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Topic: Earth observation satellite

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	CNES Begins Deorbiting Spot-1 Earth Observation Satellite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		PARIS — The French Spot-1 Earth observation satellite is being de-orbited to assure a destructive re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere in 15 years in what its owners say is an example of good orbital citizenship.
		The Spot-3 satellite failed in orbit in 1996 and is circling the Earth uselessly in its 830-kilometer orbit.
		In the case of commercial satellites still generating revenue for their owners, it is a difficult decision to forego service life in favor of debris-mitigation measures.
	www.space.com /spacenews/archive03/cnesarch_120103.html (788 words)

	Spaceflight :Earth Observation Satellites
		Satellites that observe the Earth to collect scientific data are usually referred to as “Earth observation satellites.” Sometimes the interpretation of their data has been controversial because the interpretation is difficult and people have used the data to call for substantial changes in human behavior.
		Landsat and similar satellites are often referred to as “remote sensing satellites,” a term that is usually used to refer to satellites that focus on the ground rather than the oceans or atmosphere.
		Although they announced that this was a civilian Earth observation satellite and sought international customers, many experts speculated about the military uses of these satellites and their role in searching for objects such as submarines, which can create waves on the ocean surface when traveling at high speed at shallow depths.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/earth_obs/SP34.htm (1934 words)

	A Proposal of Integrated Construction of Multi-Satellite Earth Observation System to Meet Requirements of Fast Response ...
		A great number of flood and waterlogging monitoring since 90's, being part of applications of satellite Earth observation, were a good reference of operations capability of ground data receiving and processing system due to the critical requirements of high resolution and fast response (see table).
		The purpose of authors of this paper to propose the integrated construction of multi-satellite Earth observation data receiving and processing system is to improve the operational capability and level of the gerund system in the whole Earth observation are.
		As an important component of satellite Earth observation system, the integrated construction of ground receiving and processing system also has the issues of management mode of how to plan a whole, of integrated management, of coordination between different departments, of co-construction with users' participation, and of information sharing.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /aars/acrs/1999/ts3/ts3091pf.htm (1983 words)

	Observation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Alcatel Space designed and built all of the Meteosat satellites that have benefited Europe for the past 20 years, and is now ensuring the continuity of the program by building Meteosat's new-generation satellites, called MSG (Meteosat Second Generation).
		Alcatel Space is responsible for producing 60% (in terms of turnover) of the military observation satellite Hélios 2 and 40% of the Spot satellites.
		Observation of the Earth, after telecommunications, is the second major field of application in satellite systems.
	www1.alcatel-lucent.com /space/satellites/observ_index.htm (724 words)

	I-Space - satellite imaging and earth observation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Satellite images are used in the precision farming domain to manage cultivated areas on a field-by-field basis.
		The purpose of this action is to identify the medium- and long-term behaviour of cavities, assess their surface repercussions, develop methods for the surveillance of risk zones and devise corresponding risk reduction procedures.
		Some of the techniques employed are based on direct management methods (levelling or positioning by GPS satellite, extensometric instruments, etc.) and others on data extracted from satellite images obtained by optical interferometric techniques or radar.
	i-space.cnes.fr /applic_imagerie_observation_eng.htm (782 words)

	"Midori II" Advanced Earth Observation Satellite-II (ADEOS-II) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been investigating the possibility of recovering the observation operation of Midori-II since October 25 (Saturday), 2003 when an anomaly was detected on the satellite while sending commands to restore its function, and analyzing its current status.
		Midori II, which is currently in an orbit, has been engaged in various observation missions to understand the realities and causes of global environmental changes, such as abnormal weather conditions and the expansion of the ozone hole.
		The combination of various sensor technologies allow the satellite to detect different electromagnetic waves reflected or emitted from plants, water and the atmosphere, enabling more precise observation of the Earth.
	www.jaxa.jp /missions/projects/sat/eos/adeos2/index_e.html (556 words)

	Japan bids adios to ADEOS earth observation satellite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Japan on Friday abandoned a 640-million dollar observation satellite that lost contact with earth six days ago, possibly due to a recent series of solar flares.
		The satellite, known as Midori-2 in Japanese, stopped sending signals on Saturday due to a suspected glitch in its electrical circuits.
		ADEOS-2 -- Advanced Earth Observation Satellite -- followed the fate of its predecessor ADEOS-1, which was similarly written off 10 months after its launch in 1996 after its solar panel broke down due to a design fault.
	www.spacedaily.com /2003/031031090646.2kxsn1mx.html (339 words)

	Earth Observation Satellite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		LANDSAT-1 is the world first earth observation satellite launched by the United States in 1972 and a memorable satellite which has been recognized in availability being capable of observing the earth far from space.
		MSS is an optical sensor to observe the reflected solar radiation from the earth surface in four different spectral bands by a combination of the optical system and the sensor.
		The observation bands are basically same seven bands as TM and the newly added band 8 with a 15m of high resolution.
	www.eoc.jaxa.jp /satellite/satdata/landsat_e.html (199 words)

	Space News June 14, 2004
		The satellite is equipped with a solid-state mass-memory recorder with 40 gigabytes of capacity and is able to send images to the main ground station in Hsin-Chu City at rates of 120 megabits per second, Lee said.
		He said that despite Chinese mainland concerns that Rocsat-2 is a reconnaissance satellite as much as anything else, NSPO views it as a science and environmental mission.
		The satellite is in a polar low Earth orbit at 981 kilometers in altitude.
	www.space.com /spacenews/businessmonday_040614.html (553 words)

	Alaska Satellite Facility < UAF/GI >
		Its objectives included acquiring global observation data corresponding to environmental changes such as global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, decrease of tropical rain forests, and occurrence of unusual weather.
		JERS-1 (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite) was launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) aboard a Japanese H-1 launcher, to provide global and repetitive observations of the environment using techniques which allow imaging to take place in all weather conditions.
		The 115 kilogram satellite’s scientific goals were to measure nitric oxide density in the terrestrial lower thermosphere (100-200 km altitude) and analyze the energy inputs from the sun and magnetosphere that create it and cause its abundance to vary dramatically.
	www.asf.alaska.edu /about_asf/previous_satellites.html (583 words)

	Earth Images Collection of World Global Views taken by Satellite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Earth Images Collection globes and maps were created using Planetary Visions' Satellite Imagemap, a highly realistic image of the surface of the entire Earth.
		More than 30 gigabytes of data from three satellite systems were combined with digital map and terrain data to produce the natural colour Satellite Imagemap.
		The Satellite Imagemap and other datasets are available under separate licence for 3D graphics use in video, film and broadcast television.
	www.earth-images.com (242 words)

	NOAA Announcements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This award is given to young professionals who have developed an innovative application of Earth observation satellite data (alone or in combination with non-satellite data) that is, or could be, used for operational purposes to assess and/or predict atmospheric, oceanic or terrestrial conditions.
		Examples include, but certainly are not limited to, the use of Earth observation data for fire monitoring, weather forecasting, climate monitoring or prediction, global change detection, volcanic ash tracking, vegetation/drought monitoring, oil spill tracking, rainfall measurements or forecasts, hurricane landfall predictions, and fisheries management.
		The satellite data used may be from any Earth observation satellite such as a NOAA or other U.S. Government, commercial or foreign satellite.
	www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov /announcements.html (541 words)

	ESA - Observing the Earth - Europe's Environment Satellite
		This gigantic Earth observation satellite, the size of an articulated lorry, was developed under the supervision of ESA experts from the European space research and technology centre (ESTEC) in Noordwijk, the Netherlands, at a cost of 2.3 billion euros.
		Envisat circles the Earth at 100-minute intervals, 14 times a day, returning in a 35-day cycle to the same orbit, and in 3 days draws a complete map of the world.
		The Germans are particularly proud of SCIAMACHY on board Envisat: the SCanning and Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY searches the atmosphere for trace gases, ozone and similar substances as well as clouds and dust particles, confirms the total amount of the gases and indicates the different altitudes.
	www.esa.int /export/esaSA/ESAJZA8VTTC_earth_0.html (910 words)

	Advanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS)
		The satellite acquired global earth-observation data for 7 months until it suddenly went out of control on 30 June 1997, due to structural damage in its solar array.
		This sensor is used to monitor the Earth’s radiation balance, the temperature profile of the atmosphere, the temperature of the Earth’s surface, and physical properties of clouds.
		OCTS mainly serves as an observation sensor of ocean conditions, including chlorophyll and dissolved substances in the water, temperature profile, and cloud formation processes.
	www.tec.army.mil /tio/ADEOS.htm (907 words)

	40+ Years of Earth Science - Television Infrared Observation Satellite Program (TIROS)
		The TIROS Program (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) was NASA's first experimental step to determine if satellites could be useful in the study of the Earth.
		Since satellites were a new technology, the TIROS Program also tested various design issues for spacecraft: instruments, data and operational parameters.
		The goal was to improve satellite applications for Earth-bound decisions, such as "should we evacuate the coast because of the hurricane?".
	www.earth.nasa.gov /history/tiros/tiros.html (188 words)

	Aerospace Technology - Envisat Earth Observation Satellite
		Envisat is an advanced polar-orbiting Earth observation satellite which will provide measurements of the atmosphere, ocean, land and ice over a five year period and was launched in March 2002 on an Ariane 5 rocket by the European Space Agency (ESA).
		When the satellite is not visible, the ground stations will receive data through the ESA data relay satellite system Artemis.
		Envisat is an advanced polar-orbiting Earth observation satellite that was launched in March 2002 on an Ariane 5 rocket by the European Space Agency (ESA).
	www.aerospace-technology.com /projects/envisat (686 words)

	Pakistan and Earth Observation Systems
		Second, there are equipment in the satellite with the help of which signals sent to it, that is, e-mail etc, could be stored.
		The successful operation of the CCD camera on board the Badar-2 satellite would be a first step towards the acquisition of know-how for taking pictures of earth from specialized digital cameras.
		The satellite is made of an aluminium alloy and had a total mass of 68.5kg.
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/pakistan/earth (736 words)

	Earth Observatory: Nimbus' 40th Anniversary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Starting in 1964 and for the next twenty years, the Nimbus series of missions was the United States’ primary research and development platform for satellite remote-sensing of the Earth.
		The seven Nimbus satellites, launched over a fourteen-year period, shared their space-based observations of our planet for thirty years.
		In 1970, Nimbus 4 began collecting our first global observations of the ozone layer, and by 1972, scientists and engineers had incorporated into Nimbus 5 the capability to measure rainfall over the world’s oceans and to map and monitor sea ice.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/Nimbus (564 words)

	eoPortal directory: BEOSAT (Braunschweig's Earth Observation Satellite)
		The objectives are to analyze gases in Earth's atmosphere and to detect the distribution of space debris in a 600-650 km sun-synchronous orbit.
		The aim is to measure trace gases of the atmosphere with a ground resolution of 20 km x 20 km (normal observation mode) - this represents an improvement by a factor of 4.5 over the SCIAMACHY measurements on Envisat, the latter with a ground resolution of 60 km x 30 km.
		This description was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: "Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors" - comments and corrections to this article are welcomed by the author.
	directory.eoportal.org /pres_BEOSATBraunschweigsEarthObservationSatellite.html (1812 words)

	BUBL LINK: Earth observation
		Resource tracing the formation of the earth over 4.5 billion years, explaining how the earth has evolved, how to read rocks, why there are ocean basins, mountains and continents, what causes climate and climate change, and what makes the earth habitable.
		Earth Interactions exploits the capabilities of electronic communications technology to add value to the publication of research results in the interdisciplinary earth sciences.
		Colour satellite images of plankton blooms, chlorophyll concentrations, coral reefs, and hurricanes are available, as well as technical reports and a teacher's section.
	bubl.ac.uk /link/e/earthobservation.htm (962 words)

	Satellite Images
		Earth Watching: ESA's Earth Watching initiative occasionally sponsors the processing of imagery for the monitoring of natural disasters and other special events.
		INSI: SAR Interferometry (INSAR) is a hot topic which is rapidly evolving thanks to spectacular results achieved in fields such as monitoring of earthquakes and volcanoes, land subsidence, glacier dynamics, classification of different land types and construction of Digital Elevation Models (DEM's) of the Earth's surface.
		In INSI you will find a sample of interferometric images obtained with the Synthetic Apertu re Radar (SAR) instrument on-board the ESA ERS satellites: these sample images have been generated at ESRIN by a prototype Interferometric Quick-Look (IQL) Processor which handles complete strips of SAR acquisition.
	earth.esa.int /images (178 words)

	CSA - Satellites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Canada's Earth observation satellites and foreign satellites with Canadian instruments.
		By observing the Earth from space, satellites provide essential information on ocean, ice, land environments, and the atmosphere.
		Satellite imagery and expertise is also used to support global humanitarian efforts and sustainable development.
	www.space.gc.ca /asc/eng/satellites/default.asp?page=observation (81 words)

	NASA: TERRA (EOS AM-1)
		In particular, the mission is designed to improve understanding of the movements of carbon and energy throughout Earth’s climate system.
		Terra is a multi-national, multi-disciplinary mission involving partnerships with the aerospace agencies of Canada and Japan.
		On July 4, 2000, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this image of the area around Tsushima Island in the Korea Strait.
	terra.nasa.gov (535 words)

	South Korea and Earth Observation Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kisat 2 was launched in a similar manner to its predecessor on 26 September 1993 and was inserted into an orbit of 795 km by 805 km at an inclination of 98.7 degrees.
		Again, the small satellite carried two CCD imaging systems, one of which was of Korean design (References 726-729).
		The 400-kg satellite, which will be built by TRW, will tentatively carry a 10m resolution CCD imaging system for Earth surveys at an altitude of 685 km (Reference 730).
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/skorea/earth/index.html (297 words)

	David Johnson Award for Outstanding Innovative Use of Earth Observation Satellite Data
		This award is given to young professionals who have developed an innovative use of Earth observation satellite data (alone, or in combination with non-satellite data) that is, or could be, used for operational purposes to assess and/or predict atmospheric, oceanic, or terrestrial conditions.
		The use of satellite data should have a practical, on-going purpose that could be used to assess/and or predict environmental conditions, on a regular, operational basis.
		The satellite data used may be from any Earth observation satellite, i.e., a NOAA or other U.S. government or commercial or foreign satellite.
	www.noaanews.noaa.gov /johnsonaward (566 words)

	ScienceDaily: Proba Workshop: Small Satellite Yielding Beautiful Results
		Science Daily In orbit for three and a half years now, ESA's smallest Earth Observation satellite is making a big contribution to science, a workshop heard this week.
		Meanwhile the entire satellite is able to perform a continuous roll, so that the target is acquired at different angles, especially useful when trying to assess vegetation or woodland canopy structure and density and differentiate individual plant or tree species.
		Proba Workshop: Small Satellite Yielding Beautiful Results (March 26, 2005) -- In orbit for three and a half years now, ESA's smallest Earth Observation satellite is making a big contribution to science, a workshop heard this week.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/03/050325164238.htm (2620 words)

	Taiwan's Earth Observation Systems
		Preparations to transport the 750kg satellite from Hsinchu in northern Taiwan to Vandenberg Air Force Base in California for a planned liftoff 17 January 2004 were completed.
		The satellite was scheduled to be launched in late February 2004.
		The ROCSAT-2 satellite is different from its predecessor in that it will have practical applications involving remote-sensing technologies to help upgrade Taiwan's capabilities in disaster prevention, land mapping and environmental monitoring.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/world/taiwan/earth.htm (1175 words)

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