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Topic: East Francia

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	Flanders - LoveToKnow 1911
		East Flanders lies east and north-east of the western province, and extends northwards to the neighbourhood of Antwerp.
		In the time of Caesar it was inhabited by the Morini, Atrebates and other Celtic tribes, but in the centuries that followed the land was repeatedly overrun by German invaders, and finally became a part of the dominion of the Franks.
		On the break-up of the Carolingian empire the river Scheldt was by the treaty of Verdun (843) made the line of division between the kingdom of East Francia (Austrasia) under the emperor Lothaire, and the kingdom of West Francia (Neustria) under Charles the Bald.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Flanders (3125 words)

	GERMANY, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		East and West Germany each had a national library (Deutsche Bibliothek), the former in Leipzig and the latter in Frankfurt; plans to merge the two collections are currently under way.
		By the 10th century East Francia was being buffeted by new waves of pagan Danes, Magyars, and Moravians from the north and east and was virtually torn apart by rival tribes.
		Cistercian monks and Premonstratensian canons settled new lands in the east, and Dominican and Franciscan friars preached and taught in the towns.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=210337 (17391 words)

	Germany - MSN Encarta
		In 843 the Treaty of Verdun divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts: East Francia (roughly modern-day Germany), West Francia (roughly modern-day France), and, separating the two, an area running from the North Sea through Lotharingia (modern-day Lorraine) and Burgundy to northern Italy.
		By the 10th century, East Francia was being buffeted from the north and east by new waves of pagan invaders.
		The greatest secular lords in East Francia were the rulers of five stem (tribal) duchies: Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria, Saxony, and Lorraine.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576917_11/Germany.html (1189 words)

	The Dissolution of the Frankish Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		When also Louis died 879 was West Francia plunged into a crisis, Louis’ two sons divided the kingdom between themselves but their legitimacy were disputed and count Boso was elected king in Provence by the local nobles.
		The conflict between East and West Francia was resolved 880 with the treaty of Ribemont whereby Louis the Younger also added the western part of Lotharingia to East Francia.
		East Francia had before that also been reduced in the east when the Hungarians conquered a large territory.
	www.tacitus.nu /historical-atlas/francia2.htm (955 words)

	Eastern Francia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eastern Francia was the land of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843, which divided the Carolingian Empire of the Franks into an East, West, and Middle.
		It was known variously as Francia Orientalis or the Kingdom of the East Franks.
		East Francia was divided into four duchies: Swabia (Alamannia), Franconia, Saxony and Bavaria (including Moravia and Carinthia); to which after the death of Lothair II in 869 were added the eastern parts of Lotharingia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/East_Francia (175 words)

	FRANCIA
		The only other languages in Francia related to Hungarian, which is not an Indo-European language, are Finnish and Estonian, which are probably at the western end of a very ancient distribution of the Uralic languages.
		As neat halves of Charlemange's empire eventually formed, France in the West and Germany in the East, the stage for the greatest battles of modern war in the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries would be set along the seam, from Nieuwpoort (1600) to Ramillies (1706), Waterloo (1815), Verdun (1916), and the Bulge (1944).
		The division was equal enough, Charles "the Bald" in the West (Francia Occidentalis), Louis "the German" in the East (Francia Orientalis), and Lothar in the Middle and South (Francia Media).
	www.friesian.com /francia.htm (14235 words)

	Barbarian West, A History of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The first strong king of East Francia was Otto I. Elected in 936, Otto combined extraordinary forcefulness, dignity, and military prowess with great diplomatic skill and genuine religious faith.
		In the north and east, he defeated the Danes and Slavs and permanently broke the power of the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955.
		One result was the push to the east, a deliberate policy of German settlement of various areas east of the Oder, Vistula, and Memel rivers.
	history-world.org /franks1.htm (8134 words)

	British Historical Documents: Asser's Life of Alfred
		One went to East Francia, and the other came to Kent in Britain and besieged the city which is called Rochester in Saxon, and which is located on the east bank of the Medway.
		And when they had come to the mouth of the river Stour, suddenly thirteen boats of the pagans, ready for battle, met them; and a naval battle was begun which was bitterly contested on both sides, but which resulted in the killing of all the pagans and the seizure of all their boats and goods.
		However, while the victorious royal fleet was resting, the pagans who lived in the land of the East Angles gathered boats together from any place in which they could find them and met the king's fleet at the mouth of the same river, and in the battle which followed gained the victory.
	www.britannia.com /history/docs/asser.html (1778 words)

	Europa: The History of the White Race :Chapter 38
		East Francia was itself divided up into a number of independent and semi-independent fiefdoms.
		The division between East and West Germany became the focal point of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States.
		The Communist controlled East Germans built a wall around the divided city of Berlin in an attempt to prevent the growing flood of East German refugees from fleeing into western territory.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/fowles/500/hwr38.htm (4354 words)

	Issue of the So-called 'Holy Roman Empire'
		With the end of the Carolingian empire a political separation between the east and west Franks became irreversible as their respective cultures continued to develop differently.
		The various kings ruling in Francia occidentalis, Lotharingia, and Francia orientalis (present Western Germany), each in turn, were aiming more or less at the title of 'emperor' (for example Charles II 'le Chauve' was crowned Emperor in 875).
		Charlemagne expanded constantly his kingdom towards the east (notably against the Saxons), the south (against the Arabs) and in Italy.
	xenophongroup.com /montjoie/hre-isu.htm (2235 words)

	Saxony Rulers, Dresden, Germany - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		Saxony emerges as one of the more powerful stem duchies in East Francia (kings of Germany), once the formal split is made between East and West Franks.
		The earliest dukes seize the throne of East Francia and under Otto I create what comes to be known the Holy Roman Empire.
		Saxony is divided between Saxe-Lauenberg (in the west) and Saxe-Wittenberg (in the east).
	www.galenfrysinger.com /dresden_saxony_rulers.htm (604 words)

	francia media
		This lesser-known chapter of European history began with the death of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, and the division of the Carolingian realm by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.
		The three regions would evolve into the duchy of Lorraine, the kingdom of Burgundy and the kingdom of Italy and were all eventually assimilated into East Francia.
		The FRANCIA MEDIA PROJECT seeks, therefore, to stimulate scientific research, advanced heritage presentation, and a wide range of cultural events throughout the historical core of Francia Media (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia and Croatia) to study, commemorate, communicate, develop, and preserve this rich European legacy.
	www.franciamedia.org /engels/start.html (340 words)

	Wikipedia: 876
		After the death of Louis the German, his brother Charles the Bald tries to conquer the kingdom, but is defeated.
		East Francia is divided between Louis's sons Louis III (northern part) and Charles the Fat (southern part).
		The Danes attack Wareham, breaking their peace treaty with Wessex.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/8/87/876.html (123 words)

	Francia Media: Lorraine & Burgundy
		When the Emperor Lothar I died in 855, his "middle kingdom" (Francia Media) was divided between his three sons: (1) Louis II received Italy and the Imperial crown, (2) Charles, Burgundy, and (3) Lothar II what was left, the area from Burgundy down to the North Sea.
		Upper Lorraine bordered, to the east, on Alsace, part of the Duchy of Swabia, to the south, on the Free County of Burgundy, and to the west, on Champagne.
		Although it began as a Kingdom on equal footing with Burgundy and Italy, or, for that matter, with West Francia (France) and East Francia (Germany), Lorraine eventually lost this status and became a dependency of the Eastern Kingdom (900), albeit with the new elevated status of a Duchy, one of the Stem Duchies of Germany.
	www.friesian.com /lorraine.htm (11814 words)

	animals stuck to the wall: Is the Pope?...
		The treaty of Verdun of 843 saw three of his grandsons split his kingdom into three parts: Lothair got Middle Francia, Louis the German got East Francia and Charles the Bald (hee!) got West Francia.
		East Francia slowly and stickily became the Holy Roman Empire of the West (aka of the German nation aka the Reich), the process finishing under Otto I the Great in 962.
		A bit before Otto, Charles the Fat (son of Louis the German) helped things along, since he managed to inherit large chunks of his uncles' territory owing to their unfortunate habit of dying without heirs.
	animalsstucktothewall.blogspot.com /2006/08/is-pope.html (1084 words)

	Belgium History / The Ancient Celts
		West Francia, under Charles the Bold, formed the basis of France.
		East Francia, under Louis the German, became the basis of Germany.
		West Francia included the narrow strip of land north and west of the Scheldt river in today's Belgium.
	www.geographia.com /belgium/bxhis01.htm (410 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Features
		Francia is also a writer for the Village Voice in New York, and his grandfather came to the Philippines from Philadelphia in the Spanish-American War.
		The anthology examines what it means to be Filipino-American, to be from a Pacific island surrounded by Japan, China and Malaysia, to have alien cultures from Spain and the United States lathered on top of the mix.
		Francia says he can "intuit" differences between Filipinos from Hawaii and those from other locales.
	starbulletin.com /97/07/22/features/story2.html (1067 words)

	The Netherlands before 1000
		A language boundary running from west to east now separated the two monolingual areas with Germanic in the north and Romance in the south.
		Charles the Bald was granted the area of West Francia, and the third brother Louis the German gained East Francia.
		The Scheldt boundary, which since 925 AD separated West and East Francia, was already by that time the boundary between the Celtic tribes and the Roman civitates.
	www.ned.univie.ac.at /Publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/en/gesch1.htm (1073 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Asser's Life of King Alfred
		One went toEast Francia, and the other came to Kent in Britain and besieged the city whichis called Rochester in Saxon, and which is located on the east bank of theMedway.
		Andthen the pagans, on the unexpected arrival of the king, left their tower andall the horses which they had brought with them from Francia, and also most oftheir captives, and fled in haste to their boats, while the Saxons seized thecaptives and the horses.
		And when they had come to the mouth of the river Stour, suddenly thirteen boatsof the pagans, ready for battle, met them; and a naval battle was begun whichwas bitterly contested on both sides, but which resulted in the killing of allthe pagans and the seizure of all their boats and goods.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/asser.html (1835 words)


		Francia in the ninth century stretched from the Elbe River to the Ebro River in Spain, and included Italy as far south as Rome.
		West Francia included the old Roman Gallia, while East Francia emerged on the Rhine River and eastward.
		East Francia passed into the hands of kings who were Saxons, not Franks.
	www.raleightavern.org /france.htm (5689 words)

	The Battle of Fontenay in 841
		The Annals of Fulda are the principal narrative source written from a perspective east of the Rhine for the period in which the Carolingian Empire gave way to a number of successor kingdoms.
		The text covers the period from the last years of unitary Frankish rule under Louis the Pious up to the end of effective Carolingian rule in east Francia in 900.
		Meanwhile, Louis bound to his cause by an oath of fidelity the East Franks, the Alemannians, the Saxons, and the Thuringians.
	www.deremilitari.org /RESOURCES/SOURCES/fontenay.htm (1085 words)

	Charlemagne - MSN Encarta
		Later, in 870, the Treaty of Mersen divided Lothair’s middle kingdom, with Lotharingia going to East Francia and the rest to West Francia.
		The Carolingian dynasty ruled in West Francia, or France, until 987; the German branch of the family ruled in East Francia until 911.
		The title of emperor of the Romans (which would later become Holy Roman emperor) remained in the east, thereafter held exclusively by German kings.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571217_3/Charlemagne.html (480 words)

	France - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Existence as a separate entity began with the Treaty of Verdun (843), with the division of Charlemagne's Carolingian empire into East Francia, Middle Francia and Western Francia.
		The Treaty of Verdun in 843, which divided the Frankish Empire and created the kingdom of Francia Occidentalis (“Western Frankland”), from which France is descended, represents only the legal founding of the state.
		The French state has been in continuous existence since 843, among the oldest states in existence in the world, although its form of government has changed from one of a kingdom to one of a republic.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/France (6510 words)

	Time for Kids \| Homework Helper \| Go Places \| Germany \| History Timeline
		East Germans flood through the dismantled Berlin Wall on November 12, 1989.
		Otto the Great is elected king of East Francia, which is now Germany.
		Germany is divided into the Federal Republic of Germany, in the west, and the Communist German Democratic Republic, in the east.
	www.timeforkids.com /TFK/hh/goplaces/article/0,20343,1147400,00.html (299 words)

	moravia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In 843, the Treaty of Verdun establishes Louis the German as King of East Francia.
		In response to a Frankish alliance with the Bulgarians, who now border Moravia on the east at the Tisza River, in 862, Ratislav seeks an alliance with Byzantium.
		Rastislav is tried for treason against East Francia, is blinded and imprisoned.
	academic.evergreen.edu /g/greenw/moravia.html (681 words)

	FRANCIA
		To decrease loading time, this text on French kings was extracted from: The Successors of Rome: Germania and Francia.
		Although soon surrounded by independent Christian states, in Britain and Ireland to the northwest, Spain in the southwest, Hungary and Poland in the east, and the Sandinavian states in the north, the Frankish kingdoms remained the central tentpole of European politics.
		As neat halves of Charlemange's empire eventually formed, France in the West and Germany in the East, the stage for the greatest battles of modern war in the 19th and 20th centuries would be set along the seam, from Waterloo (1815) to Verdun (1916) to the Bulge (1944).
	www.uncg.edu /rom/courses/dafein/civ/kings.htm (2665 words)

	Kingdoms of Germany - Eastern Franks
		The eastern half of the Frankish Empire evolved into modern Germany, but Carolingian rule was relatively brief before a High-German-speaking Teutonic ruling class was established.
		The Swiss territories are controlled by the Eastern Franks before passing to Upper Burgundy.
		East Francia passes to the Saxons under Conrad, and eventually emerges as Germania, or the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/GermanyFranks.htm (68 words)

	The world's top list of frankish kings websites
		After his own death, the kingdom was once again divided into Neustria (in the west), Burgundy, and Austrasia (in the east).
		East Franks (to become the Holy Roman Empire)
		Names marked () are Robertians and (*) are from the house of Boso -- both were distantly related to the Carolingians.
	www.websbiggest.com /wiki-article-tab.cfm/list_of_frankish_kings (596 words)

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