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Topic: Early history of Switzerland

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History of Switzerland

Old Swiss Confederacy

Bishop of Sion

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Sion, Switzerland

Saint Maurice

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	Switzerland - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Switzerland is a federation of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, arguably putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics.
		Switzerland is not a member state of the EU but applied for membership therein in May 1992.
		Switzerland comprises three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps, the Swiss plateau, and the Jura mountains.The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/w/i/Switzerland.html (2919 words)

	History of Switzerland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Originally inhabited by the Helvetians, or Helvetic Celts, the territory comprising modern Switzerland came under Roman rule during the Gallic wars in the 1st century BC and remained a Roman province until the 4th century AD.
		After the decline of the Roman Empire, Switzerland was invaded by Germanic tribes from the north and west.
		Switzerland did not join the United Nations, even though Geneva became host to the UN's European headquarters, and the country played an active role in many of the UN's specialized agencies.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/switzerland.html (1200 words)

	Switzerland's History
		Switzerland is a small country situated in the heart of Central Europe and shares a lot of it's history and of it's culture (four national languages spoken in different regions) with it's neighbours Germany, France, Italy and Austria.
		Switzerland was officially accepted as an independent nation by its neighbours in the 1648 European peace treaty.
		Switzerland is a loose confederacy of 13 cities and small valley communities dominating the rest of the country.
	history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch /index.html (722 words)

	The Knights Templar \| Did The Templars Form Switzerland? \| templarhistory.com
		Switzerland is just to the east of France and would have been particularly easy for fleeing Templar brothers from the whole region of France to get to.
		In the history of the first Swiss Cantons there are tales of white coated knights mysteriously appearing and helping the locals to gain their independence against foreign domination.
		Even the Swiss don't really know the ins and outs of their earliest history (or suggest that they don't.) They are famous for being secretive and we don't have to tell interested readers that this is something they share absolutely with the Templars.
	www.templarhistory.com /switzerland.html (853 words)

	History of Switzerland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Thirty Years' War, Switzerland was a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" (Grimmelshausen) in war-torn Europe, mostly because all major powers in Europe were depending on Swiss mercenaries, and would not let Switzerland fall in the hands of one of their rivals.
		Switzerland was accused of violation of neutrality and prolongation of the war because of these transactions, with particular vigour by U.S. Senator Al D'Amato and attorney Edward Fagan.
		Switzerland is not a member state of the EU, but has been (together with Liechtenstein) surrounded by EU territory since the joining of Austria in 1995.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Switzerland (2268 words)

	The French Speaking Country of Switzerland
		Switzerland is east of France, north of Italy and south of Germany.
		Switzerland's climate is quite varied, due to it's central location in Europe, and the four major air currents that keeps the weather quite unpredictable, except the central plateau which is temperate.
		Switzerland is a republic with 23 cantons headed by a Federal Council.
	www.french-at-a-touch.com /Countries/Switzerland/switzerland.htm (588 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Zurich
		The prehistoric history of he city and its vicinity extends back to the Stone Age, the first and second Bronze Age, and the iron Age, as is proved by the discovery of numerous lake-swellings and remains of graves.
		In the early medieval period Zurich was ruled by the abbess of Fraumunster, the abbess being called "the great lady of Zurich".
		At the beginning of the sixteenth century it became the cradle and leading power of the Reformation in German Switzerland under the guidance of its pastor Huldreich Zwingli, who joined the Reformers; the city was also the main supporter of Zwinglianism (as opposed to Lutheranism and Calvinism).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15770b.htm (780 words)

	Switzerland
		Switzerland had recalled its French regiments in 1792 when the Swiss Guard was massacred in Paris, but they were disarray six years later, and only Bern resisted the invasion.
		Finally in 1889 the Federal Assembly ruled that Switzerland was keeping its white cross, but that it would be changed from the five equal squares to one in which the arms were one sixth longer than they were wide.
		Switzerland is embroiled in controversy over the commercial use of the flag, and confusion over its legal use.
	www.fotw.net /flags/ch.html (2547 words)

	Mueller Science - Specialities: Switzerland
		Switzerland enjoys a diverse and carefully designed political structure in which self-government, civil rights, and international involvement combine in a distinctive merger of respect for the past and a pioneering spirit.
		Early reports of travelling through Switzerland are around 1550 from the Germans Johannes Stumpf and Kaspar Brusch and the French Joachim du Bellay; later from the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne (1580/81) and the English Dandy Thomas Coryate (1611).
		Attracted by Switzerland too were the zoologist Carl Vogt, Richard Wagner, the composer Heinrich Götz, the philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Rudolf Eucken, the fathers of Frank Wedekind and Paul Klee, the mechanic Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel as well as the composer Lily Reiff-Sertorius and the poetesses Lou Andreas-Salomé and Ricarda Huch.
	www.muellerscience.com /ENGLISH/Switzerland.htm (12398 words)

	Switzerland (08/06)
		Switzerland is a federal state composed of 26 cantons (20 are "full" cantons and six "half" cantons for purposes of representation in the federal legislature) that retain attributes of sovereignty, such as fiscal autonomy and the right to manage internal cantonal affairs.
		Traditionally, Switzerland has avoided alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action, but in recent years the Swiss have broadened the scope of activities in which they feel able to participate without compromising their neutrality.
		Switzerland is an active participant in the OSCE, its foreign minister serving as Chairman-in-Office for 1996.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3431.htm (6573 words)

	Swiss Genealogy on the Internet : Swiss history
		3) Switzerland and its Cantons in 1995 (cf.
		Switzerland was spared from the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and from the development and wars of absolutist monarchies in Europe.
		Switzerland's attitude in W.W.II was a blend of tactical accommodation and demonstrative insistence on the country's readiness to defend itself.
	www.genealogienetz.de /reg/CH/history.html (4071 words)

	Switzerland
		Switzerland's sovereignty and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers, and the country was not involved in either of the two World Wars.
		Switzerland is a peaceful, prosperous, and stable modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP larger than that of the big Western European economies.
		As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted the use of referenda and a federal constitution in 1848, amending the latter extensively in 1874 and establishing federal responsibility for defence, trade, and legal matters.
	www.my-world-guide.com /country/225 (3203 words)

	History
		In Switzerland, these cross breedings eventually would have led to the development of the Saint Bernard and the two large Sennenhunde breeds, the Swissy and the Berner.
		And since the precedent to translate satisfactorily at least a part of the name existed already with the translation of the "Berner Sennenhund" into "Bernese Mountain Dog", it was reasonable to use this also for the Swissy.
		As a native German speaker from Switzerland, Brigitte has used the term "Great Swiss Mountain Dog" in all her own written and spoken communications since becoming a member of the GSMDCA in 1989.
	www.swissmountaindogs.com /history.htm (1378 words)

	Switzerland
		Their pact of mutual assistance is seen as the origin of the Swiss Confederation, and their struggles against the Habsburgs is idealised in the familiar legend of William Tell.
		Encouraged by early successes, the Swiss gradually acquired a taste for territorial expansion themselves and gained independence from the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in 1499.
		Nevertheless, the French Republic invaded Switzerland in 1798 and established the Helvetic Republic.
	www.wcie.net /switzerland.htm (402 words)

	_ history Luzern Lucerne Switzerland guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The early nineteenth-century quarrels in politics and religion led to civil war, with Luzern at the heart of the Catholic rebel Sonderbund– an association which, after Confederate forces had reasserted their control in 1847, led to Luzern being passed over for the choice of federal capital.
		The early nineteenth-century quarrels in politics and religion led to civil war, with Luzern at the heart of the Catholic rebel Sonderbund – an association which, after Confederate forces had reasserted their control in 1847, led to Luzern being passed over for the choice of federal capital.
		By this time, though, tourism to Switzerland had already begun, and with the cessation of hostilities Luzern became a focus for the increasing tide of foreign visitors, both for its own lakeside location, and as the gateway to the high Alps.
	www.switzerland.isyours.com /e/guide/lucerne/history.html (1165 words)

	History of Cookies
		History is not clear when people first began to make hardtack, but it’s quite probable that its history began in prehistory.
		During the early settlement of North America, the exploration of the continent, the American Revolution, and on through the American Civil War, armies were kept alive with hardtack.
		The oldest known springerle mold from Switzerland was carved from wood in the 14th century.
	whatscookingamerica.net /History/CookieHistory.htm (5566 words)

	History of Switzerland County Biographies
		Banta's early life was spent principally in clerking in stores at which he continued up to January 1, 1877, at which time he went upon the river as steersman and worked for three years.
		He early life was passed in a manner common with farmers' sons and in the district schools he obtained a limited education.
		STEPHEN HUMPHREY, one of the early settlers of this county, was born in Vermont in 1791.
	myindianahome.net /gen/switz/records/bios/schb.html (23359 words)

	Switzerland Rail Passes
		Experience and discover all the wonders of Switzerland including historic old cities, beautiful Lake Geneva, culture and history and of course the Alps with the world famous Matterhorn.
		Tops of Switzerland The Tops of Switzerland package offers 5 days of rail travel through the scenic trails of Switzerland and includes excursions to the world famous Jungfraujoch, and, to Mount Pilatus via the steepest railway in the world, plus four nights hotel accommodation in 3-star hotels.
		Pair the snowcapped mountains of Switzerland with Germany’s varied landscape of mountains, rivers and forest that inspired heavenly chocolate cake.
	www.myswitzerland.raileurope.com (980 words)

	Drug Policy Alliance: Switzerland
		Switzerland is comprised of 26 states (cantons), each with its own constitution, parliament, government and court system as provided by the Federal Constitution.
		The recent history of Switzerland’s drug policy began in the late the 1960s with the increase in psychoactive drug use.
		The report pointed out that marijuana cultivation in Switzerland had greatly increased during the 1990s and that most of the crop was destined for the illegal market rather than the legal one (e.g.
	www.lindesmith.org /global/drugpolicyby/westerneurop/switzerland (1336 words)

	FIFA.com The Official web site of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association
		Their early history reveals at least half a dozen different games, varying to different degrees and to which the historical development of football is related and has actually been traced back.
		One other possible theory regarding its origin is that when the aforementioned "mob football" was being played in the British Isles in the early centuries A.D., a very similar game was thriving in France, particularly in Normandy and Brittany.
		All these early styles were given a great boost when it was recognised in educational circles that football was not merely an excuse to indulge in a childish romp, but could actually be beneficial educationally.
	www.fifa.com /en/game/historygame.html (3360 words)

	PC(USA) - Presbyterian 101 - Presbyterian Church History
		Some 20 years later, a French/Swiss theologian, John Calvin, further refined the reformers' new way of thinking about the nature of God and God's relationship with humanity in what came to be known as Reformed theology.
		Other Presbyterian ministers, such as the Rev. Jonathan Edwards and the Rev. Gilbert Tennent, were driving forces in the so-called "Great Awakening," a revivalist movement in the early 18th century.
		One of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, the Rev. John Witherspoon, was a Presbyterian minister and the president of Princeton University from 1768-1793.
	www.pcusa.org /101/101-history.htm (457 words)

	Zionism and the Creation of Israel - Definition and Brief History
		When Zionism had its first beginnings, in the early 19th century, there were about 200,000 Arabs living in all of the land, mostly concentrated in the countryside of the West Bank and Galilee, and mostly lacking in national sentiment.
		Their history and all their past proves that it is impossible to live with them.
		It is undeniable that early Zionist leaders used the language and rhetoric of colonialism and established organizations with names like "The Jewish Colonial Trust." In part, this reflects the influence of the 19th century European cultural milieu, when colonialism was a perfectly acceptable concept.
	www.mideastweb.org /zionism.htm (11082 words)

	History of Switzerland: Primary Documents - EuroDocs
		Sources for the History of the Medieval [Germanic] Empire -- Early, High and Late Middle Ages.
		Documentary excerpts of Switzerland's relations with France during the time of the Revolution.
		Documentary excerpts from Switzerland during the First World War, including sources on the General Strike of 1918.
	eudocs.lib.byu.edu /index.php/History_of_Switzerland:_Primary_Documents (791 words)

	History, Historical Theology, Redemptive History, Chuch History, Christian History
		Sketches of Church History A.D. The charm of history and its enigmatic lesson consist in the fact that, from age to age, nothing changes and yet everything is completely different....
		History of Protestantism in Switzerland from A.D. 1516 to its Establishment at Zurich, 1525 by Rev. J.A. Wylie, LL.D. (.pdf)
		Dr. Lee explains both the history and the beliefs of the groups that were on the radical fringes of Christendom during and shortly after the Middle Ages.
	www.monergism.com /thethreshold/articles/topic/history.html (4063 words)

	Open Directory - Arts: Movies: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Cinema History - Chronicles the history of motion pictures and films from the silent era to the end of the 20th century.
		Classic Movies History Articles - A collection of articles from Classic Movies.org focused on historical events, such as the Hollywood Blacklist and the opening of the movies to African-American actors.
		Museu del Cinema - One of the few museums where you can journey through the 500 years of the history of images, seeing what were the predecessors and the origins of the cinema.
	dmoz.org /Arts/Movies/History (1016 words)

	History of Little Switzerland, North Carolina by Timberline Properties
		With breathtaking views around every corner, waterfalls, wildflowers, gem mines, unique lodging and dining and with many things still handcrafted and homemade, we're one of the last true escapes for relaxation, cool temperatures and clean mountain air.
		Little Switzerland received its name from early summer residents of the area who thought the scenery resembled that of the Swiss Jura Mountains.
		Around Little Switzerland, January average temperature is 34 degrees and July average is 70 degrees.
	www.timberlinenc.com /history.htm (667 words)

	Amazon.com: Early Modern Democracy in the Grisons: Social Order and Political Language in a Swiss Mountain Canton, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is an engaging and informative study that should be considered indispensable to historians of early modern European political culture.
		The Freestate of the Three Leagues in the Grisons, a rural confederation of peasant villages in the Swiss Alps, was one of the most unusual political entities found in early modern Europe.
		The area under study is called the Grisons, the Grey Leagues, and Graubunden, and is part of early modern Switzerland.
	www.amazon.com /Early-Modern-Democracy-Grisons-Political/dp/0521470862 (1482 words)

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