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Topic: Earthquake fault

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Policy Recommendations - Western States Seismic Policy Council When the last major earthquake occurred along a fault and the time interval between major earthquakes along a fault are factors that influence the probability of another earthquake on that fault in a certain period of time. The identification of faults that pose earthquake hazards requires consideration of a fault-activity criterion to filter out ancient faults that are not part of the contemporary deformation of the Earth’s crust. These different characteristics may warrant different considerations, such as the activity criterion used for fault setbacks and for identifying potential earthquake sources. www.wsspc.org /PublicPolicy/PolicyRecs/policy02-3.html

USGS Open-File Report 99-447 However, the epicenter of a 1973 earthquake in the magnitude range 2 to 3 was on or near the Shuangtung fault according to a map of Hsiung and Lo (1973, fig. An earthquake with magnitude between 2 and 3 occurred on or close to the Sani fault in 1973 (Hsiung and Lo, 1973b). One of several faults with Quaternary displacement in the epicentral region of the September 21 Chi-Chi earthquake probably was the causative fault for this earthquake, and others may have had secondary surface ruptures on them. pubs.usgs.gov /of/1999/of99-447   (1238 words)

Earthquake Effects in Kobe, Japan Most of the damage done by earthquakes is due to their secondary effects, those not directly caused by fault movement, but resulting instead from the propagation of seismic waves away from the fault rupture. It is often possible to measure the displacement and length of the exposed fault rupture to estimate the slip and area of the subsurface fault, providing an independent estimate of the earthquake's magnitude. Direct effects are solely those related to the deformation of the ground near the earthquake fault itself. www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html   (2350 words)

Soil Tectonics - Bibliography R., and Borchardt, Glenn, 1998, Re-evaluation of the 1836 "Hayward fault" and the 1838 San Andreas fault earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. R., and Borchardt, Glenn, 1996, Implications for the 1838 San Andreas fault earthquake, of relocating the 1836 earthquake to San Juan Bautista [abs.]: EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. A., 1982, Slides and script for earthquake planning scenario for a magnitude 8.3 earthquake on the San Andreas fault in the San Francisco Bay area, California (Based upon Special Publication 61), California Division of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 82-23 SF (includes 10 slides), 19 p. www.soiltectonics.com /bibliography.html   (7565 words)

Diffusion modeling references TI: Earthquake chronology established by calibrating a fault scarp diffusion model with a cosmogenic nuclide; preliminary results from the Socorro Canyon Fault. The site will be monitored to observe the natural degradation of the fault scarp, and it is also the sole remaining record, _unmodified by humans or stock, of the surface rupture formed during the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake. PY: 1987 LA: English DE: Borah-Peak-earthquake-1983; central-Idaho; Custer-County-Idaho; Doublespring-Pass; earthquakes-; equations-; fault-scarps; geomorphology-; Idaho-; landform-evolution; Lost-River-Fault; mathematical-models; numerical-analysis; United-States CC: 23-Geomorphology DT: Serial AN: 1987-057591 Record 13 of 19 in GeoRef Disc 3: 1985-1992 TI: Reevaluation of the linear-diffusion model for morphologic dating of scarps. www.public.asu.edu /~arrows/geomorph/diffuse/references.html   (2169 words)

Mendenhall Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program: Research Opportunities Using inferences of fault-zone structure, physical properties and mechanical state both from SAFOD and the Parkfield Earthquake Experiment to construct a physically based model of the earthquake cycle, including variable frictional properties, strain accumulation, earthquake nucleation, dynamic rupture, fault healing, time-dependent hydrological and geochemical processes, and earthquake interaction. SAFOD is designed to directly sample fault zone materials (rock and fluids), measure a wide variety of fault zone properties, and monitor a creeping and seismically active fault zone at depth. In addition to retrieval of fault zone rock and fluids for laboratory analyses, intensive downhole geophysical measurements and long-term monitoring are planned within and adjacent to the active fault zone. geology.usgs.gov /postdoc/2005/opps/opp18.html   (2169 words)

The San Andreas Fault The presence of the San Andreas fault was brought dramatically to world attention on April 18, 1906, when sudden displacement along the fault produced the great San Francisco earthquake and fire. Such an earthquake may be preceded by an increase in seismicity for several years, possibly including several foreshocks of about magnitude 5 along the fault. On May 18, 1940, an earthquake of magnitude 7.1 occurred along a previously unrecognized fault in the Imperial Valley. pubs.usgs.gov /gip/earthq3/safaultgip.html   (2169 words)

USGS OF 96-698: Winnetka deformation zone, Northridge Earthquake Although attention centers on the main shock in an earthquake event, the Northridge earthquake event was a sequence of hundreds, or thousands of earthquakes, many of which were not on the fault that produced the main shock. The tilting of the San Fernando Valley during the Northridge earthquake is, we believe, a result of larger slip on the Pico thrust fault than on the Santa Monica fault (Figure 11). In the case of Northridge (Figure 10), the earthquake fault appears to be part of a large, heart structure (Figure 11). geomechanics.geol.pdx.edu /Papers/Northridge/Of-96-698   (8261 words)

The Strong, Silent Type This earthquake was not located a great distance offshore; indeed, part of the fault that slipped lies beneath the Chain of Craters Road where it approaches the currently active lava flow. The first is the typical earthquake, consisting of nearly instantaneous slip and depending on the size of the fault considerable shaking. The third mode of fault slip on Kilauea is the silent earthquake. hvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/2002/02_07_18.html   (8261 words)

The Seattle Times: Local News: Pinpointing devastation if Seattle Fault ruptures Inspired by a less-detailed scenario for an earthquake on the Hayward Fault in the San Francisco area, he began trying to assemble a team to take an in-depth look at a Seattle Fault earthquake. A magnitude 6.7 earthquake on the Seattle Fault would be up to eight times more destructive than the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake that caused about $2 billion worth of damage four years ago this month, Weaver said. For the Puget Sound area, a quake along the Seattle Fault would even be worse than the other type of seismic hazard hanging over the region: A quake on the Cascadia subduction zone off the coast, where one tectonic plate dives beneath another. seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/localnews/2002185299_earthquake20m.html   (8261 words)

Planning for Development of Land on or Close to Active Faults - 3 Understanding Earthquakes and Active Faults [Ministry for the Environment] The 1929 Murchison earthquake resulted in over 4m of vertical displacement of the ground surface at the White Creek fault (Berryman 1980), creating a terrace which was insurmountable to traffic on a local road. For example the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake resulted in about 7km of surface rupture along the Edgecumbe fault, and up to 2m of vertical displacement of the ground surface at the fault (Beanland et al 1989). Earthquakes occur along a rupture referred to as a fault plane. www.mfe.govt.nz /publications/rma/planning-development-active-faults-dec04/html/page3.html   (1108 words)

Earthquake Hazards - External Research The mainshock of the Whittier Narrows earthquake occurred on a north-dipping, east-striking fault (Bullard and Lettis, 1993). The Whittier Narrows aftershocks, the Norwalk fault and its associated kink band, and the Montebello and Santa Fe Springs folds are all restricted to this single thrust segment, and all are east-trending. Its east-west extent is similar to that of the Montebello anticline to the north and the aftershock zone of the Whittier Narrows earthquake. erp-web.er.usgs.gov /reports/annsum/vol39/sc/g3019.htm   (1970 words)

Coseismic Folding, Earthquake Recurrence, and the 1987 Source Mechanism at Whittier Narrows, Los Angeles Basin, California Although smaller, the Whittier Narrows event shares this characteristic and thus raises the possibility that the principal source of future earthquakes in the Los Angeles metropolitan area comes not from strike-slip and reverse faults prominent at the surface, but from blind (or buried) thrusts that are intimately coupled to the development of the subsurface folds. The location of the Whittier Narrows fault plane is accurately controlled by the geodetic data, since, for a planar fault, the upper edge of the fault must lie beneath the position of peak uplift. The close proximity of the leveling routes to the Whittier Narrows epicentral area permits estimation of the fault geometry and coseismic slip on the fault plane, independent of the seismic and geologic data. quake.usgs.gov /research/deformation/modeling/papers/whittier/whittier.html   (6357 words)

Puerto Rico Tsunami Warning and Mitigation Program Earthquakes of this magnitude are associated with seismic fault lengths on the order of 1000 kilometers in length which are associated with subduction zones, and the fact is that the subduction zone along the eastern Caribbean islands cannot accommodate such a fault length. He also adds that the earthquake was felt over a million square miles and that it appeared to have at least two foci, one of which in North Africa caused ground motion that damaged cities 400 miles south of Lisbon. This is a topic of active research, but one can speculate that the eastern seaboard of the USA was spared because the fault orientation may have been approximately east-west, and it is known that most of the tsunami energy is directed perpendicular to the axis of the fault, this being so the longer the fault. poseidon.uprm.edu /weblog-2.html   (1245 words)

NEWS2.HTML In order to quantify the extent of near-source effects from a large earthquake, a recent simulation of a hypothetical Mw7.0 event, which is consistent with a blind-thrust earthquake on the Elysian Park fault under Los Angeles, produced ground motions on an 11 X 11 grid covering 2500 km2 above the fault (Fig. Near-source effects also occur for strike-slip earthquakes, and it is well known that permanent horizontal displacement from fault rupture can reach several meters for large events. This component is seen in the record at Lucerne from the Landers earthquake and from some of the large records in Kobe from the Hanshin earthquake (also listed in Table 1), both strike-slip events. www.usc.edu /dept/civil_eng/structural/NEWS2.HTML   (2204 words)

BSSA, Volume 94:6 We suggest that the results of this study can provide important information for estimating the effects of a large thrust fault rupture in the Los Angeles basin, specially given the fact that there is so little instrumental data from large thrust fault earthquakes. On the southwest part of the fault, which is covered by sediments, the thrust fault did not reach the surface (“blind” thrust). There is clear evidence of the effects of rupture directivity in ground motions on the hanging-wall side of the fault (from both precarious rocks and numerical simulations). www.seismosoc.org /publications/BSSA_html/bssa_94-6/03252.html   (322 words)

Nat' Academies Press, Assessing the Nation's Earthquakes: The Health and Future of Regional Seismograph Networks (1990) By 11:00 a.m., a focal mechanism was determined by using the data from the regional networks; it showed that the earthquake had occurred on a west-striking thrust fault a subhorizontal fault along which the upper block had moved south, perpendicular to the strike of the fault. Thus within a few hours after the earthquake, it was known that an earthquake with a magnitude of ~6 had occurred on a previously unrecognized thrust fault that could pose an additional earthquake hazard to the 12 million inhabitants of the Los Angeles metropolitan area (Hauksson, 1988, and Hauksson and Jones, 1989~. Thus, a first impression of this earthquake was that it was unremarkable, that is, very representative of the scattered, infrequent seismicity that characterizes much of the crust of the eastern United States. www.nap.edu /openbook/0309042917/html/25.html   (2680 words)

g2447fnl.htm This earthquake was preceded by a M ~ 7 break in 1838 that involved the peninsular San Andreas fault segment and maybe the Loma Prieta fault segment, and followed in 1868 by a large earthquake on the southern Hayward fault (e.g., (Tuttle and Sykes, 1992). As the complex slip distribution during the earthquake is expected to be important in the induced stress field in the close vicinity of the earthquake rupture we used the heterogeneous fault slip model of Beroza (1991) to compute the stress changes. An enigma associated with the Loma Prieta earthquake was the observation that the highest topography of the Santa Cruz Mountains around Loma Prieta subsided by ~10 cm during the earthquake (Lisowski et al., 1990a). www.geophys.washington.edu /NEHRP/Reports/FINAL/g2447fnl.htm   (9732 words)

Earthquake Effects in Kobe, Japan Most of the damage done by earthquakes is due to their secondary effects, those not directly caused by fault movement, but resulting instead from the propagation of seismic waves away from the fault rupture. It is often possible to measure the displacement and length of the exposed fault rupture to estimate the slip and area of the subsurface fault, providing an independent estimate of the earthquake's magnitude. The red-hatched areas above are the parts of the subduction fault that had aleady broken in great earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html   (2350 words)

Parkfield: San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth SAFOD will provide direct information on the composition and mechanical properties of rocks in the fault zone, the nature of stresses responsible for earthquakes, the role of fluids in controlling faulting and earthquake recurrence, and the physics of earthquake initiation and rupture. The cooperative efforts of USGS and other scientists in the Parkfield Earthquake Experiment and SAFOD will help achieve a better understanding of what happens on and near a fault during the earthquake cycle and will aid in predicting the time and severity of future quakes. This project will directly reveal, for the first time, the physical and chemical processes controlling earthquake generation within a seismically active fault. quake.wr.usgs.gov /research/physics/sanandreas   (630 words)

BSSA, Volume 92:1 Our 3D spontaneous rupture simulations of the 1999 İzmit earthquake provide two new insights: (1) the west- to east-striking fault segments of this part of the North Anatolian fault are oriented so as to be low-stress faults and (2) the easternmost segment involved in the August 1999 rupture may be dipping. An interesting feature of the İzmit earthquake is that a 5-km-long gap in surface rupture and an adjacent 25° restraining bend in the fault zone did not stop the earthquake. Before the August 1999 İzmit (Kocaeli), Turkey, earthquake, theoretical studies of earthquake ruptures and geological observations had provided estimates of how far an earthquake might jump to get to a neighboring fault. www.seismosoc.org /htdocs/publications/BSSA_html/bssa_92-1/00825.html   (227 words)

Background Material Most earthquakes in the San Andreas Fault Zone show strike-slip motion and this is the dominate style of motion along the plate boundary (see, for example, the Annual Moment Tensor Maps). This magnitude 7.9 earthquake ruptured 430 km of the fault, from northwest of San Juan Bautista to Cape Mendocino. In contrast, other segments of the San Andreas fault involved in the 1906 earthquake do show more seismic activity (see the historical seismicity plot), such as the 1957 Daly City earthquake on the Peninsula segment and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake on the Santa Cruz Mtns. www.seismo.berkeley.edu /seismo/eqw/99.08.18.background.html   (227 words)

yurtdisi The Dinar earthquake of october 1, 1996 (Mw=6.2) in southwestern Turkeyand earthquake hazard of the Dinar-Çivril fault, Vol. Evaluation of earthquake potential along the Northern Anatolian Fault Zone in the Marmara Sea using comparisons of GPS strain and seismotectonic parameters, in preparation. Effect of aftershocks on estimation of earthquake hazard parameters: An example from the north Anatolian fault zone, Vol 19, 1-11, Natural Hazards-KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS. faculty.kfupm.edu.sa /ES/oncel/aopubs.html   (227 words)

Earthquake Effects in Kobe, Japan Most of the damage done by earthquakes is due to their secondary effects, those not directly caused by fault movement, but resulting instead from the propagation of seismic waves away from the fault rupture. It is often possible to measure the displacement and length of the exposed fault rupture to estimate the slip and area of the subsurface fault, providing an independent estimate of the earthquake's magnitude. The worst earthquake catastrophe in years occurred on western Honshu Island early this year. www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html   (2350 words)

MSN Encarta - Earthquake Seismologists examine the parts of an earthquake, such as what happens to the Earth’s surface during an earthquake, how the energy of an earthquake moves from inside the Earth to the surface, how this energy causes damage, and the slip of the fault that causes the earthquake. The properties of an earthquake depend strongly on the type of fault slip, or movement along the fault, that causes the earthquake. Earthquake, shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by rapid movement of the Earth’s rocky outer layer. encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571674/Earthquake.html   (806 words)

San Andreas Fault - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This fault is famous for producing large and devastating earthquakes. The San Andreas Fault is a geological fault, known as a right-lateral strike-slip fault, that spans a length of roughly 800 miles (1287 kilometers) through California. This is due to a cutout of the fault in Palmdale, the second largest city directly sitting on the fault, where the Antelope Valley Freeway passes through it and the deep layers of "shifted" crust can clearly be seen. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/San_Andreas_Fault   (806 words)

Structures of Seismogenic Zone Ota, Y. Characteristics of earthquake fault associated with 921 earthquake, central Taiwa, especially on the relationship between earthquake fault and pre-existing Quaternary active fault, Intl. Program of Earthquake and Active-fault Researches (2000-2004), Intl. Relocation of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, TAO, 11, 581-590. www.earth.sinica.edu.tw /921chichi_plain.files/Publication.html   (806 words)

index Horizontal deformation before the 1995 Kobe earthquake (The dotted-line denotes the 1995 Kobe earthquake fault; the bold-line is the assumed active blind-fault; the arrows with error ellipses are the observed horizintal deformation vectors (the dashed-lines for the modelled vectors). The vertical deformation several years before the 1976 Tangshan earthquake could be caused mainly by the movement of the active faults in the region. The 1996 earthquake fault (straight line marked by EF) is represented as a north-south trending dislocation (normal dip-slip) extending from the surface to a depth of 10 km. www.geocities.com /subduction99   (2187 words)

Bam Earthquake Prediction & Space Technology The Bam earthquake occurred precisely on the predicted fault, and its magnitude was within the predicted magnitude windows. The fine prediction stated that there would be an earthquake of magnitude more than or equal to 5.5 within 60 days along a fault described in Fig. This image of IndoEx satellite (@2) shows an earthquake cloud emerging from fault AB on Dec. 21, 2003, marked by a white arrow, by which Shou predicted an M5.5 or bigger earthquake in Fault AB within 60 days on Dec. 25, 2003 to the public (@1). www.gisdevelopment.net /proceedings/tehran/p_session2/bam.htm   (210 words)

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