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Topic: Early medieval Welsh poetry

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	Medieval Welsh literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Welsh was born sometime between 400 and 700 AD and the earliest surviving literature in Welsh is poetry dating from this period.
		The poetry praises the military prowess of the prince in a language that is deliberately antiquarian and obscure, echoing the earlier praise poetry tradition of Taliesin.
		Early in his career he composed in the tradition of the Poets of the Princes but he was among the first to sing the praises of the nobles and others using the cywydd meter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Early_medieval_Welsh_poetry (3437 words)

	Welsh literature. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Much of the poetry in these manuscripts is credited to four late 6th-century bards— Aneurin, Taliesin, Myrddin (the Merlin of Arthurian romance), and Llywarch Hen—and most of the anonymous poetry is marked by style and subject as belonging to their various schools.
		Early medieval prose includes The History of the Kings of Britain and romances and stories of the Holy Grail, partly adopted from French and other sources, but showing native Welsh style and story innovations.
		Welsh humanist prose of the 16th and 17th cent., although not much published in the original tongue, was polished and musical.
	www.bartleby.com /65/we/Welshlit.html (918 words)

	§3. Early Welsh Poetry. XII. The Arthurian Legend. Vol. 1. From the Beginnings to the Cycles of Romance. The ...
		From these meagre notices of the early Latin annalists of Wales we pass to such Arthurian traditions as are found embodied in the songs of the oldest Welsh bards.
		Amid much that is undeniably late and spurious, these collections of Welsh poetry contain a good deal that is, in substance, of obviously archaic origin.
		The description given of them by Arthur is noteworthy as pointing to the existence of an early tradition which made him the head of a sort of military court, and foreshadows, in a rude way, the fellowship of the Round Table.
	www.bartleby.com /211/1203.html (1556 words)

	CREW Welsh Writers Online: Tony Conran
		He began writing poetry as a student; the death of Dylan Thomas turned his attention to Anglo-Welsh writing and, in the same period, the discovery of Welsh poetry, especially the poets of the medieval period, in Gwyn Williams’s translations was ‘a revelation’.
		While the discovery of Welsh poetry influenced his own early poetry published in Formal Poems (1960), it was as the translator of The Penguin Book of Welsh Verse (1967, extended and reissued as Welsh Verse, 1986), that he first became well known.
		In the brilliant world of Welsh medieval poetry he found a culture in which the poet was not an alienated, marginal figure, but at the community’s centre, giving voice to its values.
	www.swan.ac.uk /english/crew/welshwriters/tconran.htm (574 words)

	Arthurian Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		(edd.) The Arthur of the Welsh (Cardiff, 1991), pp.33-71 at pp.38-46.
		(edd.) The Arthur of the Welsh (Cardiff, 1991), pp.33-71 at p.51ff..
		(edd.) The Arthur of the Welsh: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Welsh Literature (Cardiff, 1991), pp.33-71 at pp.38-46.
	www.arthuriana.co.uk /concepts/arthlit.htm (10560 words)

	Bibliography
		The Arthur of the Welsh: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Welsh Literature.
		Early Medieval Settlements in Wales, A.D. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1988.
		Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the Englynion.
	www.the-orb.net /encyclop/early/origins/rom_celt/biblio2.html (4134 words)

	Early Modern Notes » 2004 » August » 04
		The potted histories all quote the date 1176, when one of the pre-eminent Welsh magnates of the day, the Lord Rhys, called a tournament of poets and musicians who competed for the prize of a chair of honour at the lord’s table.
		Medieval Welsh poetry was a rigorous and complex art, particularly perhaps the rules of cynghanedd (âthe repetition of sounds within a line of verse, following fixed patternsâ â“ much more than simple alliteration).
		Iolo Morganwgâs ambition was for the eisteddfod to become a true national Welsh institution, and even though Welsh may now be the minority language (which was not the case in his day), there can be few doubts that that is what itâs become.
	www.earlymodernweb.org.uk /emn/index.php/archives/2004/08/04 (1023 words)

	Arthurian Literature
		The case for a genuine early nucleus which might represent the poets authentic work is based on a group of archaic praise-poems addressed to Urien of Rheged and other 6th-century rulers.
		The triads were originally mnemonic devices devised by the 'guardians' of Welsh traditional material to facilitate the recall of this material by systematizing it and associating three characters or episodes with one another on the basis of features common to all three.
		Patrick Sims-Williams 'The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems' in Bromwich et al (edd.) The Arthur of the Welsh: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Welsh Literature (Cardiff 1991), pp.33-71 at pp.51-2)
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~tomgreen/arthlit.htm (3859 words)

	King Arthur in Welsh Poetry
		In the span of time between the historical Arthur, early in the sixth century, and Geoffrey of Monmouth, in the middle of the twelfth, came a series of stories, mostly oral, and mostly of a fantastic nature, dealing with the figure of Arthur.
		Of course, he wasn’t strange to the Welsh bards who composed the stories, but the stories seem so remote to us in the twenty-first century that, for us, they are wreathed in the same kind of mystery that characterizes the best of fantasy novels of, say, J. Tolkien or C. Lewis.
		One of the reasons for this is that Welsh bards usually told their stories in extemporized prose, using verse for expressions of heightened emotion only.
	www.moval.edu /faculty/adderleym/Arthur/welshpoetry.htm (836 words)

	Who is Taliesin? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Scholars, beginning with Ifor Williams, have usually postulated that there are essentially "two Taliesins." The first is the historical bard, a professional poet serving the courts of Welsh princes in the North during the latter part of the sixth century, princes battling a constant influx of Anglo-Saxon invaders.
		The legendary materials refer to ideas about the nature of the poet, and the practice of poetry, that are strikingly similar to the " shamanic behaviors " of Irish and other Indo-European poets.
		Welsh edition (complete with English notes and a glossary) of the twelve "historical" Taliesin poems.
	www.digitalmedievalist.com /faqs/taliesin.html (1050 words)

	GO BRITANNIA! Wales: Welsh Literature - Reading List
		For the situation of the Welsh language up to the mid-eighties, a useful study is "Aspects of Bilinguism in Wales", by Colin Baker, published as Multilingual Matters 19 by Multinual Matters, London, 1985.
		Welsh writing in English is also covered by Glyn Jones, "The Dragon has Two Tongues" (1968); Anthony Conran, "The Cost of Strangeness" (1982); M. Wynn Thomas, "Internal Difference" (1992); Roland Mathias, "Anglo-Welsh Literature: A Illustrated History" (1987) and John Harris, "A Bibliographical Guide to Twenty-Four Modern Anglo-Welsh writers" (1994).
		The importance of the literary tradition for Welsh identity is explored by Emyr Humphries, "The Taliesin Tradition" (1983).
	www.britannia.com /wales/lit/lit20.html (1665 words)

	Medieval Welsh Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Almost a hundred years ago the essential foundations - linguistic, literary and historical - were laid for the renaissance in medieval Welsh studies which marked the earlier decades of the twentieth century.
		No less significant for the development of Welsh scholarship was the foundation in 1919 of the University's Board of Celtic Studies, with its Bulletin, whose first number was published in October 1921.
		And it will be seen from this publication that Welsh was the language of all Sir Ifor's major publications `megis ag y dylai ac y gweddai', as he expressed it.
	www.uwp.co.uk /book_desc/rb4.html (377 words)

	Legends - The Welsh Bards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		To Aneirin is attributed y Gododdin, the oldest surviving heroic poetry in Welsh.
		The History and Status of the Welsh Language by Gereint Jones was originally conceived as a companion to the Welsh language course at Brown, but is now available separately.
		Early Medieval Wales at the Castles of Wales has an overview, a map, and links to biographies of the key players.
	www.legends.dm.net /kingarthur/bards.html (564 words)

	Bragod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		They sing Welsh poetry ranging from stanzas of the Gododdin (6th century) to ritual and popular songs of the 18th and 19th century.
		The crwth is the ancient lyre of Northern Europe modified by the addition of a fingerboard and the application of the bow.
		He is responsible for the revival of the crwth as a viable historical instrument, drawing on Welsh theoretical treatises and years of experiment on the setting up of the instrument and its playing technique.
	www.bragod.com (550 words)

	Centre for the Study of Medieval Society and Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Medieval Welsh and Irish annalistic writing; kinship, kingship, dynastic activity and feud in early Celtic and Scandinavian society; origin legends and state formation in Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Britain Ireland and Scandinavia.
		Medieval Welsh narrative, particularly the interplay between orality and literacy in these texts.
		Various aspects of late medieval Welsh poetry (fourtheenth to the sixteenth centuries); late medieval and early modern historiography and constructions of ethnic and national identity.
	www.cf.ac.uk /hisar/research/centres/csmsc/members (441 words)

	Welsh (from Celtic literature) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Cynfeirdd: Early Welsh Poets and Poetry (1981);
		Modern Welsh, like English, makes very little use of inflectional endings; British, the Brythonic language from which Welsh is descended, was, however, an inflecting language like Latin, with word endings marking such grammatical categories as noun case and verb tense.
		The name is often applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the excellence of their execution.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=42328 (918 words)

	Medieval Welsh Literature
		IW gave an outline of his theories in his British Academy Lecture of 1932 `The Poems of Llywarch Hen' which is reproduced as chapter viii of The Beginnings of Welsh Poetry.
		A reproduction of eight English articles and lectures by IW, including `The Earliest Poetry', `The Poems of Llywarch Hen', `Wales and the North', `The Towyn Inscribed Stone' and his editions of `Edmic Dinbych' and of the Anglesey poem to Aeddon.
		A succinct account of the earliest poetry, developed largely from the pioneer interpretations of John Morris-Jones and Ifor Williams, but with several original comments on the varieties of expression given in Welsh to the heroic ethos.
	www.uwp.co.uk /book_desc/rb5.html (1120 words)

	Mphil brochure
		Under the general direction of the Board of Medieval Studies, University College Dublin offers a two year graduate course in Medieval Studies leading to the degree of Master of Philosophy in the National University of Ireland.
		If it is considered necessary, the Board of Medieval Studies may require an applicant to complete a qualifying year of study before beginning the Medieval Studies course.
		In one year the subject of the seminar will be one of common interest in the early middle ages; in the other year, a subject of common interest in the high middle ages.
	www.ucd.ie /medieval/mphil.html (1083 words)

	Celtic Studies in the Twenty-first Century: summaries
		In the 1980s, scholarly attention shifted from the Indo-European and Celtic roots of early medieval Irish culture to the impact of the advent of Christianity on the Irish way of thinking and writing.
		The lecture will review several areas relevant to dating early Welsh poetry: matters of text and language, political geography, political agenda (ecclesiastical, as well as secular), probable contexts in which the poems first assumed written form, and why they came to be transmitted in medieval Wales.
		The body of early poetry considered comprises the Book of Aneirin corpus; the panegyric awdlau addressed to Cynan Garwyn, Urien Rheged, and Gwallawg; Marwnad Cunedda, Moliant Cadwallon, and Marwnad Cynddylan.
	www.let.uu.nl /keltisch/colloquy/summaries.html (667 words)

	Research Report 1991-96 - WELSH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Jenny Rowland, MA (Harvard), PhD (Wales)--statutory lecturer; RESEARCH INTERESTS: early Welsh poetry; medieval Welsh poetry; metrics; historical and legendary traditions of the early middle ages; comparative literary study of the early poetry of Wales, England and Ireland
		Rowland, J (1994) Editor, The Story of Heledd by Glyn Jones and TJ Morgan, with modernized Welsh version of the original text and engravings by H Brockway (Gwasg Gregynog), 55 pp.
		Rowland, J (1995) `Warfare and Horses in the Gododdin and the Problem of Catraeth', Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 30, pp.
	www.ucd.ie /politics/res_rep/report33.htm (211 words)

	Early Welsh Manuscripts, Part II
		The Red Book of Hergest, written and compiled mainly between 1375 and 1425, was one of the four manuscripts deemed by William Forbes Skene (1809-92) to be the “Four Ancient Books of Wales” (see Early Welsh Manuscripts, Part I).
		The Red Book of Hergest is one of the main sources of the cycle of Welsh legends known as the Mabinogion, four “branches” of interrelated heroic tales that reflect earlier British and possibly Celtic history and mythology.
		The word “mabinogi” itself is usually translated to mean a tale of boyhood, the word “mab” meaning “son” in Welsh.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/11146/109455 (590 words)

	List of Published Texts
		Jenkins, Dafydd and Owen, Morfydd E., 'The Welsh marginalia in the Lichfield Gospels.
		Jenkyns, Dafydd and Owen, Morfydd E., 'The Welsh marginalia in the Lichfield Gospels.
		Welsh, Andrew, 'The traditional narrative motifs of The Four Branches of the Mabinogi ', Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 15 (1988) 51-62
	www.ucc.ie /celt/cmcs.html (4331 words)

	Welsh literature -> Early Works on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		For the first time since the war Welsh writing is attracting the attention it deserves...
		Nation is moving on the write lines; BAY LIT FESTIVAL: Despite Shakespeare, Welsh literature is taking off at last.(Arts)
		Civil war of words; American Civil War research has unearthed great Welsh literature.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/Welshlit_EarlyWorks.asp (621 words)

	BIBLIOGRAPHY
		"A Re-Appraisal of Dinas Powys." Medieval Archaeology 32 (1988): 50-62.
		The East Midlands in the Early Middle Ages.
		Steer, K. "Two Unrecorded Early Christian Stones." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 101 (1972): 127-29.
	www.the-orb.net /encyclop/early/origins/rom_celt/biblio1.html (6399 words)

	Welsh literature: Early Works
		Among early prose survivals, the classic is the
		(early medieval period) eulogized the heroes of the North, but it is lyrical rather than epic.
		Palmer, Patricia Ann Language and Conquest in Early Modern Ireland: English Renaissance Literature and Elizabethan Imperial Expansion.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/ent/A0861908.html (391 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ford (ed and trans) The Poetry of Llywarch Hen (Berkeley, 1974).
		Gwyn Williams An Introduction to Welsh Poetry (London, 1953), esp pp 1-70.
		Bromwich "The Character of the Early Welsh Tradition" in N.Chadwick (ed) Studies in Early British History (Cambridge, 1959), pp 83-136.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~klausner/2050RL.html (392 words)

	University of Wales Lampeter - Department of Welsh
		Jane is a medievalist who lectures in the Welsh Department.
		In 1996 she was awarded a doctorate for her thesis on 'The Virgin Mary, Female Saints and Nuns: Aspects of Virginity and Chastity in Medieval Wales'.
		She spent a year lecturing in the Celtic Studies Department at the Catholic University of Lublin, Poland, and five years lecturing in the Department of Welsh at Trinity College, Carmarthen.
	welsh.lamp.ac.uk /Department/English/staff/jane.php (459 words)

	Medieval Irish poetry bibliography and links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One is a close literal translation and the second is a looser translation that closely replicates in English the meter, rhyme, alliteration, assonance and consonance of the original Irish.
		Anúna is an Irish choral group that does medieval songs (many in Hiberno-Latin), Gaelic folksongs from the 1800's, Thomas Moore, and modern compositions, too.
		Nua Dán "New Poetry" is a homepage for 4 Irish poets who are exploring poetry, hypertext, and Ireland yesterday and today.
	www.dnaco.net /~mobrien/irishptr/biblio.html (2826 words)

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