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	Project Apollo - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Earth orbit rendezvous: This plan, known as Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR), would have required the launch of two Saturn V rockets, one containing the space ship and one containing fuel.
		The Saturn V would be necessary to take it to polar orbit, or sun-synchronous orbit (neither of which has yet been achieved by any manned spacecraft), and even to the geosynchronous orbit of Syncom 3, a communications satellite not quite in geostationary orbit.
		This was the first functioning communications satellite at that now-common great distance from the Earth, and it was small enough to be carried through the hatch and taken back to Earth for study as to the effects of radiation on its electronic components in that environment over a period of years.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/a/p/o/Apollo_program.html (2919 words)

	Project Constellation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The new transportations system, which uses both an Earth Orbit Rendezvous and a Lunar Orbit Rendezvous technique, can be broken down into three parts: The CEV Crew and Service Modules, the Lunar Surface Access Module, and the Earth Departure Stage.
		The rockets to be used for launching of the different components consists of the unmanned Ares V (for launch of cargo and the Earth Departure Stage), and the manned Ares I for launch of the CEV.
		After the TLI burn, the EDS is then jettisoned to either enter into either a solar orbit or steered into a slightly different trajectory to crash the stage into the lunar surface (similar to that used on the S-IVB for the last five Apollo missions).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Project_Constellation (2624 words)

	Lunar Orbit Rendezvous and the Apollo Program
		The advantage of EOR was that it required a pair of less powerful rockets that were already nearing the end of their development.
		EOR enjoyed strong support inside of NASA, especially among those who recognized that selection of EOR as the mode for the Apollo mission would require the virtual construction of a space station, a platform in Earth orbit that could have many other uses, scientific and otherwise, beyond Apollo.
		John C. Houbolt explains the lunar orbit rendezvous concept that, in the opinion of many historians, was chief among the reasons why the U.S., in less than a decade, managed humankind's first extraterrestrial excursions.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /PAIS/Rendezvous.html (2756 words)

	Enchanted Rendezvous
		He was one of the strongest believers in rendezvous in the country—he was not against Earth-orbit rendezvous, he was also in favor of it.
		This was to be done as part of a systematic comparative evaluation of three types of rendezvous operations (Earth orbit, lunar orbit, and lunar surface) and direct ascent for a piloted lunar landing.
		The Golovin Committee assigned the study of Earth-orbit rendezvous to the Marshall Space Flight Center, lunar-surface rendezvous to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and LOR to Langley.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/monograph4/seaman2.htm (1284 words)

	Enchanted Rendezvous
		Once in Earth’s orbit, the last stage of the Saturn rocket would fire and expend itself, boosting the spacecraft—and its crew of astronauts—into its trajectory to the Moon.
		If rendezvous had to be part of the lunar mission, many felt it should be conducted only in the Earth’s orbit.
		The immediate advantage of Earth-orbit rendezvous, as von Braun clearly pointed out, was that it required a pair of less powerful rockets that were already nearing the end of their development—in other words, twice as many of his early Saturns.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/monograph4/against.htm (1567 words)

	"One Step Back, One Giant Leap Forward," Feature Article, May 2006
		Leaving Earth orbit on a three-day translunar traverse requires a velocity increase of 3,100 meters per second; capturing into a preferred lunar orbit requires a velocity decrease of 1,100 m/s; and descent to the lunar surface requires a further decrease of 1,900 m/s.
		A lunar orbit rendezvous mission is characterized by no operations in Earth orbit, and the lander and Earth-moon crew transit elements first meet in lunar orbit.
		The direct return mission, which involved no operations in lunar orbit, seems to be the least operationally complex, but it tends to be the least efficient because it moves the largest mass—including the Earth-entry heat shield—the entire velocity change of lunar landing and ascent.
	www.memagazine.org /contents/current/features/onestep/onestep.html (2963 words)

	Unique Facts About the United States of America: The Apollo Program
		Earth orbit rendezvous: The second, known as Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR), would have required the launch of two Saturn V rockets, one containing the space ship and one containing fuel.
		Lunar orbit rendezvous: The plan which was actually adopted is credited to John Houbolt and used the technique of 'Lunar Orbit Rendezvous' (LOR).
		The plan had the advantage that since the LM was to be discarded, it could be made very light and allow for the moon mission to be launched with a single Saturn V rocket.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /usaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-USA12.htm (1490 words)

	Mars Sample Return: The Medium-Lift Approach
		Another plan was Earth Orbit Rendezvous, where several medium-range boosters would rendezvous in Earth orbit to assemble a complete lunar mission.
		The vehicle in orbit is reasonably large, able to stabilize its attitude, and has a large docking receptacle at its rear.
		It will be recovered in orbit by another vehicle, but this would not need to be as complex as the spacecraft proposed by the French for the current mission plan.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/mars-transport-00a.html (1832 words)

	LM Source Selection
		MSFC was requested to study earth orbit rendezvous, Langley to study lunar orbit rendezvous, and JPL to study lunar surface rendezvous.
		In each case, environmental conditions peculiar to the particular mode of rendezvous, and their effects on equipment design, were to be considered so that the problems characteristic of the different rendezvous modes could be separated and compared as quantitatively as possible.
		The criteria used in evaluating the direct ascent technique, earth orbit rendezvous connecting and fueling modes, and lunar orbit rendezvous were: the mission itself, weight margins, guidance accuracy, communications and tracking requirements, reliability (abort problems), development complexity, schedules, costs, flexibility, growth potential, and military implications.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/lmsction.htm (7440 words)

	Direct ascent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Direct ascent proposed using the enormous Nova rocket to loft a spacecraft directly to the moon, where it would land tail-first and then launch off the moon back to Earth.
		The other options that NASA considered for the mission to the moon were Lunar Orbit Rendezvous and Earth Orbit Rendezvous.
		Lunar Orbit Rendezvous was eventually chosen as the most feasible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Direct_ascent (203 words)

	History Channel: Question about Rendezvous ...
		The rendezvous process was necessary because the lunar module is placed behind the service module and once the rocket has reached orbit the service and command modules separate, turn 180 degrees and dock with the lunar module.
		In-flight rendezvous was practiced during Gemini missions because it would be necessary to do the maneuver during attachment and extraction of the LEM (Lunar Excursion Module).
		Actually, there were two ideas proposed prior to Lunar Orbit Rendezvous: The single large rocket idea mentioned by the General (the 'traditional' method most imagined in the early part of the century), and a modification of that where two vehicles are launched: one the space craft itself and the second an earth orbital fuel tanker.
	boards.historychannel.com /thread.jspa?threadID=118611 (1008 words)

	NASA Langley Research Center Contributions to the Apollo Program
		Once in Earth orbit, the last stage of the rocket would fire, boosting the combined Apollo spacecraft into its flight trajectory to the moon.
		The ability to rendezvous and dock the two vehicles in space was critical to the success of LOR, because if there were a failure the two astronauts in the LEM would have no means to return to Earth -- and NASA would have no means to rescue them.
		The most advanced of these, the Rendezvous Docking Simulator, significantly improved the chances of mission success through LOR by giving the astronauts a routine opportunity to pilot dynamically-controlled scale-model vehicles in a safe and controlled three-dimensional environment closely approximating that of space.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /PAIS/Apollo.html (2881 words)

	Steer a rocket powered craft in earth orbit to rendezvous with an orbiting space station
		To steer a rocket powered craft in earth orbit to rendezvous with an orbiting space station.
		It is strategic to use therefore the least amount of fuel and let the orbiting speeds assist in positioning to meet the space station.
		But how it would freefall in orbit with the elliptical path and varying speeds depending on where in the ellipse the object falling is, is not a common perception.
	www.gamediscovery.com /category/2001/january/sim/rendezvous.html (213 words)

	Spacecraft - Apollo
		Gemini provided a training program for the maneuvers which had to be performed in order to execute the lunar orbit rendezvous method of landing on the Moon, a concept attributed to NASA researcher John Houbolt.
		It splashed down in the Pacific on 27-Dec. Apollo 9 was flown to rehearse rendezvous and docking maneuvers with the lunar module in Earth orbit.
		The LM was then flown in lunar orbit on Apollo 10 for the dress rehearsal of a Moon landing.
	www.braeunig.us /space/specs/apollo.htm (936 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Apollo program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The isolation of the CSM pilot was a concern for mission planners so proposals that it would be a three man landing team or that the CSM would rendezvous with an orbiting module were considered.
		It was also proposed that a surplus Saturn V would launch a manned lunar survey mission to establish suitable sites for later manned landings.
		A modified S-IVB would be launched into orbit the second stage carrying a docking module and large solar panels.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Apollo_program (564 words)

	The Space Review: Decision point
		Throughout the day, executives from Marshall present their ideas as to why Earth Orbit Rendezvous is the way to go to the Moon, despite a rising tide of opinion throughout NASA that there may be better, faster ways.
		EOR had always been Dr. von Braun’s favorite, because he saw it as the most flexible method, one that would validate techniques for use in travel to the Moon and beyond.
		EOR is more complex and costlier, and it also requires two successful launches of the Saturn 5 for a successful landing.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/262/1 (2045 words)

	L3-1963
		Korolev’s original design for a manned lunar landing spacecraft was described in September 1963 and was designed to make a direct lunar landing using the earth orbit rendezvous method.
		It was a 200 tonne spacecraft requiring three N1 launches and a single Soyuz 11A511 launch to assemble in low earth orbit.
		The N1 is to have a payload capability of 75 tonnes to a 250 km altitude orbit, 50 tonnes to a 3000 km altitude orbit, and 16 tonnes in geostationary orbit.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/l31963.htm (1178 words)

	washingtonpost.com: In Earth Orbit, A Rendezvous Managed by Robotic Craft
		The experimental DART spacecraft (Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology), had moved to within 300 feet of the satellite orbiting 472 miles above the Earth but backed off late Friday, about 11 hours into the mission, manager Jim Snoddy said.
		The $110 million mission, classified as high-risk because of its automated controls and relatively low budget, was intended to help lay the groundwork for future projects such as robotic delivery of cargo to space shuttles and automated docking and repair in orbit between spacecraft.
		The company that built DART, Orbital Sciences Corp. of Dulles, Va., said it was disappointed in the outcome but pleased with the first part of the mission.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A59524-2005Apr16?language=printer (264 words)

	L3-1963
		The L3 was designed to make a direct lunar landing using the earth orbit rendezvous method.
		It was a 200 tonne spacecraft requiring three N1 launches and a single Soyuz 11A5ll launch to assemble in low earth orbit.
		Midcourse manoeuvres would be made at 100,000 and 150,000 km from the earth to ensure a landing near the site pre-surveyed by the L-2 robotic lunar rover, which would be providing a homing signal for the L-3.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/craft/l31963.htm (553 words)

	Where No Man Has Gone Before, Appendix 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		February-June: Several groups within NASA were intensively studying the various modes of going to the moon (direct ascent, rendezvous in earth orbit, rendezvous in lunar orbit).
		The third method required a separate spacecraft to detach itself, land on the moon, and return to lunar orbit to rendezvous with the Apollo spacecraft.
		NASA Headquarters announced that the lunar-orbit rendezvous mode had been selected for the manned lunar landing project and that requests for proposals would be issued for the second spacecraft (the "lunar excursion module").
	lunar.arc.nasa.gov /archives/documents/SP4214/app4.html (4566 words)

	moon season (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The other would refuel the main craft while orbiting the Earth, and the main craft would then continue to the Moon.
		At first the NASA experts thought John Houbolt's lunar orbit rendezvous mode was not only hazardous but insane.
		When the time came to return it would use its base as a launch pad to return into lunar orbit and rendezvous with the main craft.
	www.channel4.com /science/microsites/M/moon/july1962.html (277 words)

	Chapter 15 -- The Next Generation: Gemini and Voskhod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Because the mission involved rendezvous, the mission was changed to rendezvous with Gemini 7, launched on December 4, 1965.
		At sunset during the 15th orbit Collins opened his hatch, stood in his seat, and photographed the Milky Way in ultraviolet light; this was never done on Earth because the ozone layer prohibits ultraviolet light from penetrating the atmosphere.
		Gemini 12 launched on November 11, 1966 and rendezvoused with the Agena 3 hours and 45 minutes into the mission; this is remarkable considering the fact that radar reception with the Agena was so bad after liftoff that the rendezvous was done without a computer.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter15.html (4967 words)

	Saturn C-3
		The Committee had considered alternative methods of rendezvous: earth orbit, lunar orbit, a combination of earth and lunar orbit, and lunar surface.
		The concept of a low- altitude earth orbit rendezvous using two or three C-3's was clearly preferred by the Committee.
		The proposal was in direct competition with the Apollo proposals that favored direct landing on the moon and involved a 150,000-pound payload launched by a Nova-class vehicle with approximately 12 million pounds of thrust.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/lvs/saturnc3.htm (1590 words)

	ch3
		And the fact that Houston happened to study the lunar orbit rendezvous mode was purely coincidental.
		The first lunar orbit rendezvous scheme that I was exposed to envisioned a LM without a pressurized ascent stage.
		It is correct that quite a few people at Marshall, who had worked on the Earth rendezvous system and convinced themselves that it was feasible, were disappointed when I sided with the lunar rendezvous mode that had been studied by Houston.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4223/ch3.htm (5044 words)

	Chariots For Apollo, ch2-2
		Lundin's group believed that rendezvous offered two attractions: deciding on launch vehicle size - Nova or several proposed versions of an advanced Saturn - would not restrict future growth; and rendezvous would permit lunar landings to be made with smaller boosters, using rocket engines already under development.
		The Lundin team favored earth-orbit rendezvous, with two or three of the advanced Saturns.
		They considered it safer, although they conceded that lunar-orbit rendezvous would require less propellant and, in theory, could be done with a single Saturn C-3, one of the versions under consideration.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4205/ch2-2.html (613 words)

	Chariots For Apollo, ch4-4
		The contractors agreed that either two-man direct flight or earth-orbit rendezvous was feasible but both were less attractive than lunar rendezvous because the probability for mission success was lower, the first landing would be later, and the developmental complexity would be greater.
		Earlier arguments for lunar rendezvous, the report stated, were as valid in October as they had been in July.
		My own view is that we should proceed with the lunar orbit plan, should announce our selection of the contractor for the lunar excursion vehicle, and should play the whole thing in a low key.
	www.apolloexplorer.co.uk /books/SP-4205/ch4-4.html (3802 words)

	Cambridge Conference Correspondence
		The term "space exploration" implies the exploration of the Moon, planets and asteroids, that is, "deep space," in contrast to continuing human activities in Earth orbit.
		Human activities in Earth orbit have less to do with exploration and more to do with international commitments, as in the case of the Space Station, and prestige and technological development, as in the case of China and Russia.
		The conventional explanation for this arrangement is that the glass fell to Earth first, then giant waves caused by the impact covered them with sediment, then iridium-containing dust settled out of the atmosphere over the course of a few weeks and formed the clay.
	abob.libs.uga.edu /bobk/ccc/cc110703.html (15973 words)

	SCIENCE FICTION SPACE TECHNOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The lunar liftoff would approximate an Earth launch, a single rocket launching its crew for a voyage to Earth.
		The lunar orbit rendezvous approach employed two vehicles, a command or mother ship for travel to lunar orbit and a lander or lunar module for descent to and ascent from the Moon's surface while the command ship orbited the Moon awaiting for the return of the lander.
		The lunar orbit rendezvous approach proved most efficient, requiring a much less powerful Earth launch booster.
	vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov /er/seh/sfcraft.html (1680 words)

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