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Topic: Earth s crust

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Savage Earth: Hell's Crust The crust and, immediately below it, the strong upper part of the mantle (down to a depth of about 60 miles) together make up the Earth's lithosphere. Eventually, after more than 150 million years, the cold crust is carried to subduction zones (places where one plate sinks beneath another), where it sinks back into the Earth -- dipping beneath another oceanic plate, or beneath a continent -- and melts once more. At the thinnest spots in the oceans, where new crust is created, it is only a few miles thick; on the continents, the crust averages about 20 miles thick. www.pbs.org /wnet/savageearth/hellscrust/index.html

Earth's Crust, Lithosphere and Asthenosphere The tectonic plates are made up of the Earth’s crust and the upper part of the mantle layer underneath. The tectonic plates are made up of Earth’s crust and the upper part of the mantle layer underneath. The plates that fit like puzzle pieces around the Earth are made of Earth’s crust and the upper part of the mantle layer. www.windows.ucar.edu /earth/interior/earths_crust.html

Inside the Earth [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] The size of the Earth -- about 12,750 kilometers (km) in diameter-was known by the ancient Greeks, but it was not until the turn of the 20th century that scientists determined that our planet is made up of three main layers: crust, mantle, and core. The mantle, which contains more iron, magnesium, and calcium than the crust, is hotter and denser because temperature and pressure inside the Earth increase with depth. The thickness of the crust beneath continents is much more variable but averages about 30 km; under large mountain ranges, such as the Alps or the Sierra Nevada, however, the base of the crust can be as deep as 100 km. pubs.usgs.gov /publications/text/inside.html

The Earth's Crust: Introduction Several tectonic plates make up the earth's crust that are in a constant state of process. The outer layer or surface of the earth is called the crust. The surface of the earth usually looks the same to us from year to year; yet it is always changing, and has been changing since the world was first formed. www.edu.pe.ca /southernkings/intro.htm

The Earth's Crust The crust in this image is much smaller in the real earth! The Earth's outermost surface is called the crust. The crust is typically about 25 miles thick beneath continents, and about 6.5 miles thick beneath oceans. www.thetech.org /exhibits_events/online/quakes/inside/crust.html

L1 - Earth's Structure All of the metallic resources used to make metal materials are found in the crust and the essential ingredients of life for all living organisms: carbon and hydrogen are also located in the earth's crust. The foundations for our homes, buildings, factories, highways and railways are built upon the surface layer of the earth's crust. The most abundant element in the earth's crust is oxygen, which makes up almost 50 percent of the crust by weight. www.adlc.ca /home/stuWork/sampleLessons/Science24/lesson1-5.htm

MSN Encarta - Search Results - Geology Geology, study of the planet earth, its rocky exterior, its history, and the processes that act upon it. Geology is also referred to as earth science... The crust is solid and relatively thin, and it lies below both landmasses and oceans. encarta.msn.com /Geology.html

EcoWorld - Earth Articles Fold mountains are created when continental plates collide with each other, or with oceanic plates, forcing massive layers of the Earth's crust upward, bending and crumpling rocks and the Earth's crust. Fault-block mountains are formed when huge blocks of the Earth's crust are tilted on or pushed up along a fracture line, also known as a fault line. The Himalaya mountain range of Asia is home to the highest mountain peak on Earth, Mount Everest, and subsequently makes the Himalayas one the most famous range of fold mountains on Earth. www.ecoworld.com /Earth/EcoWorld_Earth_Home.cfm

The Earth's crust Chemically, the earth’s crust consists of about 80 elements distributed in approximately 2000 compounds or minerals, many of which are of variable composition. A corresponding amount of this crust is being returned to the lithosphere at subduction zones off the West coasts of the Americas, and in the process pushing up the mountain ranges that lie along these coasts. The continental crust is thicker than the oceanic crust, but it is also less dense, which allows it to float higher (and thus to differentiate continents from oceans.) The lower density also prevents it from being subducted. www.sfu.ca /person/lower/TUTORIALS/geochem/04txt.html

EARTHFORCE in the crust Scientists think that the entire crust of the Earth is broken into big pieces called plates. For many years, scientists have used the fault to study the crustal plates, properties of rock, and the core of the Earth. All of the plates are drifting on the liquid molten magma of the mantle beneath the crust. sln.fi.edu /earth/crust.html

Geochemistry Examination of the distribution and movements of elements in different parts of the earth (crust, mantle, hydrosphere etc.) and in minerals with the goal to determine the underlying legalities of distribution and movement. Determination of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes in the earth and on earth´s surface. The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other planets, chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition of rockss and soils, and the cycles of matter and energy that transport the Earth's chemical components in time and space. www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/geochemistry

Earth's Interior & Plate Tectonics Earth's lithosphere presently is divided into eight large plates with about two dozen smaller ones that are drifting above the mantle at the rate of 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) per year. Much of Earth's internal heat is relieved through this process and many of Earth's large structural and topographic features are consequently formed. It is believed to have solidified as a result of pressure-freezing which occurs to most liquids when temperature decreases or pressure increases. www.solarviews.com /eng/earthint.htm

SAVAGE EARTH Online Please note: SAVAGE EARTH ONLINE looks best when viewed using Netscape 3.0 or above, or Internet Explorer 3.0 or above, on Macintosh, Windows 95 or Windows 3.1. SAVAGE EARTH is made possible by PBS and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. If you have an earlier version, or another browser, all pages may not be presented exactly as designed. www.pbs.org /wnet/savageearth

INSIDE THE EARTH - ENCHANTED LEARNING SOFTWARE The Earth's thin, rocky crust is composed of silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium and potassium. The crust is thinner under the oceans (6-11 km thick); this is where new crust is formed. The crust is divided into continental plates which drift slowly (only a few centimeters each year) atop the less rigid mantle. www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Inside.shtml

New evidence for long-distance fluid migration within the earth's crust New evidence for long-distance fluid migration within the earth's crust earth.agu.org /revgeophys/person00/person00.html

Guardian Unlimited The Guardian Scientists rumble Earth's hum Writing in the journal Nature today, they suggest rough water sets the Earth's crust shaking, causing the hum. Other scientists blamed variations in atmospheric pressure, because they thought it might be causing a drumming on the Earth's surface. Others thought it was down to earthquakes deep in the Earth, which release energy without rupturing faults. www.guardian.co.uk /uk_news/story/0,3604,1315974,00.html

The Earth’s Crust If the Earth's crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges, Hess reasoned, it must be shrinking elsewhere. The Earth's unchanging size implies that the crust must be destroyed at about the same rate as it is being created, as Harry Hess surmised. In contrast, intraslab earthquakes occur within the descending oceanic crust at depths of 50 to 300 kilometers beneath the surface and are caused by different processes. eduweb.brandonu.ca /~science/Crust/crust.htm

McGraw-Hill Education Europe It was at this time that editors at McGraw-Hill met informally around a small conference table and sketched out their idea for a monumental work ' a reference that would survey the state-of-the-art in the physical, earth, life and applied sciences and spare no effort or funding. The start of the space age and, in particular, the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union further intensified the spotlight on science. www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk /tpr/promotions/est/index.html

Science 7 This "Earth's Crust Page" has links to sites about earthquakes and volcanoes. The sites have been selected to help you with certain projects in the Earth's Crust Module. Look here for worldwide locations of currently erupting volcanoes. www.openschool.bc.ca /courses/science7/earth.html

Roberta Rudnick - Publication List Zack, T., Tomascak, P.B., Rudnick, R.L., McDonough, W.F., Dalpe, C. (2003) Extremely light Li in orogenic eclogites: the role of isotope fractionation during dehydration in subducted oceanic crust, Earth Planet. Rudnick, R.L. and Jackson, I.N.S. (1995) Measured and calculated elastic wave speeds in partially equilibrated mafic granulite xenoliths: implications for the properties of an underplated lower continental crust. Barth, M.G., McDonough, W.F. and Rudnick, R.L. (2000) Tracking the budget of Nb and Ta in the continental crust, Chem. www.geol.umd.edu /pages/faculty/RUDNICK/full_pub_list.htm

BC Education - Grade 7 Earth and Space Science (Earth's Crust) Through investigation, observation, diagrams, and models, students begin to identify geological features and simulate changes that occur on the Earth's surface and on the ocean floor. They demonstrate their scientific skills and processes when they formulate models of the Earth's processes and take responsible action in preparing for an earthquake. identify changes that occur to the Earth's surface due to earthquakes and volcanoes www.bced.gov.bc.ca /irp/sciencek7/7earear.htm

The Earth's Crust Earth and Space Systems: Grade 7 - The Earth's Crust A edible observation of the layers of the earth's crust. demonstrate an understanding of the composition of the earth's crust, and describe how changes in the earth's crust result from both internal and external processes; www.gecdsb.on.ca /d&g/scitech/science/strands/es7.htm

The Earth's Crust This contour map of the thickness of the Earth's crust was developed from the CRUST 5.1 model. quake.wr.usgs.gov /study/CrustalStructure

UCMP Glossary: Geology The Earth's crust which is formed at mid-oceanic ridges, typically 5 to 10 kilometers thick with a density of 3.0 grams per centimeter cubed. A long, narrow crack in the entire thickness of the Earth's crust, which is bounded by normal faults on either side and forms as the crust is pulled apart; v. The processes by which materials of the Earth's crust are worn away, loosened, or dissolved while being transported from their place of origin. www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /glossary/gloss2geol.html   (3545 words)

Palaeos Earth: Geosphere: Structure of the Earth In Geosphere is the solid or mineral part of the Earth, consists of layers, from the outer crust down to the inner core, which have separated through density and temperature. Yet this thin tiny layer is what we think of as "the earth", with it's mountains, valleys, continents, ocean beds, etc. The crust is rich in oxygen, silicon and aluminium, with lesser amounts of other elements like iron. It is a broad layer of dense rock and metal oxides that lies between the molten core and the crust. www.palaeos.com /Earth/Geosphere/structure.htm   (762 words)

Search Results for oceanic - Encyclopædia Britannica Linear trough in the Earth's crust in which rocks of Late Precambrian to Mesozoic Age (roughly 600–65 million years ago) were deposited along the western coast of North America. Oceanic trench area in which, according to the theory of plate tectonics, the seafloor underthrusts an adjacent plate, dragging the accumulated trench sediments downward into the Earth's upper mantle. Theory that oceanic crust forms along submarine mountain zones, known collectively as the oceanic ridge system, and spreads out laterally away from them. www.britannica.com /search?query=oceanic&fuzzy=N&ct=gen1&iq=5&start=6&show=20   (365 words)

Rare Earth Details One of the rare earth elements, erbium is 43rd in abundance among the elements of the earth's crust. Dysprosium is 42nd in abundance among the elements in the earth's crust. Thulium ranks 61st in abundance among the elements in the crust of the earth and is found in small quantities in such rare earth minerals as euxenite, gadolinite, and blomstrandine. www.candldevelopment.com /rare_earth_detail.htm   (1787 words)

Earth's Interior The nearby crust of the Earth can be explored in great detail with echo-sounding techniques, a kind of acoustic radar. The part of the mantle near the crust, about 50-100 km down, is especially soft and plastic, and is called the asthenosphere. The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/100/interior.html   (1483 words)

Evolving Earth: Plate Tectonics Earth's crust is the thin shell that lies atop the thick mantle, and it is reasonable to assume that the crust is extracted from the mantle, especially the outermost part of the mantle. late tectonics says that the Earth's strong outer layer (called the lithosphere, which consists of crust and uppermost mantle) is broken into a mosaic of plates that slowly move over a mechanically weaker layer (the asthenosphere, which is part of the upper mantle). If the Earth is not to inflate like a balloon by the creating new material at the ocean ridges, then material must be consumed elsewhere at the same rate. www.globalchange.umich.edu /globalchange1/current/lectures/evolving_earth/evolving_earth.html   (1483 words)

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