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	Earth
		The third planet from the Sun, Earth, is the fifth largest with a diameter of 12,756 kilometers (7,928 miles).
		By mass, the Earth's is composed of mostly iron (35 percent), oxygen (30 percent), silicon (15 percent), and magnesium (13 percent).
		Earth has a modest magnetic field produced by electric currents generated in its metallic core by its rapid spin, which is distorted into a tear-drop shape by the solar wind.
	www.solstation.com /stars/earth.htm (2193 words)

	Day and Night Across the Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The point on the Earth's surface where the Sun is at the zenith (directly overhead) is indicated by the Sun symbol near the center of the map.
		The four orthographic projections (views of the Earth from infinity) are centered on the north pole, the south pole, the point where the Sun is at the zenith, and the point where the Moon is at the zenith.
		The cloudless Earth map that is used is a processed version of a mosaic produced at NASA's Earth Observatory from images taken by the Terra satellite.
	aa.usno.navy.mil /data/docs/earthview.html (901 words)

	EO Library: The Water Cycle
		As a vital substance that sets the Earth apart from the rest of the planets in our solar system, water is a necessary ingredient for the development and nourishment of life.
		Water is everywhere on Earth and is the only known substance that can naturally exist as a gas, liquid, and solid within the relatively small range of air temperatures and pressures found at the Earth's surface.
		In all, the Earth's water content is about 1.39 billion cubic kilometers (331 million cubic miles) and the vast bulk of it, about 96.5%, is in the global oceans.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/Water (442 words)

	About Spitzer: Innovative Orbit
		Since the Observatory must be cooled to within a few degrees of absolute zero, this orbit choice offers a more benign thermal environment than any geocentric orbit.
		Sensitive observatories such as Spitzer and the Hubble Space Telescope must avoid looking at (or anywhere near) extremely bright objects such as the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
		First, the Observatory cannot point closer than 80 degrees in the direction of the Sun, in order to minimize the thermal heating of the telescope by solar radiation.
	www.spitzer.caltech.edu /about/orbit.shtml (483 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Planets: Earth: Overview
		Earth, our home planet, is the only planet in our solar system known to harbor life - life that is incredibly diverse.
		For instance, Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the fifth largest in the solar system.
		Earth's diameter is just a few hundred kilometers larger than that of Venus.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth (199 words)

	Earth Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		AAP General News (Australia) 01-12-1999 FED: Aust observatory discovers Earth like planet By Rosalind Mathieson CANBERRA, Jan 12 AAP - Astronomers at Australia's Mount Stromlo Observatory have discovered what could be the first planet aside from Earth capable of sustaining life.Australian and...
		Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory is a leading earth science research...
		The Earth Observatory is a publishing organization of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Earth_Observatory (352 words)

	LDEO 50th Anniversary
		The Observatory was founded as the Lamont Geological Observatory on the Lamont estate in Palisades, N.Y., in 1949, when Florence Lamont, the widow of prominent New York financier Thomas Lamont, gave the 115-acre property to Columbia.
		The name was changed again in 1993, to the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, to better reflect the broad scope of the institution's research.
		Among the Observatory's accomplishments: Lamont scientists laid the groundwork for plate tectonics theory by mapping the ocean seafloor; created the first computer model to accurately predict El Niño; and discovered that the Earth's core is spinning faster than the Earth itself.
	www.ccnmtl.columbia.edu /cu/pr/96_99/19569.html (825 words)

	Educational Publications
		Called the greatest storm on Earth, a hurricane is capable of destroying coastal areas with sustained winds in excess of 155 mph, intense rainfall and a storm surge.
		Amongst the aims are an integrated understanding of the Earth system at present, an improved understanding of the prominent changes the system has undergone in the past, and improved predictions regarding how the system is likely to change in the future.
		NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS) has begun a long-term, comprehensive study of the Earth that is comprised of a series of satellites specially designed to study the complexities of global change, an advanced computer network for distributing scientific data, and international teams of scientists who will study the data.
	eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov /eos_homepage/for_educators/educational_publications.php (4330 words)

	Earth Observatory: Reference
		The mission of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) is to develop a scientific understanding of the Earth system and its response to natural and human-induced changes to enable improved prediction of climate, weather, and natural hazards for present and future generations.
		Called the greatest storm on Earth, a hurricane is capable of annihilating coastal areas with sustained winds of 155 mph or higher and intense areas of rainfall and a storm surge.
		Launched in March 2002, it is a five-year mission intended to produce maps of the Earth's gravity field with unprecedented precision and resolution.
	eobadmin.gsfc.nasa.gov /Library (4720 words)

	NASA's Earth Observatory
		MISSION The purpose of NASA's Earth Observatory is to provide a freely-accessible publication on the Internet where the public can obtain new satellite imagery and scientific information about our home planet.
		Any and all materials published on the Earth Observatory are freely available for re-publication or re-use, except where copyright is indicated.
		We encourage Earth scientists and science writers from all NASA centers, as well as all agencies and universities affiliated with NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, to submit articles and/or images for publication on the Earth Observatory.
	gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov /records/Earth_Observatory-02.html (171 words)

	Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
		The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory sits on a high, forested bluff on the Palisades overlooking the Hudson River, about fifteen miles north of Manhattan.
		In 1993, the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory was renamed the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in recognition if its growing scope of expertise and influence in the Earth sciences.
		The Observatory also operates a number of seismic networks on the East Coast as well as in more remote places around the world and is fully equipped to deploy portable seismometers rapidly in the immediate aftermath of earthquakes.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /ldeo/hist (675 words)

	Astronomy for Kids - Earth
		Among the things that have made life as we know it possible here on Earth are the facts that most of the surface of our planet is covered with water and we are protected from most of the Sun's dangerous radiation by our atmosphere.
		Our seasons occur because Earth does not stand straight up on its axis, but instead is slightly tilted on its north to south axis (the axis is the imaginary line that runs through the planet, just like the spindle in a toy top).
		As Earth goes around the Sun during the year, different parts of the planet are tilted towards the Sun.
	www.dustbunny.com /afk/planets/earth (1265 words)

	Columbia News ::: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Invites the Public Behind the Scenes During Oct. 5 Open House
		On Sat., Oct. 5, the public is invited to explore the work of 200 Columbia earth scientists and researchers working to understand earthquakes, climate, oceans, arctic volcanoes, and other mysteries of the Earth.
		Open House at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory is a science exposition, featuring state-of-the-art technology as well as the latest scientific advances.
		The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory is located on the Hudson River at 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY (exit 4 on the Palisades Parkway).
	www.columbia.edu /cu/news/02/10/lamont_open_house.html (261 words)

	Press Release: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory opens its doors to the public (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory will hold its annual open house on Saturday, Oct. 5, inviting visitors to explore the world-famous earth sciences research center in Palisades, N.Y. Students of all ages, from kindergarteners to their grandparents, can find out what on Earth's going on - the theme of this year's event.
		In exhibits, demonstrations and lectures, to be held in laboratory buildings and under tents throughout the campus, scientists and staff will explain the observatory's cutting-edge research, display the equipment and instruments they use and answer questions on earthquakes, volcanoes, dinosaurs, the seafloor, climate, oceans, rocks, ice sheets, hydrothermal vents and other Earth phenomena.
		Using seismic waves, the scientists found a way to detect and measure the motion of the inner core and proved that it is not just a massive, motionless lump at the heart of a multi-layered planet.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/pr/96/18956.html (558 words)

	Earth Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Edinburgh Earth Observatory (EEO) is a multidisciplinary research unit which provides a strategic focus and support base for the University’s expertise in the Geosciences.
		The Edinburgh Earth Observatory (EEO) aims to contribute to this goal by co-ordinating research and outreach within Edinburgh and with its partners.
		The issues currently include: the carbon cycle, and how it should be managed; atmospheric composition and human health; detecting long term trends in atmospheric composition; land use change and how it impacts upon climate; long-term trends in biological activity of the planet; rapid climate change; vegetation change; detection and analysis of environmental risks and hazards.
	www.geos.ed.ac.uk /research/eeompg (428 words)

	HobbySpace - Eyes in the Sky
		The first earth observation satellites were the spy satellites used during the Cold War to find out what the other guys were doing.
		NASA's Earth from Space is one of the most fun of the image databases.
		This satellite launched in May 2002 is dedicated to the study of the earth's "water cycle, including evaporation from the oceans, water vapor in the atmosphere, clouds, precipitation, soil moisture, sea ice, land ice, and snow cover on the land and ice."
	www.hobbyspace.com /SatEyes/index.html (3003 words)

	Earthshine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Earth's climate depends on the net sunlight deposited on the globe, which is critically sensitive to the Earth's albedo.
		To make a systematic determination of the the Earth's albedo, a groundbased earthshine observing project, supported by NASA, was re-started at Big Bear Solar Observatory in the summer of 1998.
		The data are analyzed to obtain the Earth's albedo from the ratio of the earthshine intensity to the moonshine intensity.
	www.bbso.njit.edu /Research/EarthShine (214 words)

	Columbia Earth Institute - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		On September 11, seismographs operated by Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, New York, recorded seismic signals produced by the impacts of the two aircraft hitting the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, and the Towers’ subsequent collapse.
		While the ground shaking was consistent with the energy released by small earthquakes, it was not sufficient to cause the collapse of or damage to the surrounding buildings, as some have thought.
		They were caused by the interaction between the ground and the building foundation, which transmits the energy from the impacts and the collapses.
	www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu /news/story11_16_01.html (857 words)

	science@nasa - Science Education
		SMD has many avenues for participation in E/PO by Earth & space scientists and for such contributions to be recognized and acknowledged.
		We are committed to utilizing our resources to foster the broad involvement of the Earth and space science communities in education and public outreach (EPO) with the goal of enhancing the nation's formal education system and contributing to the broad public understanding of science, mathematics and technology.
		The Earth Explorers Series is a monthly series that will introduce you to NASA Earth Explorers, young and old, with a variety of backgrounds and interests.
	science.hq.nasa.gov /education/index.html (682 words)

	The Earth Institute at Columbia University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory presents a colloquium entitled “Groundwater at the coast: spatial and temporal controls on submarine groundwater discharge”, with Ann Mulligan (WHOI).
		The Earth Institute's IGERT Joint Program in Applied Mathematics and Earth and Environmental Sciences presents the Fall 2005 Colloquium, "Forward Modeling of the Global Oceanic Tides, at the Surface and at Depth, in the Ice Ages and in the Present," with Dr. B.
		The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory division of Marine Geology and Geophysics presents a seminar entitled, "Climate Variability in Tropical East Africa Since the Last Glacial Maximum: Ties to the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation," with Thomas C. Johnson (University of Minnesota).
	www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu /events/index.php (2311 words)

	Earth Observatory: On-line Style Guide Overview
		The purpose of the Earth Observatory is to provide a freely-accessible forum on the Internet where the public can access new NASA satellite images and scientific information concerning our planet.
		The Earth Observatory is designed to take advantage of new, rapidly emerging Internet technologies in ways that "let the public in on the fun of Earth science." In particular, we hope our site is useful to public media and educators-any and all materials published on our site are freely available for re-publication or re-use.
		By submitting materials for publication in NASA's Earth Observatory, all contributors understand that their work is being placed in the public domain where it may be re-published elsewhere.
	eobadmin.gsfc.nasa.gov /Style (3120 words)

	Earth Observatory Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Any one of the less common gases found in the Earth's atmosphere.
		Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon make up more than 99 percent of the Earth's atmosphere.
		Although relatively unimportant in terms of their absolute volume, they have significant effects on the Earth's weather and climate.
	eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov /Library/glossary.php3?xref=trace+gas (64 words)

	Edinburgh Earth Observatory
		The breadth of scientific issues being addressed by the Observatory include the global carbon cycle, and how it can be managed; atmospheric composition and how it affects human health; land use changes and how they impact upon climate; rapid climate change; and the detection and analysis of environmental hazards.
		Researchers will be able to capitalise on Edinburgh's pivotal role in the emerging field of e-science, which allows dispersed groups of scientists around the world to share vast amounts of data and intricate computational processes to solve complex environmental problems.
		The Edinburgh Earth Observatory aims to contribute to this goal by co-ordinating research and outreach within Edinburgh and with its partners."
	www.ed.ac.uk /news/earthobservatory.html (293 words)

	Profile of a Sun-Earth Observatory: ISTP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The spacecraft of ISTP are placed in orbits that allow physicists to observe the key regions of Earth's space, or "geospace." Those regions include the Sun's surface and atmosphere, the solar wind, and Earth's magnetosphere, from the bow shock to the auroral regions to the magnetic tail.
		Orbiting as far as one million miles from Earth and as close as a few hundred, the spacecraft of ISTP make coordinated, simultaneous observations of the Sun and geospace over extended periods of time.
		With such observations, scientists are increasing our knowledge of: the structure and dynamics of the Sun; the origin of the solar wind; the composition and character of the solar wind; the flow of energy between Sun and Earth, and the cause-effect relationship between events on the Sun and their impact on Earth.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /istp/outreach/profile.html (485 words)

	NASA - Earth Observatory: Watching the World Go By
		While this is high enough to see that the Earth is round (believe me, it is), we are still just barely skimming the surface when you consider that the diameter of the Earth is over 8,000 miles.
		The horizon of the Earth is a little over 20 feet away from where you are standing.
		At this same scale, the Earth that you are standing on would be a sphere with a diameter of about 160 feet.
	www.nasa.gov /lb/audience/forstudents/postsecondary/features/F_EO_Watching_the_World_Go_By.html (773 words)

	iSERVO
		A predictive capability for earth phenomena is now within reach due to recent developments in numerical simulation technology, computational facilities and international cooperation.
		Recognising this and the enormous scope and benefits offered by solid earth simulation, the ACES International Science Board agreed to work towards establishment of a frontier international research institute on simulating the solid earth.
		The institute's focus will be development of predictive capabilities for solid earth phenomena via simulation and breakthrough science using the computational simulation capabilities aimed at understanding solid earth system complexity.
	www.iservo.edu.au (692 words)

	SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
		A weak solar wind stream flowing from the indicated coronal hole is gently buffeting Earth's magnetic field.
		Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
		Astronomers call this "retrograde motion," and it's a sign that Earth and Mars are about to have a close encounter...
	www.spaceweather.com (558 words)

	Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Home Page
		The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a leading research institution where more than 200 research scientists seek fundamental knowledge about the origin, evolution and future of the natural world.
		Apply for a Postdoctoral Fellowship in the Earth, Environmental, and Ocean Sciences
		Copyright © 2003 by The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu (181 words)

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