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	Earth's Crust, Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
		Crust, the upper layer of the Earth, is not always the same.
		Crust under the oceans, called oceanic crust, is much thinner than continental crust.
		Crust under the oceans is only about 5 km thick while continental crust can be up to 65 km thick.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /earth/interior/earths_crust.html (661 words)

	Savage Earth: Hell's Crust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although it feels solid and hard beneath our feet, the outer surface of the Earth is a thin crust of fragile rock, fractured like the cracked shell of an egg.
		At the thinnest spots in the oceans, where new crust is created, it is only a few miles thick; on the continents, the crust averages about 20 miles thick.
		The crust and, immediately below it, the strong upper part of the mantle (down to a depth of about 60 miles) together make up the Earth's lithosphere.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/savageearth/hellscrust/index.html (1537 words)

	Introduction to Plate Tectonics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Earth is divided into three chemical layers: the core, the mantle and the crust.
		The crust is rich in the elements oxygen and silicon with lesser amounts of aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium.
		Continental crust is made of lower density rocks, such as andesite and granite.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part1.html (239 words)

	Inside the Earth [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The size of the Earth -- about 12,750 kilometers (km) in diameter-was known by the ancient Greeks, but it was not until the turn of the 20th century that scientists determined that our planet is made up of three main layers: crust, mantle, and core.
		The thickness of the crust beneath continents is much more variable but averages about 30 km; under large mountain ranges, such as the Alps or the Sierra Nevada, however, the base of the crust can be as deep as 100 km.
		Below the crust is the mantle, a dense, hot layer of semi-solid rock approximately 2,900 km thick.
	pubs.usgs.gov /publications/text/inside.html (485 words)

	The Earth's Crust: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The surface of the earth usually looks the same to us from year to year; yet it is always changing, and has been changing since the world was first formed.
		The continental crust is around 20 miles deep.
		Several tectonic plates make up the earth's crust that are in a constant state of process.
	www.edu.pe.ca /southernkings/intro.htm (305 words)

	The Earth's Crust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Earth's outermost surface is called the crust.
		The crust is typically about 25 miles thick beneath continents, and about 6.5 miles thick beneath oceans.
		The crust in this image is much smaller in the real earth!
	www.thetech.org /exhibits_events/online/quakes/inside/crust.html (37 words)

	L1 - Earth's Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The most abundant element in the earth's crust is oxygen, which makes up almost 50 percent of the crust by weight.
		All of the metallic resources used to make metal materials are found in the crust and the essential ingredients of life for all living organisms: carbon and hydrogen are also located in the earth's crust.
		The foundations for our homes, buildings, factories, highways and railways are built upon the surface layer of the earth's crust.
	www.adlc.ca /home/stuWork/sampleLessons/Science24/lesson1-5.htm (1120 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Geology
		Geology, study of the planet earth, its rocky exterior, its history, and the processes that act upon it.
		Geology is also referred to as earth science...
		The crust is solid and relatively thin, and it lies below both landmasses and oceans.
	encarta.msn.com /Geology.html (163 words)

	The Earth's crust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Chemically, the earth’s crust consists of about 80 elements distributed in approximately 2000 compounds or minerals, many of which are of variable composition.
		A corresponding amount of this crust is being returned to the lithosphere at subduction zones off the West coasts of the Americas, and in the process pushing up the mountain ranges that lie along these coasts.
		The continental crust is thicker than the oceanic crust, but it is also less dense, which allows it to float higher (and thus to differentiate continents from oceans.) The lower density also prevents it from being subducted.
	www.sfu.ca /person/lower/TUTORIALS/geochem/04txt.html (3064 words)

	EcoWorld - Earth Articles
		The Himalaya mountain range of Asia is home to the highest mountain peak on Earth, Mount Everest, and subsequently makes the Himalayas one the most famous range of fold mountains on Earth.
		Fold mountains are created when continental plates collide with each other, or with oceanic plates, forcing massive layers of the Earth's crust upward, bending and crumpling rocks and the Earth's crust.
		Fault-block mountains are formed when huge blocks of the Earth's crust are tilted on or pushed up along a fracture line, also known as a fault line.
	www.ecoworld.com /Earth/EcoWorld_Earth_Home.cfm (459 words)

	Geochemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other planets, chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition of rockss and soils, and the cycles of matter and energy that transport the Earth's chemical components in time and space.
		Determination of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes in the earth and on earth�s surface.
		Examination of the distribution and movements of elements in different parts of the earth (crust, mantle, hydrosphere etc.) and in minerals with the goal to determine the underlying legalities of distribution and movement.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/geochemistry (229 words)

	EARTHFORCE in the crust
		Scientists think that the entire crust of the Earth is broken into big pieces called plates.
		All of the plates are drifting on the liquid molten magma of the mantle beneath the crust.
		Over millions of years, plate tectonics has changed the appearance of the Earth's crust.
	sln.fi.edu /earth/crust.html (831 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Scientists rumble Earth's hum
		Writing in the journal Nature today, they suggest rough water sets the Earth's crust shaking, causing the hum.
		Other scientists blamed variations in atmospheric pressure, because they thought it might be causing a drumming on the Earth's surface.
		Others thought it was down to earthquakes deep in the Earth, which release energy without rupturing faults.
	www.guardian.co.uk /uk_news/story/0,3604,1315974,00.html (191 words)

	INSIDE THE EARTH - ENCHANTED LEARNING SOFTWARE
		The Earth's thin, rocky crust is composed of silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium and potassium.
		The crust is divided into continental plates which drift slowly (only a few centimeters each year) atop the less rigid mantle.
		The crust is thinner under the oceans (6-11 km thick); this is where new crust is formed.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Inside.shtml (479 words)

	Earth's Interior
		Knowing that the Earth has a radius of about 6350 km, you have a right triangle where the cosine of half of 105 degrees equals the radius of the core divided by the radius of the earth.
		The earth cannot be a large permanent magnet, since magnetic minerals lose their magnetism when they are hotter than about 500 degrees C. Almost all of the earth is hotter, and the only other way to make a magnetic field is with a circulating electric current.
		The nearby crust of the Earth can be explored in great detail with echo-sounding techniques, a kind of acoustic radar.
	www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/100/interior.html (1490 words)

	Earth's Interior & Plate Tectonics
		The majority of the Earth's crust was made through volcanic activity.
		Much of Earth's internal heat is relieved through this process and many of Earth's large structural and topographic features are consequently formed.
		Earth's lithosphere presently is divided into eight large plates with about two dozen smaller ones that are drifting above the mantle at the rate of 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) per year.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/earthint.htm (1396 words)

	SAVAGE EARTH Online
		Please note: SAVAGE EARTH ONLINE looks best when viewed using Netscape 3.0 or above, or Internet Explorer 3.0 or above, on Macintosh, Windows 95 or Windows 3.1.
		If you have an earlier version, or another browser, all pages may not be presented exactly as designed.
		SAVAGE EARTH is made possible by PBS and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/savageearth (284 words)

	Science 7
		This "Earth's Crust Page" has links to sites about earthquakes and volcanoes.
		The sites have been selected to help you with certain projects in the Earth's Crust Module.
		Look here for worldwide locations of currently erupting volcanoes.
	www.openschool.bc.ca /courses/science7/earth.html (302 words)

	The Earth�s Crust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		If the Earth's crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges, Hess reasoned, it must be shrinking elsewhere.
		As old oceanic crust was consumed in the trenches, new magma rose and erupted along the spreading ridges to form new crust.
		The Earth's unchanging size implies that the crust must be destroyed at about the same rate as it is being created, as Harry Hess surmised.
	eduweb.brandonu.ca /~science/Crust/crust.htm (6708 words)

	BC Education - Grade 7 Earth and Space Science (Earth's Crust) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Through investigation, observation, diagrams, and models, students begin to identify geological features and simulate changes that occur on the Earth's surface and on the ocean floor.
		Students apply this knowledge to suggest the effect that these features and changes have on people and communities.
		They demonstrate their scientific skills and processes when they formulate models of the Earth's processes and take responsible action in preparing for an earthquake.
	www.bced.gov.bc.ca /irp/sciencek7/7earear.htm (555 words)

	Roberta Rudnick - Publication List
		Zack, T., Tomascak, P.B., Rudnick, R.L., McDonough, W.F., Dalpe, C. (2003) Extremely light Li in orogenic eclogites: the role of isotope fractionation during dehydration in subducted oceanic crust, Earth Planet.
		Barth, M.G., McDonough, W.F. and Rudnick, R.L. (2000) Tracking the budget of Nb and Ta in the continental crust, Chem.
		Rudnick, R.L. and Jackson, I.N.S. (1995) Measured and calculated elastic wave speeds in partially equilibrated mafic granulite xenoliths: implications for the properties of an underplated lower continental crust.
	www.geol.umd.edu /pages/faculty/RUDNICK/full_pub_list.htm (1610 words)

	The Earth's Crust
		Earth and Space Systems: Grade 7 - The Earth's Crust
		A edible observation of the layers of the earth's crust.
		Volcano World is very complete with graphics, a search engine for internal documents, a Kid’s Corner and external links.
	www.gecdsb.on.ca /d&g/scitech/science/strands/es7.htm (378 words)

	New evidence for long-distance fluid migration within the earth's crust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		New evidence for long-distance fluid migration within the earth's crust
	earth.agu.org /revgeophys/person00/person00.html (40 words)

	McGraw-Hill Education Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The start of the space age and, in particular, the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union further intensified the spotlight on science.
		It was at this time that editors at McGraw-Hill met informally around a small conference table and sketched out their idea for a monumental work ' a reference that would survey the state-of-the-art in the physical, earth, life and applied sciences and spare no effort or funding.
	www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk /tpr/promotions/est/index.html (1715 words)

	Earth's Crust, Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
		Last modified September 6, 2002 by the Windows Team
	www.windows.ucar.edu /cgi-bin/tour_def/earth/interior/earths_crust.html (247 words)

	The Earth's Crust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This contour map of the thickness of the Earth's crust was developed from the CRUST 5.1 model.
	quake.wr.usgs.gov /study/CrustalStructure (108 words)

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