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Topic: Earthworm

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	earthworm. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Earthworms burrow in the ground, swallowing soil from which the organic material is extracted and ground up in the gizzard and depositing the residue as castings outside the burrow.
		Earthworms are also used as live bait and are eaten by some peoples—such as the Maoris, who consider certain species delicacies.
		Earthworm castings bring to the surface from 7 to 18 tons of soil per acre annually.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ea/earthworm.html (461 words)

	Earthworm Ecology and Sustaining Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Earthworms are not favored by tillage, and in general the greater the intensity and frequency of disturbance, the lower the population density or biomass of earthworms (Haukka, 1988; Mackay and Kladivko 1985; Edwards, 1980; Gerard and Hay, 1979; Barnes and Ellis, 1979).
		Earthworms are dependent on moderate soil moisture content, and cultivation tends to have a negative effect on earthworms by decreasing soil moisture (Zicsi, 1969).
		Satchell, J.E. Earthworm Ecology from Darwin to Vermiculture.
	www.sarep.ucdavis.edu /worms/werner.htm (2402 words)

	Earthworm - MSN Encarta
		Earthworms shun daylight but frequently come to the surface of the soil at night to feed and to throw off their castings.
		Earthworms are capable of burrowing with considerable speed, especially in loose soil; the bristles along the sides of the body are of great assistance in their movements.
		The muscular system of the earthworm consists of an outer series of circular or transverse muscle fibers that girdle the body and an inner series of longitudinal muscle fibers employed in moving the setae.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761578402 (633 words)

	Earthworm
		Earthworm, is a segmented worm of phylum ANNELIDA, class Oligochaeta.
		Earthworms are separated from other oligochaetes by a combination of characteristics, including 8 setae per segment; multicellular clitellum; small eggs without yolks; 2 pairs of testes and one pair of ovaries; male pores opening behind female; and relatively large size, compared to aquatic species.
		Earthworm distributions are mainly limited by soil moisture.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002488 (393 words)

	Earthworm Research Group - UCLan - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
		The role of earthworms in soil fertility has led to their introduction by man, with varying degrees of success, into areas of land often lacking earthworms in attempts to increase plant production in agricultural land, and enhance soil amelioration in degraded land.
		Earthworms respire through their skin and as a result need to be in contact with moist substrate.
		Earthworm size varies with species type; however the largest earthworm species is the Gippsland earthworm from Australia that has an average length of 80 cm and a diameter of 2 cm.
	www.uclan.ac.uk /facs/science/erg/faqs.htm (1277 words)

	Institute of Ecosystem Studies
		Clearly there is a need for further research to evaluate the effects of earthworm invasion on soil C processing and storage and to quantify the importance of invasion relative to other regional scale regulators of storage such as soil texture, topography and land use history.
		Earthworms have been shown to increase N mineralization and leaching of N from forest soils in lab or microcosm studies (Haimi and Huhta 1990, Scheu and Parkinson 1994, Burtelow et al.
		Influence of earthworm invasion on redistribution and retention of soil carbon and nitrogen in northern temperate forests.
	www.ecostudies.org /people_sci_groffman_earthworms_summary.html (2764 words)

	The Earthworm
		How this could be, when earthworms have no lungs - breathing through the whole surface of their skin, moistened to dissolve oxygen, which is pumped through the bloodstream by five sets of double hearts in rings or segments close to the head - is all the more amazing.
		One of the principal functions of the earthworm is to consume available mineral nutrients, and, by actions of enzymes in their digestive tract, render them water soluble, easily absorbable by the root hairs of plants, to be made available in turn to the cells of plants, animals, and man.
		They have long begun with the assumption that earthworms are just one more facet of the "unscientific" cult of organic gardening and farming, and that this method of growing crops is antithetical to the "modern" methods of agriculture, including its principles of heavy chemical treatment, monocropping, and other facets of maximum-profit agribusiness.
	www.microsoil.com /earthworm.htm (2389 words)

	NYSite West Side - Earthworm
		Earthworms live in deep, dark, long, and narrow tunnels or burrows under the ground, They cannot tolerate heat and sun and so during the summer they come up to the surface only at night.
		Earthworms are active animals and feed by bringing organic debris into their burrows from the surface and by eating their way through the soil.
		Each year earthworm castings cover each acre with as as much as 18 tons of rich soil.When earthworms die, usually in the dry summer, the organic material making up their bodies is gradually released providing additional nutrients for plants.
	www.nysite.com /nature/fauna/earthworm.htm (1030 words)

	Earthworm- Enchanted Learning Software
		Earthworms (also called nightcrawlers) are very important animals that aerate the soil with their burrowing action and enrich the soil with their waste products (called castings).
		Earthworms range in size from a few inches long to over 22 feet long.
		The reproductive organs are in the clitellum (the enlarged segments in the middle of an earthworm).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/invertebrates/earthworm/Earthwormcoloring.shtml (282 words)

	earthworm dissection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The earthworm takes in a mixture of soil and organic matter through its mouth, which is the beginning of the digestive tract.
		The ventral surface of the earthworm is usually a lighter colour than the dorsal surface.
		The earthworm is an example of a foraging herbivorous annelid, obtaining food by eating its way through the soil and extracting nutrients from the soil as it passes through the digestive tract.
	sps.k12.ar.us /massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm (1303 words)

	Earthworm Biology
		Earthworms (Figure 1) are scientifically classified as animals belonging to the order Oligochaeta, class Chaetopoda, phylum Annelida.
		The earthworm, while primitive, has well-developed nervous, circulatory, digestive, excretory, muscular, and reproductive systems, the major elements of which are shown in Figure 2.
		The first section of the earthworm, the anterior end or head, consists of the mouth and the prostomium, a lobe which serves as a covering for the mouth and as a wedge to force open cracks in the soil into which the earthworm may crawl.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /IN047 (1198 words)

	O. Schmidt and J. P. Curry
		Earthworm populations were studied in conventional wheat crops and direct-drilled, low-input wheat-clover intercrops at two sites in Ireland (UCD Lyons Research Farm, Co. Kildare; Teagasc Oakpark Crops Research Centre, Carlow) and two sites in England (IACR Long Ashton, Bristol; IGER North Wyke, Okehampton).
		The dramatic increase in earthworm populations under wheat-clover is probably attributable to the increased input of high quality food and to the reduction of direct and indirect negative effects of mechanical disturbance.
		Between one and four more earthworm species were recorded in the wheat-clover field than in the wheat field at three out of the four study sites, with conventional wheat field plots containing 5-9 earthworm species and wheat-clover field plots containing 7-9 species.
	www.ucd.ie /agri/html/homepage/research_96_99/research_1998_99/ERM/ERM01.html (1173 words)

	Friend Earthworm - Part 1b
		Such a burrowing earthworm will cultivate the soil only around the upper roots of the plants and vegetables, and while this may produce satisfactory results for some plant life, the author's desire was to develop an earthworm that would penetrate deeper into the soil.
		When the subject of earthworm farming is ushered into a conversation and discussed as a business, the ordinary person will usually recall the difficulty he experienced in finding worms in his garden the last time he planned a fishing trip.
		Earthworms depend for food on dead organic matter, leaves, old roots, etc. Through digestion these substances are changed in character so that they are highly soluble and when ejected are immediately available as plant food.
	journeytoforever.org /farm_library/oliver/oliver1b.html (3779 words)

	Earthworm populations
		Earthworms are frequently associated with their ability to mix the soil (Cook and Linden 1996, Marinissen and Hillenaar 1997), increase rates of water infiltration (Bouche and Al-Addan 1997, Linden et al.
		In agricultural soils the earthworms are predominantly of European origin and are broadly classified into three functional groups (epigeic, endogeic, and anecic) according to their morphological attributes and ecological role in the soil (Bouche 1977).
		Earthworms were identified from the soil cores in terms of functional group on the basis of presence or absence of pigmentation.
	www.cias.wisc.edu /wicst/pubs/worms.htm (3091 words)

	Welcome An Phu Earthworm Farm, Vermicompost, Dried Earthworm, Vietnam
		Vermicomposting, or composting with earthworms, is an excellent technique for recycling food waste in the apartment as well as composting yard wastes in the backyard.
		Earthworm castings in the home garden often contain 5 to 11 times more nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium as the surrounding soil.
		Earthworms are hermaphrodites, which means they have both male and female sex organs, but they require another earthworm to mate.
	www.earthwormvietnam.com /English_files/vermicompost.htm (2182 words)

	Earthworm Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The humble earthworm: memento mori extraordinaire: "Remember that thou shalt die." The Conqueror Worm, devourer of prince and peasant.
		Emblem of the vanity, the evanescence, and the end of all human endeavour.
		And yet, paradoxically, this earthworm, this great destroyer, is also a great builder- a builder of fertile topsoil, itself the sustainer of all civilization.
	www.sarep.ucdavis.edu /worms (132 words)

	Mr and Mrs Smith's Life Science Earthworm Anatomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This means that if you cut the earthworm down the centerline, the left side of the body would be identical to the right side.
		Some species of earthworms have a dark-red or red-violet body while other species are muddy-green.
		Earthworms do not have a nose, eyes, ears, or hands to gather sensory information about their environment.
	members.aol.com /ksmith9526/EarthwoemAnatomy.htm (640 words)

	Welcome AnPhu earthworm Farm, Dried Worm, Fresh Worm, Vermicompost, Vietnam
		An Phu Earthworm Farm produces pure grade of Earthworm powder, Perionyx Excavatus, free of heavy metal contaminates, fillers or other dilatants and is guaranteed to be pesticide-free.
		The earthworm Protein accelerates growth, develops muscles, puts on weight, covers protein and amino acid deficiency, improves sexual performance, stimulates the appetite, makes feeds more attractive because animals become compulsively attracted by feeds that contain earthworm meal, so the animals come to feed better and waste is avoided.
		Earthworm powder is an Excellent alternate to shrimp, fish meal, should be limited in poultry diets, but can be used to completely replace fish meal in carp diets.
	www.earthwormvietnam.com /English_files/powder.htm (1060 words)

	lb7pg1
		The earthworm is an example of a foraging herbivorous annelid, obtaining food by eating its way through the soil and extracting nutrients from the soil as it passes through the digestive tract.
		Remove a preserved earthworm from the pail and transfer it to a dissecting pan (Click here to see a photo of a live earthworm).
		Earthworms are hermaphrodites with complex male and female reproductive organs present in each individual, but they cross fertilize.
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~simmons/lb7pg1.htm (856 words)

	Carolina: On the Cutting Edge: Earthworm Dissection
		Earthworms are annelids, or segmented worms that have bodies made up of a series of ringlike segments.
		Pin the earthworm to the dissecting pan and count and record the number of segments.
		Earthworms are hermaphroditic, meaning they have both male and female sex organs.
	www.carolina.com /preserved/cutting_edge_earthworm.asp?print=yes (559 words)

	Earthworms and Digestion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The prostomium is the mouth of the earthworm.
		The earthworm's digestive system can be thought of as a tube within a tube.
		If there were earthworms, the soil could not support crops, grasses, and other plants.
	members.tripod.com /~powerman486/info2.html (211 words)

	Investigation 1 - Meeting an Earthworm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At the same time you should be observing the habitats where you find earthworms and comparing them with habitats where there appear to be no earthworms.
		Earthworms are segmented with more or less cylindrical bodies.
		To determine the length of your earthworm, allow the worm to freely extend itself as though it was crawling.
	www.naturewatch.ca /english/wormwatch/programs/inv1.html (599 words)

	Earthworms
		With regard to earthworms, one point for backyard naturalists to keep in mind is that earthworms are by no means "average Earth annelids." As the picture of an earthworm head (or is it a tail...
		Earthworms possess tiny, practically invisible bristles, called setae (pronounced SEE-tee; singular form seta, pronounced SEE-tah), which usually are held inside their bodies.
		Earthworms don't have eyes, but they do have light-sensitive cells scattered in their outer skin.
	www.backyardnature.net /earthwrm.htm (1308 words)

	Earthworm Article
		The Earthworm project was initiated shortly after the Alta II conference and has produced a system which attempts to meet the above requirements.
		The Earthworm system can be thought of as a toolkit of processing modules for integrating regional seismic network data processing.
		Development of the Earthworm system is ongoing, and a number of enhancements are in various stages of planning and completion.
	www.iris.iris.edu /newsletter/FallNewsletter/earthworm.html (1745 words)

	EEK! - Critter Corner - Earthworm Castles
		Earthworms eat their way through the soil, getting food from small pieces of decaying plants and animals.
		Earthworms have both male and female reproductive organs and can produce eggs as well as fertilize them.
		Of course earthworms don't need legs, they wriggle by moving their front-half forward, anchor it with small hair-like structures called setae, then they pull their back half forward.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/caer/ce/eek/critter/invert/worm.htm (810 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Common earthworm
		Earthworms move slowly underground feeding on decaying organic matter in the soil.
		Earthworms are hermaphrodite and have both male and female reproductive cells.
		Common earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) are known in America and many parts of the world as 'nightcrawlers' and are frequently used as fishing bait.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/wildfacts/factfiles/416.shtml (436 words)

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