdad was ruined, impoverished, and convulsed by feuds between partisans of the Shiite Buyids and the Sunni caliphs.
		G British Mandate Early in the war, in order to ensure the interest of the Arabs in a military uprising against the Turks, the British government had promised a group of Arab leaders that their people would receive independence if a revolt proved successful.
		Egypt was invaded by Israel, the United Kingdom, and France; on November 1-2, Iraqi and Syrian troops occupied positions in Jordan in accordance with terms of a mutual-defence agreement.
	www.geocities.com /ahmad_mudhar/chat_voice.html (10223 words)

	RPG Encyclopedia Entries: Swedish
		A Swedish-language historical fantasy RPG set in the Saxon kingdom of Västmark in the year 1192.
		It is Christian but non-denominational, intended to let the players deal with complex moral problems and serves as a basis for teaching a Christian way of life.
		Part II ("Quo Vadis?") is set in the early Roman times of the Christian church.
	www.darkshire.net /~jhkim/rpg/encyclopedia/bylanguage/Swedish.html (1262 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Battle of Breitenfeld and the Swedish Triumph
		During the early phases of the Swedish invasion, Tilly had remained inactive in western Germany, awaiting the return of the Imperial forces detached to Italy.
		The arrival of the Swedish “liberator” presented the Protestant princes with a conundrum.
		A daring Swedish cavalry raid captured all of the Imperial artillery, which was turned against its owners.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/Breitenfeld_Phase.htm (1390 words)

	Alexian Brothers Health System - Mission and Spiritual Services
		Numerous tribes and kingdoms populated Sweden for many years, and when one of those tribes, the Suiones, conquered the Goths around 1000, the first Swedish state was born.
		In 1846, Swedish immigrants established a commune in Bishop Hill, 160 miles west of Chicago, where for sixteen years they worked together to farm 12,000 acres of land and manufacture wagons and carriages, living communally, taking their meals together, and sharing their profits.
		The predominant language is Swedish, an east Scandinavian branch of the Germanic languages.
	www.alexianhealthsystem.org /mission/culture/swedish.html (583 words)

	A History of Europe, Chapter 7
		The kingdoms of Christendom were now surrounded by enemies on all sides, and the continent was subjected to the worst raids since the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
		The exceptions being the British Isles, the Breton peninsula, the Kingdom of Asturias in northwest Spain and the Lombard principality of Benevento in south Italy.
		Vinland's identity was clinched in the early 1960s by the discovery of the remains of an ancient longhouse at L'Anse Aux Meadows, on the northern tip of Newfoundland.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /europe/eu07.html (18351 words)

	3WACRA2001
		That Canute the Great, sovereign of the united kingdoms of England and Denmark, should single out this site in southern Sweden for what was later to become the religious, political, cultural and commercial centre for all of Scandinavia, was a triple tribute indeed...
		The early Bergensers understood the importance of this site, as did the merchants of the Hanseatic League who, for several centuries, had one of their largest commercial centers in Bergen.
		Early registration is required for this optional journey.
	www.agecon.uga.edu /~wacra/3WACRA01.htm (860 words)

	Early Medieval History
		Early Christian communes offered some social security and self-help system for its members, very important for poorer people, when the economy of the Empire was in decline.
		Early post-barbarian society with rulers that were chieftains of tribes (with powerful clans and tribal meeting that might control the ruler, where most of the warriors and clans were more or less equal) evolved into mature feudal society with hierarchic, pyramid-like structure.
		Territory of early Russia was more or less: today’s Belorusia, Northern Ukraine, lands around the city of Novgorod (close to lakes Ilmen and Ladoga) and some lands east from them close to the river Volga.
	www.geocities.com /historymech/rew1medieval.html (9385 words)

	Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project – Bibliography
		Bernard, P. “The Greek kingdoms of Central Asia.” In János Harmatta, ed., History of civilizations of Central Asia, volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. Paris: UNESCO Publishing: 99–129.
		Litvinsky, B. “Cities and urban life in the Kushan kingdom.” In János Harmatta, ed., History of civilizations of Central Asia, volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. Paris: UNESCO Publishing: 291–312.
		Early sculpture of Kashmir : (before the middle of the eig[h]th century A.D.) : an approach to art history and epigraphy of the Jhelum Valley and its peripheral regions.
	depts.washington.edu /ebmp/bibliography.php (10328 words)

	History and Origins of the Swedes and Sweden
		Finnish peoples referred to the Swedish voyagers as Ruotsi, Rotsi or Rus in contrast with Slavic peoples, which was derived from the name of the Swedish maritime district in Uppland, called "Roslagen", and its inhabitants, known as "Rodskarlar".
		Those Swedish conquerors settled in eastern Europe, adopted the names of local tribes, integrated with the Slavs, and eventually the word "Rusi", "Rhos" or "Rus" came to refer to the inhabitants.
		Since the dissolution of the union with Denmark and Norway, Swedish foreign policy had aimed at gaining domination of the Baltic Sea, and this led from 1560 onwards to repeated territorial battles with Denmark and Norway.
	www.osterholm.info /swedes.html (5947 words)

	Zmart news and information from Indonesia at Indonesian Swedish Checkpoint (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		From the first century AD until the 16th Indonesia was comprised of various Hindu kingdoms among which the Majapahit Empire became the most powerful.
		Sumatra was then known as the "island of gold," and Java as the "island of rice." Muslim traders began arriving in the 13th century, and Islam spread peacefully through the islands.
		In the early 16th century the Hindu kingdom of Mataram converted to Islam.
	hem.bolina.hsb.se /zmart-hansson/zmart-indo.htm (1372 words)

	Lectures on Early Medieval Europe
		Western Christendom initially emerged from the divided and warring tribal kingdoms which had taken over the Roman Empire in the west in the late 400s A.D. The Germanic Successor Kingdoms: In the Early Middle Ages (A.D. 500-800) the nomadic Germanic tribes founded kingdoms in Italy, Gaul (France), Spain, and Britain.
		Early castles were mostly wooden stockades, later they developed into heavy stone-walled frotifications.
		In the early days, the Caliphate was not very complex, but now that the Islamic domains were an empire, the position of Caliph had to undergo revision.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/265notes.html (11678 words)

	Himalayan Kingdoms - Destinations
		Between mid-May and early August, twilight remains through the night in southern Norway, but north of the artic circle, Norwegians are treated to perpetual daylight for weeks in summer.
		During the early 19th century, Norway tried to re-establish its own sovereignty and in 1815, Sweden conceded an independent Norway in union with Sweden.
		This union scheme was never popular and in 1905 the Norwegian Storting pronounced the union over; the Swedish king was forced to abdicate and re-instate a Norwegian constitutional monarch, with Haakon VII on the throne.
	www.himalayankingdoms.com /destinationinfo.ihtml?destid=31 (1484 words)

	Welcome to Empires-Earth!
		Although initial scouting had occurred as early as the 1930's, Empires Earth was first formally contacted by the ITA in 1952.
		The Congress is also in the midst of talks with Jane Grey Earth on the establishment of a sea Gridney from the Bay of Biscay on Jane Grey Earth to the Skagerrak strait between the Danish and Swedish kingdoms of Empires.
		The restored Russian empire and the Kingdom of Ukraine qualify as marginal constitutional monarchies, as they are still in the process of emerging from the absolute monarchy that prevailed until 1999.
	www.ahtg.net /empguide.html (1731 words)

	RPGnet: The Inside Scoop on Gaming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Kingdoms is a highly abstract tile-placing game by master game designer Reiner Knizia.
		The story of Kingdoms starts as early as 1994, when a German version of the game was published as Auf Heller und Pfennig.
		The game board and tiles are adorned only by pictures or numbers, whereas the manual (found here as a PDF file) is written in 7 languages: English, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, German, French and Italian.
	www.rpg.net /news+reviews/reviews/rev_7274.html (1184 words)

	General information about Sweden.
		While the Danes and the Norwegians usually conquered and colonized, the Swedes traded (although they were well armed and certainly knew how to fight) and didn't seek to establish kingdoms and colonies.
		The Swedish Vikings even travelled as far as Jerusalem (or Jorsalir as they called it), the Caspian sea, and Baghdad (they called it Särkland).
		In any event, there are Swedish names involved in the earliest peace treaties which are quoted in their entirety in the Nestor chronicle.
	www.luth.se /luth/present/sweden/history/viking_age/Viking_age4.html (2459 words)

	GERMANIA: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Vikings, Orkney, etc.
		The diagram illustrates the fate of the kingdoms, two overthrown by the Franks, two by Romania, and one by Islâm.
		The Kingdom of the Burgundians remained a unit in the many divisions of the Merovingian and Carolingian domains, until independent kingdoms resulted in the 880's.
		The peninsula was fragmented into the main Lombard kingdom in the north (Lombardy), a Roman salient from Rome to Ravenna and Venice, a couple of semi-independent Lombard duchies in the south (Spoleto and Benevento), and Roman footholds in the south at Naples, Sicily, and other points.
	www.friesian.com /germania.htm (6301 words)

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