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Topic: East Brandenburg

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Expulsion of Germans after World War II

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	Northeast Prussia
		Couronians immigrate to northern Samland and on the Couronian Spit.
		In Königsberg, Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg is crowned as Frederick I, King in Prussia, against objections of the Pope.
		Treaty of Versailles: East Prussia is separated from the empire by the “Polish Corridor”.
	www.euronet.nl /~jlemmens/prussia.html (1040 words)

	prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Being predominantly a north and east German state, Prussia had a large Protestant majority, although there were substantial Catholic populations in the Rhineland; also a number of districts East Prussia, Posen, Silesia and West Prussia had populations of predominantly Catholic Poles (and some areas, such as the East Prussian Ermland, of Catholic Germans).
		Everything east of the Oder-Neisse line, including Silesia, Pomerania, eastern Brandenburg and East Prussia, was annexed by Poland (with the northern third of East Prussia, including Königsberg, now Kaliningrad, going to the Soviet Union; today it is a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland.).
		In 1996 a proposal to merge Berlin and Brandenburg was rejected by Brandenburg voters, though this was not seen as a decision relating to the revival of Prussia as a state but rather as an attempt to restore the old Brandenburg, since Berlin had never been a city-state before 1945.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Prussia (2165 words)

	PRUSSIA - LoveToKnow Article on PRUSSIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The greatest extremes of temperature are found between the east and west, the mean annual temperature in the bleak and exposed provinces of the north-east being about 44 F., while that of the sheltered valley of the Rhine is 6 higher.
		Religion.The centre of the kingdom is solidly Protestant, the proportion of Roman Catholics increasing towards east and west and reaching its maximum on the Rhine and in the Slavonic provinces.
		Brandenburg soldiers also helped the emperor in his wars with the Turks, and it was Fredericks action in covering the Dutch frontier with 6000 troops which left William of Orange free scope in his expedition to England.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PR/PRUSSIA.htm (14209 words)

	Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1618 the Duchy was inherited by the Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg, who was at the same time ruler of Prussia and Brandenburg, a German state centered on Berlin and ruled since the 15th century by the Hohenzollern dynasty.
		Everything east of the Oder-Neisse line, including Silesia, Pomerania, eastern Brandenburg and East Prussia, was included within the new borders of Poland (with the northern third of East Prussia, including Königsberg, now Kaliningrad, going to the Soviet Union; today it is a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland).
		In 1996 a proposal to merge Berlin and Brandenburg was rejected by Brandenburg voters, even though this was not seen as a decision relating to the revival of Prussia as a state but rather as an attempt to restore the old Brandenburg, since Berlin had never been a city-state before 1945.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prussia (2243 words)

	Prussia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Before 1919 it consisted of 13 provinces: Berlin, Brandenburg, East Prussia (separated after 1919 from the rest of Prussia by the Polish Corridor), Hanover, Hesse-Nassau (see Hesse), Hohenzollern (a Prussian enclave between Württemberg and Baden in SW Germany), Pomerania, Rhine Province, Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia, and Westphalia.
		In 1618 the duchy of Prussia passed through inheritance to the elector of Brandenburg, and in 1660, by the treaty of Oliva, full independence from Polish suzerainty was confirmed to Frederick William, the Great Elector.
		the electors of Brandenburg directed themselves westward, acquiring the duchy of Cleves, together with the counties of Mark and Ravensberg (1614) and the bishoprics of Minden, Magdeburg, and Halberstadt (1648).
	bartleby.com /65/pr/Prussia.html (1895 words)

	"Deutschland" Online
		Brandenburg lies at the intersection of two worlds: the medieval one that belongs to the west and the Prussian-Slavic one stretching to the east.
		Brandenburg had a long prehistory under the Ascanians and the early Hohenzollerns, who came from South Germany and had previously been Castle Counts in Nuremberg; and long after it had been politically replaced by Prussia as the dynasty’s heartland, the region experienced a short era of artistic genius; today it is searching for its future.
		Brandenburg is all that remains of Prussia, an idea that had a state — or an army that possessed it, as the critics would say.
	www.magazine-deutschland.de /bland/Brandenburg_1-04_ENG_E1.php (1099 words)

	Prussia - Simple English Wikipedia
		At that time, the Duchy of Prussia was only the area east of the mouth of the Vistula.
		In 1618 the new Duke of Prussia was the Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg.
		The Polish Corridor was between East Prussia and Germany.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prussia (1633 words)

	Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen
		The Polish annexation of East Brandenburg meant that the towns of Küstrin and Frankfurt were torn in two at the Oder and that Guben (Polish: Gubin)and Forst were torn in two at the Neiße in the Lausitz.
		The Landsmannschaft Berlin-Mark Brandenburg (Berlin-Mark Brandenburg Commmunity) was founded as an association of interests in Hamburg on 9 October 1949 not only for the expellees from East Brandenburg but also for the refugees from the western part of the territory (that time GDR) and from the eastern part of divided Berlin.
		An outbreak of the plague largely depopulated East Prussia in 1709/10 and led to new state-directed settlement measures, of which the most famous was the acceptance of 15,000 Protestant "exiles" from the Prince-Diocese of Salzburg in 1731/32, who had opposed recatholicization in their old homeland.
	www.z-g-v.de /english/aktuelles?id=56 (14347 words)

	Brandenburg
		The former East German state of Brandenburg is home to historical towns, dreamy castles, country mansions and the exciting city of Berlin.
		East Brandenburg feature typical pine and mixed forests and many rivers, lakes and canals very much appreciated by those who want to bathe or cross these waterways.
		Frankfurt an der Oder is the heart of the region and the economic and cultural center of the eastern March of Brandenburg.
	www.german-embassy.org.uk /brandenburg.html (367 words)

	Brandenburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In 1952 Brandenburg's old administrative identity was lost when the East German Länder were dissolved into new Bezirke (districts), but the Land of Brandenburg was re-created in 1990 prior to the reunification of East with West Germany.
		Berlin was one of the several new towns founded, and Brandenburg was divided into the Old March (Altmark), west of the Elbe River, Middle March (Mittelmark), between the Elbe and the Oder, and New March (Neumark), the additions of territory east of the Oder.
		Joachim I (reigned 1499–1535) introduced the Roman law into Brandenburg; under his sons and heirs, Elector Joachim II and John, Lutheranism was accepted and the lands of secularized bishoprics were taken over by the dynasty.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Brandenburg/Brandenburg.html (1001 words)

	East Brandenburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		East Brandenburg or Neumark Brandenburg was the name of historical region.
		Before World War II, Neumark was an eastern part of Brandenburg.
		The area called Lubus province or Lubus Land of Poland became part of Brandenburg in 1252.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/East_Brandenburg (126 words)

	Lubus Land - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Historical Polish Bishopric of Lebus, east of Brandenburg, west of Greater Poland, south of Pomerania and north of Silesia.
		In 1252, the Archbishopric of Magdeburg and Brandenburg bought the bishopric from the petty Polish Prince Boleslaus Rogatka.
		In 1325 Ladislaus II of Poland allied with bishop Stephan II and Brandenburg raided the area, burning the cathedral in Gorzyca.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lubusz (355 words)

	Matthias C. Teichert: Neumark Seiten
		The region of the former Prussian province of Brandenburg, east of the Oder river, was referred to as the Neumark (New Borderland).
		To the Marksgraf von Brandenburg, the Neumark represented a new land free of cumbersome feudal aristocracy.
		In February of 1454 the Teutonic Knights defeated Poland at the Battle of Könitz and sold the Neumark to the Marksgraf and Elector of Brandenburg, Friedrich II der Eiserne (The Iron) von Hohenzollern.
	www.genealogienetz.de /reg/BRG/neumark/mct_gesc.htm (3455 words)

	East Germany 1949-1990 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		After republics were formed in east and west Germany and the use of their fl-red-gold flags was authorized, this flag was used less and less and it was finally abandoned in 1952.
		In the West, this act served as evidence of the Communists' disregard for the national heritage, whereas the uproar in the West further convinced the Communists that militarism was alive and well on the other side of the German-German border.
		This flag was adopted on 1 October 1959, and continued in use as the flag of East Germany until the reunification of the Germanies on 3 October 1990 [one year after the fall of the Berlin Wall].
	flagspot.net /flags/de-ddr.html (1053 words)

	Balázs A. Szelényi \| The Dynamics of Urban Development: Towns in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Hungary \| ...
		East of the Elbe, in contrast, the countryside overcame the cities.
		The towns to the east of the Elbe, having been founded considerably later than those of western Europe, never equaled their strength and power; after a short and rapid rise, they were easily subjugated by the combined forces of nobles and princes.
		Carsten's proposition—that towns east of the Elbe were crushed, the bourgeoisie beaten, and the nobles victorious—continues to be the conventional wisdom.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/109.2/szelenyi.html (12430 words)

	Berlin -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In that year East Berlin was proclaimed the capital of the new German Democratic Republic, and in 1950 West Berlin was established as one of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany (of which Berlin was the de jure capital and Bonn the de facto capital).
		Massive demonstrations in East Berlin and other East German cities led to the collapse of the Honecker regime and the dismantling of the Berlin Wall in Nov., 1989.
		In June, 1991, the German Bundestag voted in favor of Berlin as the seat of the nation's legislature and government; Bonn, the capital of the former West Germany, served as the provisional seat of government until 1999, when most government functions were transferred to Berlin.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/berlinger_history.asp (1507 words)

	FRANCIA
		Between the northern and southern Slavs, however, is a Romance speaking remnant in the Balkans, Romania, and the Hungarians, who were the only steppe people to first invade Europe but then settle down and even retain their linguistic identity, despite their country often being called after the earlier and unrelated Huns.
		Brandenburg became the most famous northern march, remaining a margravate until becoming the Kingdom of Prussia.
		As neat halves of Charlemange's empire eventually formed, France in the West and Germany in the East, the stage for the greatest battles of modern war in the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries would be set along the seam, from Nieuwpoort (1600) to Ramillies (1706), Waterloo (1815), Verdun (1916), and the Bulge (1944).
	www.friesian.org /francia.htm (14328 words)

	Colonial Flags (Brandenburg, Germany)
		The Brandenburg African Company was created around 1680 and its flag was white, with the red eagle of Brandenburg topped with the electoral cap and the shield of Electoral Brandenburg [blue shield with the Reichserbkämmerer's golden scepter] on her breast.
		The fort was to be the headquarters of Brandenburg in Africa, it was garrisoned at the beginning by 91 European men and 130 Africans.
		There was in the late 17th and early 18th century a Brandenburg African Company which ran a strongpoint on the Gold Coast (called I think Gross Friedrichsburg) and which participated in the slave trade with the West Indies.
	www.fotw.net /Flags/de-br_co.html (954 words)

	Stan Persky - 13.09.1999 - Brandenburg and the Day after..
		Berlin--To get to Brandenburg, the east German province that borders Poland and surrounds the city-state of Berlin, all you have to do is saunter across Glienicker Bridge, which is exactly what I did the Sunday before last.
		In Brandenburg, SPD premier Manfred Stolpe retained office with a significantly reduced plurality, and will now have to "seek a bride," as they say in German when ruling parties go looking for a partner to form a coalition government.
		In Brandenburg, the SPD received 40 per cent of the vote, a significant 15 per cent decline since the last election, but still retained office.
	www.stanpersky.de /Europa/19990913.E018BRAN.htm (959 words)

	Historical Eastern Germany - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The territories to the east of the Oder–Neisse line which in 1871 were included in the German Empire were East Brandenburg, Silesia, East Prussia, West Prussia, Pomerania and Posen.
		Much of the German-speaking population which lived east of the Oder–Neisse line that had not already been evacuated by German authorities or fled from the advancing Red Army in the winter of 1944–1945 was expelled without compensation, including those who were members of families had lived in the region for generations.
		The problem with the status of those territories recognised as German by the interntaional community between 1871 and 1945 east Oder–Neisse rivers was that in 1945 the concluding document of the Potsdam Conference was not a legally binding treaty, but a memorandum.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/Historical_Eastern_Germany (1264 words)

	Ronald Reagan... Brandenburg Gate
		To those listening in East Berlin, a special word: Although I cannot be with you, I address my remarks to you just as surely as to those standing here before me. For I join you, as I join your fellow countrymen in the West, in this firm, this unalterable belief: Es gibt nur ein Berlin.
		Yet is is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world.
		But we must remember a crucial fact: East and West do not mistrust each other because we are armed; we are armed because we mistrust each other.
	www.ronaldreagan.com /sp_11.html (2773 words)

	Berlin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		By 1250 Berlin-Kölln dominated the mark of Brandenburg east to the Oder River, where a fort had been built in 1214, and in the 14th century it became the centre of the city league of the mark of Brandenburg (founded in 1308) and joined the Hanseatic League of northern German towns.
		This began Berlin's association with the Hohenzollerns, who from the end of the 15th century as electoral princes of Brandenburg established Berlin-Kölln as their capital and permanent residence.
		To stop the exodus of its population, the East German government, with the full consent of the Soviets, erected the Berlin Wall, isolating West from East Berlin.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Berlin/Berlin.html (1547 words)

	The Brandenburg Gate History
		The Brandenburger gate, landmark of Berlin and symbol of the German unit, was built from 1789 to 1791 by Carl Gotthard Langhans.
		In July 1958, the restoration of the Brandenburg Gate was terminated, and on August 1st and 2nd, the Quadriga had been built up on Pariser Platz.
		Today, a red line on the roadway in front of the Brandenburg Gate marks the former course of the border of the west wall.
	www.smart-travel-germany.com /brandenburg-gate.html (838 words)

	Germany States
		Lower Saxony includes the East Frisian Islands, from Borkum in the west to Hoher Knechtsand in the east.
		Memelgebiet (or Memelland, a section of East Prussia province of Prussia, north of the Memel River, containing the port of Memel (modern Klaipeda)) detached from Germany and placed under French administration.
		It transferred large parts of Pomerania, Brandenburg, Silesia, East and West Prussia provinces to Poland, except that the northern part of East Prussia became Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.
	www.statoids.com /ude.html (2462 words)

	Lubus Land - TheBestLinks.com - Brandenburg, Greater Poland, Oder, Poland, ...
		Historical Polish province west of Greater Poland, south of Pomerania and north of Silesia.
		Most of the Lubus Land lies within the Lubusz Voivodship however parts of it, including its historical capital Lubusz (German: Lebus) lies in Brandenburg, Germany, west of the Oder river.
		This territory was the cradle of the Polish statehood and was part of Poland, since the creation of the state in 966 until 1260 when it was incorporated into German-speaking Brandenburg.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Lubus_Land.html (212 words)

	Lothar Bisky - TheBestLinks.com - August 17, Brandenburg, East Germany, Germany, ...
		Lothar Bisky (born 17 August 1941) is the chairman of the Party of Democratic Socialism, a socialist political party with its base in the east of Germany.
		He lived in the former East Germany and joined the Socialist Unity Party in 1963.
		In 1990 he was a member of the Volkskammer and since 1990 he has been a member of the state parliament in Brandenburg.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Lothar_Bisky.html (200 words)

	Brandenburg, Germany GenWeb Main Page
		Brandenburg had become its' own kingdowm, with the Hohenzollern Family as the rulers.
		Brandenburg was divided into 2 districts with a total of 38 counties.
		All locations are EAST of the Oder and Neisse rivers and are based on the borders of the eastern provinces in Spring 1918.
	www.rootsweb.com /~deubrg (1813 words)

	FAQ: Prussia (Preußssen) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia The Western powers were silent on the ethnic cleansing of original Prussia and Eastern Germany resulting in 12 millions of German refugees and expellees.
		He was elected by the collegium of Kurfürsten (electors) who in 1800 were the 3 archbishops of Köln (Cologne), Mainz and Trier and the 4 secular electors of Rhine-Pfalz, Brandenburg, Sachsen(Saxony), and Böhmen(Bohemia).
		Ostpreußen (East Prussia)* Königsberg -Ermland since 1772- (Königsberg,Gumbinnen) Westpreußen (West Prussia)* Danzig since 1772/1793 (Danzig-Gdansk,Marienwerder-Kwidzyn) Note: West Prussia geographically was NOT in the western part of 19th century Prussia.
	www.mmhs.org /faq/faqpruss.htm (4658 words)

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