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Topic: East Germanic languages

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	Encyclopedia: East Germanic languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The East Germanic languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages in the Germanic family.
		The Gothic language (gutiska razda, ðŒ²ðŒ¿ð„ðŒ¹ðƒðŒºðŒ° ð‚ðŒ°ðŒ¶ðŒ³ðŒ°) is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths and specifically by the Visigoths.
		Historic Pomerania (outlined in yellow) Pomerania (Polish:, German:, Pomeranian (Kashubian): PÃ²mÃ²rze and PÃ²mÃ²rskÃ´, Latin: Pomerania, Pomorania) is a geographical and historical region in northern Poland and Germany on the south coasts of the Baltic Sea between and on both sides of the Vistula and Oder (Odra) rivers, reaching the Recknitz...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/East-Germanic-languages (984 words)

	Germanic Languages
		All of the East Germanic languages are extinct.
		East Norse is the eastern branch of the North Germanic languages used in Denmark and Sweden and their present and former colonies.
		West Norse is the western branch of the North Germanic languages used in Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland, and the Faroe Islands.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Facts about topic: (East Germanic language) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Germanic languages (A branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic)
		The East Germanic languages are a group of extinct Indo-European (The family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia) languages in the Germanic family (additional info and facts about Germanic family).
		North Germanic Languages (The northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ea/east_germanic_language.htm (145 words)

	Germanic languages
		Strong evidence for the unity of all the modern Germanic languages can be found in the phenomenon known as the first Germanic sound shift or consonant shift (also called Grimm’s law), which set the Germanic subfamily apart from the other members of the Indo-European family.
		Also peculiar to the Germanic languages is the recessive accent, whereby the stress usually falls on the first or root syllable of a word, especially a word of Germanic origin.
		Lastly, vocabulary furnished evidence of a common origin for the Germanic languages in that a number of the basic words in these languages are similar in form; however, while word similarity may indicate the same original source for a group of languages, it can also be a sign of borrowing.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/G/Germanic_Languages.html (805 words)

	Gothic language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The Gothic language (gutiska razda, 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺) is an extinct Germanic* language that was spoken by the Goths and specifically by the Visigoths.
		The language was in decline by the mid-6th century, due in part to the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, massive conversion to primarily Latin-speaking Roman Catholicism, and geographic isolation.
		The language survived in Spain as late as the 8th century, and Frankish author Walafrid Strabo wrote that it was still spoken in the lower Danube area and in isolated mountain regions in Crimea in the early 9th century (see Crimean Gothic).
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=11885 (4689 words)

	East Germanic tribes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Germanic tribes referred to as East Germanic constitute a wave of migrants who moved from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers between 600 - 300 BC.
		The East Germanic languages are contrasted with North and West Germanic.
		However, the East Germanic languages shared many characteristics with North Germanic, perhaps because of the later migration date.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/East_Germanic (256 words)

	Verbix -- Germanic. Conjugate verbs in 50+ languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Germanic languages are related in the sense that they can be shown to be different historical developments of a single earlier parent language.
		Although for some language families there are written records of the parent language (e.g., for the Romance languages, which are variant developments of Latin), in the case of Germanic no written records of the parent language exist.
		In Germanic these were reduced to indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods; a full active voice plus passive found only in Gothic; three persons; full singular and plural forms and dual forms found only in Gothic; and one infinitive (present) and two participles (present and past).
	www.verbix.com /languages/germanic.asp (837 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - East Germanic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Germanic languages are spoken by more than 480 million people in northern and western...
		Danish Language, language belonging to the East Scandinavian branch of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Yiddish Language, chief vernacular of Ashkenazic Jews, who are native to, or who have antecedents in, eastern and central Europe.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /East_Germanic.html (97 words)

	Germanic Languages on the Internet.Germanic Resources online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Forum for Germanic Language Studies is an association of university teachers and researchers in the United Kingdom and Ireland interested in the linguistic study of German and related Germanic languages (excluding English).
		Germanic Languages One of the branches of the Indo-European language family, spoken by the Germanic peoples who were settled north and east along the borders of the Roman Empire.
		The Western Germanic language with the largest number of speakers and the widest geographical distribution is English.
	links-guide.ru /sprachen/germanic-languages.html (264 words)

	Germanic Languages
		German is a closer cousin to English than either language is to Danish or Swedish.
		In Gothic (the earliest attested Germanic language, but not the source of the others, just a member of the Eastern branch of the family), the first and second person personal pronouns are (nominative) ik, þu, weis and jus; (accusative) mik, þuk, uns and izwis; (genitive) meina, þeina, unsara, and izwara.
		Germanic languages continued to be spoken in the Germanic home lands of Scandinavia and central Germany, and are of course till spoken there today.
	www.uta.edu /english/tim/courses/4301f98/oct5.html (1312 words)

	Writing English - Proofreading and Copyediting Services
		Languages of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family are usually classified on the basis of similarities in grammar, vocabulary, and phonology into three categories.
		German is the national language of Austria and Germany, as well as one of Switzerland's official languages.
		The North Germanic languages are the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic), which the Vikings carried as far west as Greenland and as far east as Russia during the early Middle Ages.
	www.writingenglish.com /germanic.htm (471 words)

	The Germans
		After the conquest of Rome and a feeble attempt by the some Germanic tribes to continue Roman culture and institutions, the face of Europe was gradually transformed by a remarkable diversity of Germanic tribes.
		For the most part, the term "Germanic" is almost entirely a linguistic rather than a cultural term—it refers mainly to the tribal groups in Europe that spoke similar languages, Germanic, that had been derived from Celtic sources.
		German religious practice was largely shamanistic as it was among the Celts; as with the Celts, religious ceremonies took place in groves and sometimes by bodies of water—this indicates that there was a strong sense of nature in Germanic religion.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/GERMANS.HTM (3127 words)

	Germanic languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		However, the oldest surviving literary text of any Germanic language is in Gothic (see Gothic language).
		These modern North Germanic languages are all descendants of Old Norse (see Norse) and have several distinctive grammatical features in common.
		The West Germanic languages are English, Frisian, Dutch, Afrikaans, German, and Yiddish.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ge/GermancLan.html (902 words)

	Germanic Linguistics
		The Germanic languages is a subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, which were spoken by about 420 million people in many parts of the world (chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere).
		Consisting of a regular shifting of consonants in groups, the sound shift had already occurred by the time adequate records of the various Germanic languages began to be made in the 7th to 9th century.
		French culture and language have given hundreds of loan-words and related ideas to most other Germanic languages, although their effect is not as great as on English.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/3993/germanics/grm_linguistics.htm (2365 words)

	Phonology (from East Germanic languages) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Scholars often divide the Germanic languages into three groups: West Germanic, including English, German, and Netherlandic; North Germanic, including Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Faroese; and East Germanic, now extinct, comprising only Gothic and the languages of the Vandals, Burgundians, and a few other tribes.
		From their origins in East-Central Europe, the Slavic languages spread widely and are now spoken throughout most of the Balkans and Eastern Europe, parts of Central Europe, and the northern portion of Asia.
		The Slavic languages are a group of related languages within the Indo-European family.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-74743 (793 words)

	Germanic languages -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		These are divided into West Germanic, including English, German, Frisian, Dutch, Afrikaans, and Yiddish; North Germanic, including Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Faeroese (the language of the Faroe Islands); and East Germanic, now extinct, comprising Gothic and the languages of the Vandals, Burgundians, and a few other tribes.
		The North Germanic, or Scandinavian, languages, were carried as far west as Greenland and as far east as Russia in the Viking expansion of the early Middle Ages.
		The language belongs to the Germanic group of the Indo-European language family and is similar to Danish and Swedish.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article?tocId=9365487 (745 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Goths
		The Goths were an East Germanic tribe which according to their own traditions originated in Scandinavia (specifically Götaland and Gotland).
		On the other hand, the German scholar Wenskus has pointed out that if Jordanes had wanted to invent a fictive past for the Goths, he would have claimed that they were descended from a prestigious location such as Troy or Rome.
		The fact is that virtually all of those phonetic and grammatical features that characterize the North Germanic languages as a separate branch of the Germanic language family (not to mention the features that distinguish various Norse dialects) seem to have evolved at a later stage than the one preserved in Gothic.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Goths (2014 words)

	softrat
		The North Germanic languages are modern Danish, Swedish, Norwegian (with two written variants, Bokmål or Dano-Norwegian and Nynorsk or New Norwegian), Icelandic, and Faroese, as well as the various dialects of these languages.
		Pennsylvania German is the language of the descendants of early German Mennonite immigrants in Pennsylvania.
		Lombardic was the East Germanic language of the Germanic-speaking people who invaded and settled in Italy in the sixth century C.E. It is said that Lombardic participated in the so-called second sound shift which is primarily attested in High German.
	www.hum.uit.no /a/svenonius/lingua/history/history_3.html (3160 words)

	Germanic
		By the fifth century A.D., these warlike Germanic tribes, though illiterate and without the highly advanced civilization of the competing Roman Empire to their south, were among the most powerful and influential in all of Europe.
		Before 500 B.C. their language had become so differentiated from the parent IE that it was indeed a separate language and is called by scholars today "Proto-Germanic" or simply Germanic.
		By the time that the spread of Germanic was at its peak, the Germanic language was so far flung geographically that it was inevitable that dialects would have arisen and that these dialects would eventually become mutually incomprehensible and thus comprise separate languages.
	homepage.mac.com /ebranscomb/courses/HEL/Germanic.html (638 words)

	Germanic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Germanic languages, a branch of the Indo-European family, descend from those spoken by Germanic tribes that settled along the north and east borders of the Roman Empire.
		The oldest documents attesting to a Germanic language were preserved in Runic inscriptions.
		In the Department of Modern languages and Cultural Studies we teach German, a West Germanic language, and three North Germanic languages: Danish, Norwegian and Swedish.
	www.humanities.ualberta.ca /MLCS/department/germanic.html (235 words)

	Science etc.
		North Germanic has the earliest writing, a few runic inscriptions from the 300s; this branch gave rise to Old Norse, the language of the sagas, and to the Scandinavian languages.
		East Germanic is also early, in the form of the Gothic bible, which however was written in what is now Bulgaria, the Goths having migrated far and wide from their original home in Scandinavia.
		Gothic and the East Germanic branch are extinct.
	www.angelfire.com /dragon/judyt/science.html (4917 words)

	The 2003 Newsletter of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures at The Ohio State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		She was elected to the executive committee of the MLA Division on German Literature to 1700 to serve a four-year.
		While in Germany, Andrea presented a paper on the reactions of German intellectuals to the terrorist attacks on September 11 at a conference at the Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut (KWI) in Essen, Germany and she was invited to give a lecture on German intellectual discourse communities on America at the Universität Lüneburg, Germany.
		Ester Riehl (Ph.D. 1997) Adjunct instructor of German at the University of Delaware.
	germanic.osu.edu /news/yr2003/default.cfm (8373 words)

	East Germanic languages -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		group of long extinct Germanic languages once spoken by Germanic tribes located between the middle Oder and the Vistula.
		The language is especially important for the study of the history of the Germanic language family because its records, except for a few scattered runic inscriptions, antedate those of the other...
		The Goths were Germanic tribes that came out of Central Asia in the 2nd century and attacked the fringes of the Roman Empire.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9109776 (730 words)

	Mr. Dowling's European Languages Page
		Latin was the language of the Roman Empire.
		Germanic languages are spoken primarily in northern Europe, including the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, the Czech Republic, and the United Kingdom.
		Slavic languages are spoken in Eastern Europe, primarily in Poland, Russia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Bosnia, and Serbia.
	www.mrdowling.com /702-latin.html (380 words)

	Verbix -- Germanic languages: conjugate Old Norse verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Old Norse is classical North Germanic language used from roughly 1150 to 1350.
		Old Norse is the literary language of the Icelandic sagas, skaldic poems, and Eddas.
		Old Norse is the parent language of the three modern languages, Icelandic, Faroese, and Norwegian, and one extinct language called Norn.
	www.verbix.com /languages/oldnorse.shtml (107 words)

	Wikinfo \| European languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Basque language of the northern Iberian Peninsula is a language isolate, and as such is not closely related to any other language.
		The Finno-Ugric languages are a subfamily of the Uralic language family.
		The Romance languages decended from the Vulgar Latin spoken across most of the lands of the Roman Empire.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=European_languages (225 words)

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