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Topic: East Frisians

	Frisians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the end of the sixth century the Frisians occupied the coast all the way to the mouth of the Weser and spread farther still in the seventh century, southward down to Dorestad and even Bruges.
		Early attempts of to Christianize Frisia were unable to convert the fierce pagan Frisians and various monks were murdered or banished, with the legendary example of the murder of Bonifatius in Dokkum.
		East and North Frisia have been absorbed into the northern states of Germany, with only the marshes of Saterland, well inland from the coast, still retaining any cultural identity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frisians (726 words)

	Frisia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		East Frisia (German Ostfriesland) includes areas located in the northwest of the German state of Lower Saxony, including the districts of Aurich, Leer, Wittmund and Friesland, as well as the district-free cities of Emden and Wilhelmshaven/Rüstringen.
		The West Frisian Islands, the East Frisian Islands and previously noted North Frisian Islands stretch along the entirety of the Frisian coast.
		Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak Frisian, a language closely related to the English language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frisia (272 words)

	Dontent
		Frisian people and their nobility returned to the Frisian clay-district which, by then, had already been colonized by peoples from the Elbe and Sleeswick/Holstein region.
		This historic Frisian empire lasted from 500 A.D. to 719 A.D. It neighbored to the Saxons in the north and east, the Franks in the south and the Anglo-Saxons in the west across the North Sea.
		In the heart of the Frisian land, on the river Boorne ('Middelsea'), the decisive battle was waged, with Poppo (in full Hrodbad) at the head of the Frisian land- and sea-forces.
	www.boudicca.de /frisian1.htm (2464 words)

	Euromosaic - Frisian ("Frysk") in the Netherlands
		Frisian, known locally by its Dutch name as 'Frysk', is a West Germanic language spoken by about 400,000 people in the Dutch province of Friesland, whose total population numbers approx.
		As of 1993 Frisian must be taught as a compulsory subject on the lower level of secondary school, though the amount is not and cannot be specified.
		Frisian is frequently used in oral exchange of communication between central administrative offices and the public.
	www.uoc.edu /euromosaic/web/document/friso/an/i1/i1.html (3133 words)

	History
		Frisian people and their nobility returned to the Frisian clay-district which had already been colonized by peoples from the Elbe and Sleeswick/Holstein region.
		Its neighbors were the Saxons in the north and east, the Franks in the south and the Anglo-Saxons in the west across the North Sea in Britain.
		In the heart of the Frisian land, on the river Boorne (‘Middelsea’), the decisive battle was waged, with Poppo (in full, Hrodbad) at the head of the Frisian land and sea forces.
	web.quipo.it /minola/frysk/history_of_the_frisian_people.htm (4708 words)

	MSN Encarta - Netherlands
		At the time the region was inhabited by Frisians, a Germanic tribe that lived in the north, and by other Germanic and minor Celtic tribes.
		The Frisians, in the north, held their ground, but Saxons occupied the eastern part of the region, and the Franks moved into the west and south.
		In the far north, however, the Frisians did not submit to a regional ruler but continued to obey their local headmen.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572410_8/Netherlands.html (1211 words)

	Euromosaic - Frisian in Germany: North Frisian ("Friisk")
		Frisian as a subject of instruction at the primary and secondary level can be taken at the teachers training college in Flensburg.
		Dutch West Frisian is the "giant" with 400,000 speakers, the two German Frisian groups are small "Davids", with the minuscule East Frisian group at 2000 and the North Frisians at 9000 speakers.
		For North Frisian there is at least a special counsel at the State ministerial level, while East Frisian is merely recognized (side-by-side with Low German) as a minority language by the state government, with no more specific provisions.
	www.uoc.edu /euromosaic/web/document/friso/an/i3/i3.html (2024 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on Frisian Islands at Epinions.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The East Frisian Islands are comprised of a total of seven small barrier islands, all located close enough to the mainland to be visible to the naked eye.
		Much like in the East Frisian Island, time has almost stood still on the East Frisian mainland, a peninsula bordered by the Netherlands to the west and by the cities of Wilhelmshaven and Oldenburg to the east.
		The East Frisians are a hardy bunch, with an uncanny zest for life, their character undoubtedly formed by the challenges of the sea.
	www.epinions.com /content_112499920516 (1939 words)

	East Frisia - GenWiki
		Today East Frisia is a region (in German a: Landschaft) according to the EU rules and may be described at those part of Lower Saxony between the border of The Netherlands and Oldenburg, south to about Papenburg, and including the isles in the German see between the Dutch border and mouth of the river Weser.
		East Frisias history begins when after 1000 first the Normans settled at the Frisian coast and were driven into the sea as the tradition tells.
		Many East Frisians did not even love the Hannoveranian Rule, for this administration wanted to introduce the Right of the Welfs (Welfisches Recht), while the East Frisians just had learnt to use Prussian Right after haveing had their own Frisian Rights before, even ander the princes.
	wiki-en.genealogy.net /wiki/East_Frisia (1714 words)

	history
		The Frisians made their homeland, as far back as the fifth Century B.C., in the marsh lands and Islands of the northern coast, from the north of Holland to the west of Schlewig-Holstein and Denmark.
		The threatened outlawery was finally withdrawen, and Edzard gained nearly everything for which he fought..“ (Ref. 3, pp, 62-63) East Frisia was, after the death of Edzard, ruled by his son, Enno II, and then by the latter's son and grandson, Edzard II and Enno III in succession.
		After World War II East Friesland became incorporated in and is now part of the Land (or State) of Lower Saxony, which is one of the States of the German Federal Republic...
	www.east-frisia.com /html/history.html (989 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Netherlands
		In 1602 the Dutch parliament granted to the Dutch East India Company a charter that gave it a trading monopoly with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope in Africa and west of the Strait of Magellan in South America.
		The East India Company established itself first in the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, and later on West Java, where Batavia (modern Jakarta) became the center of the company’s enterprises.
		Meanwhile, The Netherlands lost a war against Indonesian nationalists in the East Indies, and in 1949 The Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty in the East Indies (excluding Netherlands New Guinea) to the Indonesian government.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761572410___37/Netherlands.html (3569 words)

	MINELRES: Germany State Report on FCNM
		Frisian, as an autonomous and ancestral language, descended from the North Sea Germanic branch of the West Germanic subfamily, differs distinctly from Netherlandic (Dutch and Flemish) and Low German and, in terms of historical linguistics, is closely related to Old English.
		East Frisian is native to East Friesland in Lower Saxony.
		Although the Frisian language is extinct in these parts, an East Frisian - cultural - identity continues to be preserved by the majority of the people in East Friesland, living in the area between the border of the Netherlands and the Weser River.
	www.minelres.lv /reports/germany/germany.htm (17210 words)

	East Frisian Landschaft (Lower Saxony, Germany)
		East Frisia is now a part of Lower Saxony, but at one time it was an independent state, until 1744.
		The arms used by the Ostfriesische Landschaft is that used traditionally by the County of East Frisia, confirmed in 1678 by the Emperor [an image of the escutcheon alone is available at the International Civic Arms website].
		There are seven East Frisian islands, from west to east: Borkum, Juist, Norderney, Baltrum, Langeoog, Spiekeroog, Wangerooge.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/de-ni-of.html (361 words)

	Bibliography (codes [eaa] to [ebz]) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cis-Dnestrian Moldova [Podniestrskaya Moldova] (Russians) - East Moldova.
		Ural Republic - East Russia and West Siberia.
		Ural Cossacks - East Russia and West Siberia.
	fotw.vexillum.com /flags/bib-eaa.html (713 words)

	East Frisians
		East Frisian immigrants came to East Central Illinois in March 1869.
		They moved into the area in the middle of the night when the ground was frozen hardest because the area was so swampy.
		Immanuel Lutheran Church in Flatville, and its daughter church St. John's in Royal have been the locus of East Frisian ethnic identity.
	www.earlyamericanmuseum.org /prairieidentity6.htm (137 words)

	Fryskeside.nl > skiednis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Frisian territory, part of which is the present landkreis.
		From a religious point of view, Frisian Heathenism was no longer under threat of Frankish Christianity since the Franks had lost their sally-port, Utrecht [and thus could not engage them at sea, and we surmise, they did not possess the might for a land campaign - WM].
		He is the defender of the Frisian freedom both against the invading Frankish armies, and against the church of Rome.
	www.fryskeside.nl /algemeen/html/navigatie/skiednis.htm (5100 words)

	FUEN ARCHIVE 2001 ENGLISH
		The Frisians are a recognised minority and their language is the 2nd official language in the province.
		Frisian is offered as an optional subject at school virtually throughout the territory, but is limited to the 3rd and 4th school years.
		Frisian or Frisian Language and Literature is offered at both universities in the region, but has only been represented in Flensburg by one honorary professor for some time now.
	www.fuen.org /pages/english/archive/e_6_01_ak76.html (2022 words)

	Saterland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the east lies the Ostermoor bordered by the Soeste river.
		An earlier Westphalian population became dominated by Frisians in the 11th and 12th centuries and took on a separate cultural and linguistic identity similar to old East Frisian.
		This came to the Fürstbistum Münster in 1400, but just like the East Frisians the people demanded to retain special rights for themselves which had been originally granted to them by Charlemagne.
	www.wright.edu /~thomas.listerman/saterlan/saterlan.htm (498 words)

	DRF--Friesland History
		Long before the Roman Era, the so-called proto-Frisians were a Teutonic tribe, living on the northern coast of The Netherlands between the 'Vlie' (the sea between the Frisian islands Terschelling and Vlieland) and the river Eems (the river between the north of present Germany and The Netherlands).
		In 12 B.C., the Frisians were submitted to Nero Claudius Drusus (38-9 B.C.), a Roman general, son to emperor Tiberius Claudius Nero and stepson to emperor Augustus.
		The Romans withdrew their troups East of the Rhine after being defeated in A.D. 9 by the Charuscan prince Arminius (Herrmann) in the Teutenburger Forest.
	www.drf.nl /business/history.htm (730 words)

	The Norwegian Connection - Ships
		Evidence of a type of sundial, pictured to the left, is believed to have been used to find their north/south position more accurately on sunny days.
		Without knowing it, the were using the concept of latitude to fix their location north and south of the equator and guide their east/west journeys.
		Friesland and Groningen province (Fryslan and Grinslan in Frisian).
	www.celticattic.com /contact_us/norwegian_connection/ships.htm (1735 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christian Calendar
		In any case, all our earliest liturgical monuments both of East and West, for example the "Apostolical Constitutions" and the "Apostolic Canons", which are a still earlier document according to Funk and Harnack, are agreed in giving to Easter the place of honour among the feasts of the year.
		Its connection with the Nativity is obvious, and it is even possible, as Duchesne and others have suggested, that the Incarnation of Our Saviour was assigned to the 25th of March because this day, as early as Tertullian, was believed to be the date of His Passion.
		In the East we find it known to John of Euboea towards the close of the eighth century.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03158a.htm (9055 words)

	East Friesland -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		German Ostfriesland, cultural region bordering the North Sea and encompassing the coastal marshlands and East Frisian Islands (Ostfriesische Inseln) of northwestern Lower Saxony Land (state), north-central Germany.
		Once fabled as the Spice Islands, the East Indies (also known as the Malay Archipelago) extends in a great arc of islands astride the Equator across the Indian and Pacific oceans between mainland Southeast Asia and Australia.
		The Northwest Territory was linked to the East by a network of canals and later by the railroad.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9031764 (851 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: Gazetteer (Frim-Ft) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Frisian Islands are a chain of islands in the North Sea extending along the coasts of the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.
		They are divided into the West Frisians, East Frisians and North Frisians.
		Friston is a village in East Sussex, England.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /GAH.HTM (757 words)

	Saterland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Saterland (Saterland Frisian: Seelterlound) is a municipality in the German federal state of Lower Saxony.
		It was settled between the 10th and 13th centuries by Frisians from East Frisia.
		On the area of the municipality of Saterland is the VLF transmitter DHO38, a large VLF transmitter of the German Navy for sending commands to submarines.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/S/Saterland.htm (232 words)

	Petitions for Relief and the Dynamics of Pacification
		At that moment the prince of East Frisia, Georg Albrecht, was on the brink of defeat in a bloody confrontation with the territorial Estates for control over tax administration.
		The dominant tendency in East Frisia’s regional historiography is to argue that Brenneysen’s diagnosis simply reflected an alliance of interest and faith between patricians in the port city of Emden, who dominated the territorial Estates, and the rural Hausmannstand, especially those who lived and farmed in the loamy coastal lowlands, or «Marsch».
		Underlying this explanation is a contrast with the poorer and predominantly Lutheran villages of the East Frisia’s sandy hinterlands, or «Geest».
	www.uoregon.edu /~dluebke/PetitionsforRelief.htm (7535 words)

	NetherlandsHistory
		About AD 300 the hold by the Romans began to weaken, and nonindigenous German tribes pushed into the area from the east.
		Through marriage, war, and political maneuvering, most of the region comprising the present-day Netherlands—Holland, Utrecht, North Brabant, and Gelderland—came into the hands of the dukes of Burgundy during the 15th and early 16th centuries.
		By the mid-16th century this area, including even the land of the Frisians, was under the benevolent control of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, of the Spanish branch of the house of Habsburg, who was also king of Spain.
	www.geocities.com /henry8jane5/NetherlandsHistory.html (2998 words)

	i-Friesland: A Friesland genealogy site
		Tresoar, Frisian Historical and Literary Centre - In 2002 the Ryksargyf was merged witho two other institutes to become "Tresoar".
		North-east Frisian genealogy researchers - in Dutch but have a go at it regardless - this is from a genealogical research group in NE Friesland - you can search and see if they have researched your family name.
		A project is underway to trace the families of East Frisia, village by village.
	www.i-friesland.com /links/genealogy.htm (273 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Frisians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is an extract from The Middle East Open Encyclopedia, made possible through the Wikimedia Foundation.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, Frisians; all previous versions may be viewed here.
		They link directly to authoring tools for you to start writing a particular article.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Frisians (856 words)

	East Frisian (Bernd's Blend) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cold, wet and dreary, Germany's North Sea coast (East Frisia) is the ideal spot to drink hot tea.
		This blend was given to us by one of the leading suppliers of tea to finicky East Frisia, Bernd Wulf, and we dedicate it to his memory.
		It is a blend of hearty Assam that is lightened by Darjeeling and Ceylon.
	www.harney.com /harneyteas/eastfrisian.html (88 words)

	Embassy of Easter Frisia online - East Frisians in Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		East Frisians in Germnay This is a map of our neighbouring state German Federal Republic (GFR).
		Here are living many East Frisians for several reasons.
		Some of them could not find a job in East Frisia, some of them found a woman or man taking them abroad - sometimes both reasons.
	www.botschaft-ostfriesland.de /english/amt/butenossis2.html (147 words)

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