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Topic: Early Arabic chess literature

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	Chess Guide > History
		The earliest evidence for chess is the middle-Persian epic Karnamak-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan which mentioned the hero as being skilled at chess (more details at Chess in early literature), this work is dated with some reserve at 600 CE, the work could be as early as 260 CE and as late as 1000 CE.
		Even as early as the tenth century Zakaria Yahya commented on the chess myths, "It is said to have been played by Aristotle, by Yafet Ibn Nuh (Japhet son of Noah), by Sam ben Nuh (Shem), by Solomon for the loss of his son, and even by Adam when he grieved for Abel".
		In one case the invention of chess was attributed to Moses (by the rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra 1130 CE).
	www.chess.freegames.eu.com /history/index.html (383 words)

	Chess (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Chess (from the Persian word Shah) is a board game for two players played on a square board divided into eight rows (or ranks) and eight columns (or files) of 64 individual squares which alternate in color orthogonally (traditionally as white and fl, though other colours are sometimes used).
		Chess is not a game of chance; it is based solely on tactics and strategy, and for this reason, it is sometimes known by the soubriquet the "Game of Kings".
		Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a "mental martial art", and teaching chess has been advocated as a way to increase mental prowess.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/c/ch/chess_1.html (1300 words)

	Origin of Chess - Origin of Life and Thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The earliest mention of chess appears in the Indian classic, the Mahabharata, written circa 2,000 BC, where it was called Chaturanga.
		As a matter of fact, the Arabic, Persian, Greek and Spanish words for chess, are all derived from the Sanskrit Chaturanga.
		Another theory exists that chess arose from the similar game of Chinese chess, or at least a predecessor, thereof, existing in China since the 2nd century B.C. Joseph Needham and David H. Li are two of many scholars who have favored this theory.
	www.0rig.in /origin_of_chess.htm (1591 words)

	Chess - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Chess is one of the world's most popular games; it has been described not only as a game, but also as an art, science, and sport.
		Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a "mental martial art", and teaching chess has been advocated as a way of enhancing mental prowess.
		Early on, the pieces in European chess had limited movement; bishops could only move by jumping exactly two spaces diagonally, the queen could move only one space diagonally, pawns could not move two spaces on their first move, and there was no castling.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Chess (1736 words)

	Chess - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A chess table is a table with a chessboard painted or engraved on it.
		Chess openings are a sequence of moves, often memorized, which will help a player build up their position and prepare for the middlegame.
		Chess variants are forms of chess where the game is played with a different board, special fairy pieces or different rules.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chess (3078 words)

	Chess
		Chess is a two-player strategy board game of pure skill and one of the deepest and most complex games commonly played.
		Chess is played both recreationally and competitively in clubs[?], tournaments, on-line, and by mail (correspondence chess).
		In May 2002, several leaders in the chess world met in Prague and signed a unity agreement which should ensure the crowning of an undisputed world champion by 2003, and restore the traditional cycle of qualifying matches by 2005.
	www.fastload.org /ch/Chess.html (932 words)

	Chessays - Calvo - Chess History: Some Facts to Think About
		There are no chess men there from early times, and only in the 10th century appears an indirect mention from al-Masudi: "The use of ivory (in India) is mainly directed to the carving of chess- and nard pieces".
		Chess was only a part of this knowledge, packaged together with earlier mathematical, astronomical, philosophical or medical achievements.
		The roots of several chess terms may go further to India, but the fact is that the Sanscrit word "Chaturanga" means only "army", and it is unclear whether it refered to our chess, to a possible form of "protochess" with four players, or to some strategical exercise with pieces over a board with military purposes.
	www.goddesschess.com /chessays/calvofacts.html (913 words)

	ORIGINS OF CHESS
		Chess was probalby introduced to China by Buddhists who traveled from India to further their religion or escape persecution.
		In Chinese chess, the pieces are placed on the intersections of the lines rather than on the squares and a celestial river, akin to no man'sland, was added between halves on the 9 x10 board.
		By 1093 chess was condemned by the eastern orthodox church.
	community.netidea.com /smartbar/origins_of_chess.htm (1496 words)

	Dreams Machine > The Immaterial World - Chess Guide
		Chess (the "Game of Kings") is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64 squares.
		Chess is one of humanity's more popular games; it is has been described not only as a game, but also as both art and science.
		Chess is played both recreationally and competitively in clubs, tournaments, on-line, and by mail (correspondence chess).
	www.sfetcu.com /modules.php?name=Chess_Guide-MM (1192 words)

	Ancient Gnosis and Chess Evolution
		Among the purposes of chess and similar games is the creation of an abstract frame of reference useful in subliminating instinctive impulses such as fighting, hunting, or running, while minimizing the risk of physical danger through the practice of a competitive activity.
		Written references develop through Arabic literature dating from the 8th through to the 16th century C.E. The original texts, written first on parchment and later on paper, were transcribed in subsequent copies, and many of them have survived unto the present day.
		No chess men appear in India whose dates can be attributed to earlier times, and only in the 10th century do we find indirect mention being made of them through the text of al-Masudi: "The use of ivory (in India) is mainly directed to the carving of chess and nard pieces".
	www.goddesschess.com /chessays/gnosticricardo.html (3742 words)

	History of Chess
		Chess migrated to Persia (Iran) during the reigns of King Chosroe-I Annshiravan (531-579) as described in a Persian book of this period.
		Chess arrived in Germany around the 11th century, with the earliest reference to Chess being made by a monk ‘Froumund von Tegermsee’.
		Chess is not a solitary exercise, like solving a crossword puzzle, but a battle between two individuals, a struggle of mind and will.
	www.chess-poster.com /english/chesmayne/history_of_chess.htm (2019 words)

	Chess article - Chess Persian Shah board game square pawns knights bishops rooks queen - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Chess (from the Persian word Shah) is a board game for two players played on a square board divided into eight rows (or ranks) and eight columns (or files) creating 64 individual squares which alternate in color orthogonally (traditionally as white and fl although other colours are sometimes used).
		Chess is not a game of chance; it is based solely on tactics and strategy, and for this reason, it is sometimes known by the sobriquet the "Game of Kings".
		A chess variant is any game derived from or related to chess.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Chess (1446 words)

	Chess History
		Chess was introduced to the western world by the Moslems who conquered the lands from India and Persia to the East, and Spain to the West.
		Byzantine chess, Zatrikion played on a round board, but the chessmen and their moves are similar to Arabic style of the same period After the introduction of chess to Europe, there appeared many popular manuscripts of the game.
		Chess was, early on, introduced to many cultures each of which contributed greatly to the reform of the game.
	www.cafedemetrio.com /Demetrio_History/Chess_History/chess_history.html (1170 words)

	Chess
		Many variants of chess are being played throughout the world; amongst them, the most popular are Xiangqi (China) and Shogi (Japan), both of which come from the same historical stem as chess.
		In May 2002, several leaders in the chess world met in Prague and signed a unity agreement which intended to ensure the crowning of an undisputed world champion before the end of 2003, and restore the traditional cycle of qualifying matches by 2005.
		At one time, chess games were recorded using Descriptive chess notation, a somewhat clumsy notation that takes more space, more time to say, and more time to explain than its replacement, algebraic chess notation.
	usapedia.com /c/chess-1.html (1181 words)

	AlShindagah Online
		Chess was brought to European territory after the Moslems invaded the Iberian Peninsula and took control of Spain in the eight century.
		All of these modifications affected chess by speeding-up the game, and Europe was ready to become the prime advocate of chess for centuries to come.
		There is a sense of continuity and a sense of belonging to this wonderful tale of chess, from the time of its early dawn, through its historic voyage, to the present day.
	www.alshindagah.com /marapr2002/chess.html (1772 words)

	History of Chess at Chessgm.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Chess is known to be the history of medieval times in a miniature form; many countries claim to have invented the game of chess.
		In the early 19th century, the current rules were finalized except in the cases of a draw.
		Although chess is not considered as an Olympic sport, nevertheless it has its own Chess Olympiad, held every two years as a team event.
	www.chessgm.com /history_of_chess.html (330 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Chess (from the Persian word Shah) is a board game for two players played on a square board divided into eight rows (or ranks) and eight columns (or files) creating 64 individual squares which alternate in color orthogonally (traditionally as white and fl although other shades are sometimes used).
		The most commonly held belief is that Chess originated in India, having spawned from the game Chaturanga which appears to have been invented in the 6th century A.D. Chess eventually spread westward to Europe and eastward as far as Korea, spawning variants as it went.
		By the end of the 15th century, the modern rules for the basic moves had been adopted from Italy: pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move and the en passant capture therewith (see pawn for explanation), bishops acquired their modern move, and the queen was made the most powerful piece.
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Chess (1144 words)

	Sanarate, El Progreso, Guatemala.
		Games very similar to chess were known to exist in Indian, Arabic, Islamic, and Chinese cultures in the late seventh century, and though a common ancestry can't be confirmed, it's certainly a possibility.
		The introduction of chess to the European continent actually began with the Moorish (Islamic) conquest of Spain in the eighth century.
		At the time, chess was often played with dice (to determine which piece would be moved), a feature that commonly was associated with the "sinful" practice of gambling.
	www.sanarate.com /Deportes/chess/history.html (1273 words)

	[Chess Boards from Noble Games] - Hand made chess boards and chess table
		Chess is one of the most popular board games of all time.
		It is possible from Arabic sources to reconstruct substantial portions of treaties written as early as 850 A.D. These writings are now considered to be the oldest known chess books in existence.
		Noble chess pieces are uncompromising reproductions of the historic "Staunton-style" chessmen.
	www.finest1.com /games/chess.html (510 words)

	Mark Lowery's Exciting World of Chess - The Origin of Chess
		Chess has been shown to have appeared in India at a date no earlier than the sixth century AD, and Indian scholars themselves seem to believe that the actual date was considerably more recent than even that.
		The fact that Chinese chess also has a rook, a king, a pawn and a bishop, all of which occupy the same place on the board in the starting position and have the same movement and the same name as in the known medieval predecessor of western chess, is simply ignored.
		Chess also crossed from Persia to Ethiopia, where a little known form of the game, in which both sides move simultaneously and as quickly as possible, is still played.
	www.markalowery.net /Chess/Chess_origin.html (10746 words)

	sociology - Literature
		Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)").
		Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature", for example, on the grounds of a poor standard of grammar and syntax, of an unbelievable or disjointed story-line, or of inconsistent or unconvincing characters.
		Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", such as some of the works by Simon Blackburn; but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar as that of mathematics.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Literature (2463 words)

	Chess: Romance, Love and Sex - page 1
		She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the damsel was playing chess with the expert in presence of the Commander of the Faithful, Harun al-Rashid, whatever move he made was speedily countered by her, till she beat him and he found himself checkmated.
		A Game of Chess is played to distract the attention of an old woman, while her daughter-in-law is seduced by a lustful duke.
		In the middle ages, dice, chess, and afterwards tables, and cards, with other sedentary games of chance and skill, were reckoned among the female amusements; and the ladies also frequently joined with the men in such pastimes, as we find it expressly declared in the metrical romance of Ipomydom.
	sbchess.sinfree.net /chessex1.html (2611 words)

	Chess Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In Arabic it means "the shāh is dead", but shāh is not a usual Arabic word for "king" (except sometimes in chess).
		The eight queens puzzle is the problem of putting eight queens onto a chess board such that none of them are attacking each other.
		The king cannot be captured in regular chess, because if a king is under attack (known as check) then the player must move the king out of check.
	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/Chess (2884 words)

	Chess Guide > Arabic Literature
		At this point in the origins of chess the rules were those of Shatranj.
		During the golden age of Arabic, many works on chess were written, recording for the first time the analysis of opening games, chess problems, the knight's tour, and many more subjects common in modern chess books.
		There is a passage referring to chess in a work said to be by Hasan, a philosopher from Basra who died in 728 CE; however the attribution of authorship is dubious.
	www.chess.freegames.eu.com /history/early_literature/arabic.html (195 words)

	Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary; the term has, however, generally come to identify a collection of texts.
		The word "literature" spelled with a lower-case "l" can refer to any form of writing, such as essays; while "Literature" spelled with an upper-case "L" may refer to a whole body of literary work, world-wide or relating to a specific culture.
		Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature", for example, on the grounds of a poor standard of grammar and syntax, of an unbelievable or disjointed story-line, or of inconsistent or unconvincing characters.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/li/Literature.htm (2404 words)

	Chess; Iranian or Indian Invention? (CAIS)
		Chess is one of humanity's most popular games; it has been described not only as a game, but also as an art, science, and sport.
		Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract war-game; as a "mental martial art", and teaching chess has been advocated as a way of enhancing mental prowess.
		However, there are no chessmen there from early times in India, and only in the 10th century appears an indirect mention from al-Mas’udi: "The use of ivory (in India) is mainly directed to the carving of chess- and nard pieces".
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Sport/chess.htm (1874 words)

	Excerpt from Birth of the Chess Queen A History by Marilyn Yalom
		As the story goes, in the sixth century the raja of India sent the shah a chess set made of ivory and teak, telling him only that the game was "an emblem of the art of war," and challenging the shah's wise men to figure out the moves of the individual pieces.
		Arabic became the dominant language in many of these conquered lands, and some of the chess pieces took on Arabic names (al-fil for elephant, baidak for pawn, and firzan, firz, or ferz for the general or vizier), while others retained their Persian labels (shah for king, rukh for rook, asp for horse).
		The foregoing is excerpted from Birth of the Chess Queen by Marilyn Yalom.
	harpercollins.com /books/9780060090654/Birth_of_the_Chess_Queen/excerpt.aspx (1087 words)

	Chess Notes by Edward Winter
		Where chess does sustain such treatment it is liable to be at the hands of an outsider, such as V. Ulea, who, in 2002, somehow contrived to have the Southern Illinois University Press publish her 196-page book A Concept of Dramatic Genre and the Comedy of a New Type: Chess, Literature and Film.
		Chess was invented in India, and before Indian chronology was put on a sound basis, exaggerated ideas as to the age of chess were formed and these are still often repeated.
		By 1300 chess had acquired a literature of its own, had become the theme of poems, sermons and moralities, and was influencing the plot of romances.
	www.chesshistory.com /winter/winter07.html (4545 words)

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