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Topic: Earthquake liquefaction

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	Earthquake liquefaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Earthquake liquefaction, often referred to simply as liquefaction, is the process by which saturated, unconsolidated soil or sand is converted into a suspension during an earthquake.
		Ancient earthquakes have caused liquefaction, leaving a record in the sediments (paleoseismology).
		Liquefaction primarily occurs in sands, but there are formations of quick clay, which can cause many of the same problems as liquefiable sands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Earthquake_liquefaction (462 words)

	Liquefaction - CreationWiki
		Liquefaction is the process by which saturated, unconsolidated soil or sand is converted into a suspension.
		Although the effects of liquefaction had been observed and understood for years, it was dramatically brought to the attention of engineers and seismologists in 1964 during the Niigata, Japan and Alaska earthquakes.
		Studies of liquefaction features left by prehistoric earthquakes, called paleoliquefaction, can reveal a great deal of information about earthquakes that occured before records were kept or accurate measurements could be taken.
	www.creationwiki.net /index.php?title=Liquefaction (996 words)

	Costa Rica Earthquake, Limon, April 22, 1991
		Liquefaction is a process by which clay-free soil deposits, primarily sands and silts, temporarily lose strength and behave as a viscous liquid rather than as a solid.
		Liquefaction does not occur at random, but is restricted to certain geologic and hydrologic environments, primarily recently deposited sands and silts in areas with high ground water levels.
		During the April 22 earthquake, liquefaction of sediments beneath the floodplains on both sides of the river caused the ground to spread laterally toward the incised river channel.
	nisee.berkeley.edu /costarica (3235 words)

	The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989ÑLiquefaction - Soil Liquefaction in the East Bay ...
		The liquefaction zone overlies deposits of soft bay mud, which are underlain, in turn, by deeper deposits of stiffer, overconsolidated noncohesive and cohesive soils that naturally fill a deep fluvial channel at the west end of the harbor.
		Liquefaction probably occurred in the fine sand and silty sand at 2- to 3-m depth, on the basis of correlation of sand-boil materials with recovered samples.
		Liquefaction was also observed near the main terminal buildings, which are supported on deeper foundations and were not significantly damaged, although settlements of as much as 8 cm were observed in several places in the surrounding soils.
	walrus.wr.usgs.gov /geotech/soil (7893 words)

	Geomap Vancouver - Earthquake liquefaction
		During an earthquake loose water-saturated silts and sands at shallow depth may lose their strength and transform into a fluid (liquefaction).
		Liquefaction is likely to occur during a strong earthquake in those parts of the red zone where there is shallow subsurface sand and coarse silt, for example the Fraser delta.
		This map provides only a generalized interpretation of liquefaction susceptibility during an earthquake and should not be used for local geotechnical evaluation.
	gsc.nrcan.gc.ca /urbgeo/geomapvan/geomap8_e.php (182 words)

	Earthquake Liquefaction Safety
		According to the Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) at Memphis, TN, more than 10,000 square kilometers of ground liquefied as a result of the New Madrid seismic zone earthquakes that occurred during the winter of 1811-1812.
		The amount of liquefaction that might occur should be related to the amount of sub-surface ground water, its proximity to the surface, the soil type, and the magnitude and duration of the seismic activity at a given location.
		(Liquefaction at that depth would probably not produce quicksand at the surface but may produce widely scattered-sand blow ruptures and/or geysers.) Surface water that seeps into the soil beneath the rice fields could be problematic in the event of a strong prologed earthquake.
	www.datasync.com /~rsf1/liquef.htm (1076 words)

	Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading in Oceano, California, During the 2003, San Simeon Earthquake
		Liquefaction, which is also commonly observed during earthquakes, is a phenomenon where saturated sands lose their strength during an earthquake and become fluid-like and mobile.
		The factor of safety in the simplified procedure is the ratio of liquefaction resistance of a soil element at a specified depth to the load imposed by the earthquake.
		Although liquefaction is predicted in some of the undisturbed eolian sand beneath the 1874 marsh layer, it is unclear that this liquefaction significantly contributed to the Norswing Drive lateral spread deformation.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2004/1269 (11139 words)

	[No title]
		Following an earthquake, the assignment of an intensity to a given location is based on interviews with inhabitants of the area and on observations of damage in the area.
		The earthquakes that have occurred in the last 24 years are smaller that M 4.0, whereas a number of events along the fault in the Gulf of California for this same time period fall in the M 4.0-5.0 range.
		This section assesses the earthquake vulnerability in Yuma to structures and facilities of the United States, and are based upon past earthquake performance in the U.S. Beyond the scope of this study are the effects of a major earthquake in Mexico and the potential for displaced populations and their impact on the Yuma community.
	www4.nau.edu /geology/aeic/yumarep.html (14881 words)

	USGS Earthquake Hazards Program » New Geologic Maps Highlight Bay Area Earthquake Hazards
		It is important to map these deposits because so much of our infrastructure resides on them, and because they may host liquefaction, the phenomenon of saturated soils losing their stiffness and strength during shaking.
		Liquefaction during large earthquakes commonly disrupts pipelines and road networks and also may cause buildings to settle and move downslope or toward stream banks.
		The highest hazard areas shown by the liquefaction hazard maps are concentrated in regions of man-made landfill, especially fill that was placed many decades ago in areas that were once submerged bay floor.
	earthquake.usgs.gov /regional/nca/qmap (855 words)

	Damage Caused by EarthQuakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was responsible for 62 deaths and 3,757 injuries.
		Liquefaction is a physical process that takes place during some earthquakes that may lead to ground failure.
		During the Loma Prieta earthquake, extensive liquefaction occurred along the entire shoreline of the Monterey Bay, as well as in San Francisco's Marina District and along the bayshore in Oakland.
	www.es.ucsc.edu /~es10/fieldtripEarthQ/Damage1.html (800 words)

	Rathje - Research Project: Kocaeli Earthquake Liquefaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		During this earthquake, some of the most remarkable and damaging examples of ground failure occurred within the Karamursel, Golcuk, and Lake Sapanca pull-apart basins in the near-fault region (Figure 1).
		The varied and concentrated earthquake effects in these pull-apart basins represent unique case histories of the interaction between different earthquake hazards and highlight the enhanced hazard within strike-slip fault stepovers.
		During the earthquake, a slope failure occurred at the nose, and the guardhouse and dock slid into Izmit Bay (Figure 4).
	www.ce.utexas.edu /prof/rathje/research/turkey.html (900 words)

	ABAG Earthquake Liquefaction Hazard Maps
		Liquefaction hazard is defined as a combination of liquefaction susceptibility and shaking that is strong enough to trigger liquefaction.
		Thus, to view an earthquake intensity map of your area, you need to both select an area (city) and select a fault as the source of the earthquake.
		Choose a fault source for the earthquake scenario using the map by clicking on a colored fault segment on the map or on the button next to the fault name.
	www.abag.ca.gov /bayarea/eqmaps/liquefac/pickcityliq.html (276 words)

	SEMP - The Disastrous Effects of Earthquake Soil Liquefaction
		Liquefaction is transformation of loosely packed, saturated sand and/or silt into a fluid mass.
		Scientists have developed a better understanding of the devastating effects of liquefaction in built areas from the effects of liquefaction during the 1964 Niigata, Japan, and Alaska earthquakes, and destruction to San Francisco’s Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
		The third option to reduce liquefaction hazards is to improve the soil by improving the strength, density, and/or drainage characteristics of the soil.
	www.semp.us /biots/biot_330.html (1674 words)

	Arias Intensity Assessment of Liquefaction Test Sites on the East Side of San Francisco Bay Affected by the Loma ...
		In addition to liquefaction, settlement, and lateral spreading of the main runway fill, settlement and lateral spreading also occurred in several places in the surrounding perimeter dikes at the west end of the runway fill.
		Liquefaction probably occurred in the fine sand and silty sand at 2 to 3 m depth.
		The insensitivity of CSR to earthquake magnitude and duration requires that magnitude correction factors be applied to CSR-values to scale for the severity of the earthquake shaking.
	walrus.wr.usgs.gov /geotech/arias (5470 words)

	Quake: Earthquake Hazards
		This map shows the liquefaction hazard in the communities of Alameda, Berkeley, Emeryville, Oakland, and Piedmont for a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault.
		Liquefaction is a phenomenon that is caused by earthquake shaking.
		This map shows the capability of the ground to amplify earthquake shaking in the communities of Alameda, Berkeley, Emeryville, Oakland, and Piedmont.
	quake.wr.usgs.gov /prepare/alameda.html (318 words)

	On Shaky Ground 2 Intro
		In December 1994, Humboldt Bay residents were jarred by a magnitude 5.4 earthquake and discovered that a moderate event beneath our feet can be much more significant than a big one farther away.
		With the earth shaking beneath our feet and stories of even stronger earthquakes still to come, it is not surprising that many of us feel overwhelmed and helpless.
		No one can predict exactly when or where the next strong earthquake will strike; we do know, however, what kinds of buildings are most vulnerable and the type of problems that earthquakes will bring.
	sorrel.humboldt.edu /~geodept/earthquakes/shaky2.html (632 words)

	SEMP - The Loess Soil Problem beneath Memphis, Tennessee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Historic earthquakes in the Mississippi Embayment region have liquefied unconsolidated, saturated deposits near, and possibly, in Memphis, according to recent research.
		Memphis, Tennessee is at risk for harm from an earthquake generated by the New Madrid Seismic Zone because of the nature of its underlying loess soil.
		Liquefaction can be expected in certain areas along the Mississippi and Wolf Rivers in Memphis during an earthquake of a certain size, say greater than 6.5 magnitude on the Richter scale.
	www.semp.us /biots/biot_333.html (981 words)

	Bay Area Liquefaction Hazards
		When the ground liquefies in an earthquake, sandy or silty materials saturated with water behave like a liquid, causing pipes to leak, roads and airport runways to buckle, and building foundations to be damaged.
		Liquefaction SUSCEPTIBILITY maps show areas with water-saturated sandy and silty materials.
		Liquefaction HAZARD maps show areas where the ground is susceptible to liquefaction AND that are likely to be shaken hard enough in a particu
	www.abag.ca.gov /bayarea/eqmaps/liquefac/liquefac.html (461 words)

	Pile Instability during earthquake liquefaction, PhD thesis of Subhamoy Bhattacharya, Cambridge University, 2003.
		Pile Instability during earthquake liquefaction, PhD thesis of Subhamoy Bhattacharya, Cambridge University, 2003.
		Large magnitude earthquakes are low-probability but high-risk events.
		During earthquake-induced liquefaction, the soil surrounding the pile
	www.geoengineer.org /thesis-bhattacharya_2005.html (586 words)

	Thousand Oaks GIS, City of - Hazards--California Geological Survey Potential Earthquake Hazards
		This is a digital Seismic Hazard Zone Map presenting areas where liquefaction and landslides may occur during a strong earthquake.
		Three types of geological hazards, referred to as seismic hazard zones, may be featured on the map: 1) liquefaction, 2) earthquake-induced landslides, and 3) overlapping liquefaction and earthquake-induced landslides.
		Developers of properties falling within any of the three zones may be required to investigate the potential hazard and mitigate its threat during the local permitting process.
	gis.ca.gov /catalog/BrowseRecord.epl?id=5976 (189 words)

	Publications - Ross W. Boulanger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake of September 21, 1999 Reconnaissance Report, J. arski and C. Arnold, eds., Earthquake Spectra, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Supplement A to Volume 17: 37-60.
		Boulanger, R. W., and Idriss, I. "New criteria for distinguishing between silts and clays that are susceptible to liquefaction versus cyclic failure." Technologies to Enhance Dam Safety and the Environment, 25th Annual USSD Conference, U. Society on Dams, Denver, CO, 357-366.
		Boulanger, R. and Idriss, I. "State normalization of penetration resistances and the effect of overburden stress on liquefaction resistance." Proc., 11th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, and 3rd International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, D. Doolin et al., eds., Stallion Press, Vol.
	cee.engr.ucdavis.edu /faculty/boulanger/publications.html (3398 words)

	Analysis of Site Liquefaction Using Earthquake Records-References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Elgamal, A.-W. and Zeghal, M. ``Analysis of Wildlife Site Liquefaction During the 1987 Superstition Hills Earthquake,'' Proceedings of the $4^{\rm th}$ U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures Against Soil Liquefaction, Tokai University Pacific Center, Hamada, M. and O'Rourke T., eds., Hawaii, 87-96.
		Haag, E. ``Laboratory Investigation of Static and Dynamic Properties of Sandy Soils Subjected to the 1981 Westmorland Earthquake'' Report GR85-11, Geotechnical Engineering Center, The University of Texas at Austin.
		Liquefaction of Soils During Earthquakes, National Research Council Committee on Earthquake Engineering, National Academy press, Washington D. Seed, R. B., Dickenson, S. E., Riemer, M. F., Bray, J. Sitar, N., Mitchell, J. K., Idriss, I. M., Kayen, R. E., Kropp, A., Hander, L.F. Jr.
	www.rpi.edu /~zeghal/WILDLIFE/references.html (588 words)

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