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Topic: East Germanic strong verb

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	German Language - MSN Encarta
		German belongs to the Netherlandic-German group within the western branch of the Germanic languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Another characteristic of German, as well as of all the Germanic languages, is that the principal accent falls regularly upon the first syllable of a word; in verbal combinations, however, the root syllable, not the prefix, is stressed.
		German is an inflected language, with three genders, four cases, and a strong and weak declension of qualifying adjectives.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567950/German_Language.html (630 words)

	Germanic languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Strong evidence for the unity of all the modern Germanic languages can be found in the phenomenon known as the first Germanic sound shift or consonant shift (also called Grimm’s law), which set the Germanic subfamily apart from the other members of the Indo-European family.
		The West Germanic dialects not affected by the second shift were the Low German dialects of the lowlands, from which Dutch and English evolved.
		Also peculiar to the Germanic languages is the recessive accent, whereby the stress usually falls on the first or root syllable of a word, especially a word of Germanic origin.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ge/GermancLan.html (902 words)

	Germanic languages at AllExperts
		Germanic languages possess several unique features, such as the following:# The leveling of the IE tense and aspect system into the present tense and past tense (also called preterite).# The use of a dental suffix (/d/ or /t/) instead of vowel alternation (Indo-European ablaut) to indicate past tense.
		The earliest evidence of Germanic comes from names recorded in the 1st century by Tacitus, and in a single instance in the 2nd century BC, on the Negau helmet.From roughly the 2nd century AD, certain speakers of early Germanic varieties developed the Elder Futhark, an early form of the runic alphabet.
		All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic, united by their having been subjected to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law.
	en.allexperts.com /e/g/ge/germanic_languages.htm (1547 words)

	HLW: Appendices: Languages Cited
		Verbs have prefixes, suffixes, and particular tone patterns, to indicate the subject and the tense, and to derive a range of other forms from each verb.
		Most verbs can have hundreds of forms because they must be marked for their subject and their direct object, if there is one, as well as for their tense.
		As in other sign languages, there is a strong tendency for signs in ASL to be iconic, that is, to be motivated by their meanings rather than completely arbitrary.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Appendices/languages.html (3946 words)

	Germanic Languages
		The East Germanic branch of the Germanic languages was spoken by the Germanic speaking people who, in the second through fourth centuries C. E., migrated first to the Danube and Black Sea areas from the Germanic homeland.
		East Norse is the eastern branch of the North Germanic languages used in Denmark and Sweden and their present and former colonies.
		The Germanic branch of Indo-European is a centum language, characterized by systematic change in initial stops, a stress accent on the first syllable of the root, by the productive use of ablaut in verbs, by the use of a dental suffix in verb morphology, and by the use of strong and weak adjective conjugations.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Gothic language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Elements prefixed to verbs are otherwise atonic, except in the context of separable words (words that can be broken in two parts and separated in regular usage, for example, separable verbs in German and Dutch) - in those cases, the prefix is tonic.
		One of the most striking characteristics of the East Germanic languages is the division of nouns between those with weak declensions (generally those where the root word ends in an n) and those with strong declensions (those whose roots end in a vowel or an inflexional suffix indicative of a pronoun).
		Strong verbs form preterites by alternating vowels in their root forms or by doubling the first consonant in the root, but without adding a suffix in either case.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=11885 (4689 words)

	Germanic Languages
		German is a closer cousin to English than either language is to Danish or Swedish.
		In Gothic (the earliest attested Germanic language, but not the source of the others, just a member of the Eastern branch of the family), the first and second person personal pronouns are (nominative) ik, þu, weis and jus; (accusative) mik, þuk, uns and izwis; (genitive) meina, þeina, unsara, and izwara.
		Germanic languages continued to be spoken in the Germanic home lands of Scandinavia and central Germany, and are of course till spoken there today.
	www.uta.edu /english/tim/courses/4301f98/oct5.html (1312 words)

	North Germanic
		Icelandic is a member of the North Germanic, or Scandinavian, group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Norwegian is a member of the North Germanic, or Scandinavian, group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Swedish is a member of the North Germanic, or Scandinavian, group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/3993/germanics/north.htm (2920 words)

	E-Intro to Old English - 7. Verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Verbs like Modern English buy/bought, which both change their vowels in the past tense and add the dental consonant characteristic of the weak past, should not be confused with verbs like swim/swam, which are descended from the Old English strong verbs.
		A few verbs have the characteristics of the first weak class in the present tense and of strong class 5 or 6 in the past tense.
		Verbs of knowing, seeing, hearing and commanding may be followed by an accusative object and an infinitive expressing what that object is doing or should do.
	www.wmich.edu /medieval/research/rawl/IOE/inflverb.html (5401 words)

	Germanic Linguistics
		The Germanic languages is a subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, which were spoken by about 420 million people in many parts of the world (chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere).
		A system of strong verbs developed as the result of vowel alternation (ablaut), as in sing, sang, sung, and a unique way of forming the past tense using weak verbs (jump, jumped) was created, probably by adding a form of did to the verb (I jump - did = I jumped).
		The number of strong verbs in Germanic is steadily being reduced, and the system does not seem to permit the creation of new strong verbs.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/3993/germanics/grm_linguistics.htm (2365 words)

	Dutch language at AllExperts
		The West Germanic dialect continuum can be divided according to tribe (see Germanic tribes), and according to the extent of their participation in the High German consonant shift (Low Saxon-Low Franconian against High German).
		An oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, when they speak AN, their pronunciation of the "soft g" sound (the voiced velar fricative) is almost identical to that of the "h" sound (the voiced glottal fricative), thus, the words held (hero) and geld (money) sound nearly the same.
		In The Netherlands German is spoken with varying levels of proficiency (especially in the regions bordering Germany) and the language is part of the core curriculum in schools for 2-5 years.
	en.allexperts.com /e/d/du/dutch_language.htm (5611 words)

	ENG 121: The Germanic Languages
		Germanic Languages A. We know of Germanic being a major language group of Northern Europe by the records of the Romans at around 1 AD.
		Many strong verbs in Old English have shifted to weak verbs (to help), and borrowed verbs are given weak inflections (to invite).
		The Phonology of Proto Germanic A. The placing of stress on first syllables in Germanic languages led to a gradual de-emphasis of word endings because they were not stressed, and "ease of effort" led to weaker inflectional systems (particularly in English, Barber 92-93).
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~grabe/notes/notes32.html (760 words)

	Words in English :: History
		The language we call English was first brought to the north sea coasts of England in the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., by seafaring people from Denmark and the northwestern coasts of present-day Germany and the Netherlands.
		Germanic tribes on the continent continue migrations west and south; consolidate into ever larger units.
		By 600 A.D., the Germanic speech of England comprises dialects of a language distinct from the continental Germanic languages.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~kemmer/Words04/history (2523 words)

	European Languages
		Word order in German is less strict because of the cases, but it is also much more complicated because of the verb final position in subordinate clauses.
		German retains most of the Proto-Germanic language, but is least like the other languages in its group.
		But German is the most used language among the eastern countries of Europe, so it can be used a lingua franca in Slavic speaking areas.
	www.ielanguages.com /eurolang.html (1526 words)

	Introduction & Abbreviations
		Frisian, West Germanic language spoken in Friesland, the lowland coast of the North Sea and nearby islands, closely related to Dutch and Old English.
		Germanic, a branch of Indo-European, ancestral language of English, German, Dutch, Frisian, Scandinavian tongues and several extinct languages such as Gothic and Frankish.
		O.H.G. Old High German, the ancestor of the modern literary German language, spoken in the upland regions of Germany; German language as written and spoken from the earliest period to c.1100.
	www.etymonline.com /abbr.php (3129 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.1478: Language Description: Koenig, et al. (2002)
		German is the official language or one of the official languages in Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Germany.
		Pennsylvania German is the language spoken by descendants of German immigrants to Pennsylvania (18th century).
		It is characterized by the lack of gender distinction, lack of conjugation of verbs, almost total lack of the original past tense, double negation, and the strong tendency to describe past events using the present tense.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-1478.html (1510 words)

	Dutch language information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The West Germanic dialects can be divided according to tribe (Frisian, Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian and Swabian), and according to the extent of their participation in the High German consonant shift (Low Germanic against High Germanic).
		Since it did not experience the High German consonant shift (apart from þ→d), it is a Low Germanic language, and it is most closely related to the Low German dialects of German.
		In The Netherlands German is spoken with a high level of proficiency (especially in the regions bordering Germany) and the language is part of the core curriculum in schools for 2-5 years.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Dutch_language (5900 words)

	ELI is the place for non-native speakers to learn the pitfalls of English language
		The present perfect tense mystifies even speakers of other Germanic languages, said Smith, who came to ELI as a graduate student in 1982 and joined the faculty in 1986, taking a few years off during the last two decades to teach in Germany, Japan and on Pitt's Semester at Sea shipboard education program.
		At least Germans are not stumped by phrasal, or two-word, verbs such as "take out" and "turn off" -- another feature of English that mystifies many foreigners.
		German, in contrast, uses neuter as well as masculine and feminine nouns and articles.
	www.pitt.edu /utimes/issues/34/020221/15.html (1187 words)

	Swedish
		Both were heavily influenced by Middle Low German, the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League spoken around the Baltic and North Seas during the medieval period.
		The verb system was also more complex: it included subjunctive and imperative moods and verbs were were marked for person and number.
		In the strong form, a distinction is made between the common gender, e.g., en gammal man "an old man" and neuter gender "ett gammalt hus" "an old house." In the weak declension, there is one general form for both genders, e.g., den gamla man, den gamla hus.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/Swedish.html (1152 words)

	Gothic Online
		Strong verbs across the Germanic languages generally use vocalic alternation to signal a change in tense, but Gothic possesses in addition a fairly large number of verbs that reduplicate the root syllable to mark the past tense.
		Gothic is the only language of the Germanic family to employ a polysyllabic dental suffix in forming the preterite of weak verbs.
		Of North Germanic, Old Norse is the primary exemplar; of West Germanic, Old English and Old High German are exemplars; of East Germanic, Gothic is the sole remnant.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-0.html (2513 words)

	Gothic language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		This language allows us to judge definitely about the East Germanic languages, for the other two of this subgroup lack texts, just having several inscriptions.
		Gothic was spoken by the Ostrogoths of ancient Germany and Italy and by the Visigoths of eastern Europe and Spain.
		It was replaced by other Germanic and Romance tongues in the period between the 7th and 9th centuries AD.
	members.tripod.com /~babaev/tree/gothic.html (304 words)

	Proto-Germanic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Within the grammar, Germanic preserved the PIE vowel ablaut to mark distinctions of tense: original e in the present tense root, o in the perfect, and zero-grade (no vowel) in the past participle.
		These were realised within Germanic in seven verb classes, the so-called strong verbs, distinguished on the basis of the sound following the original root vowel.
		Proto-West Germanic Proto-Norse East Germanic __________ ________________ (Gothic)
	www.chiark.greenend.org.uk /~marisal/ie/germanic.html (460 words)

	Which is the easiest language to learn? (Off topic)
		The nowadays Germanic world didn’t really have one, a long time ago (http://www.euratlas.com/big/big0400.htm), it came for a great part into being by migration.
		In classic Latin, auxillary verbs were hardly used, due to the flexibility of the verb.
		German has quite difficult case endings, and encompasses strong tools to form revealing but long sentences, which urged Mark Twain to sigh “Germans, writing a sentence, submerge into a sea of grammatical constructions, not breaking the surface after having written some lines”.
	www.proz.com /topic/16659 (1954 words)

	Easter- Truth or Fiction
		As even modern worshippers assemble in early dawn to face the east and gaze upon the rising sun, what they are reenacting is what their forefathers have done for many millennia.
		The temple of Jehovah was built with the entrance in the East and the Oracle in the West, so that the worshipers turned their backs on the place of the rising sun.
		It's plain and simple to see that even if they slap a so-called "Christian" name on it, they are facing the east at sunrise and are, in actuality, participating in the same heathen practices of sun worship as their forefathers of thousands of years ago.
	www.studiesintheword.org /easter.htm (6598 words)

	Dutch
		Dutch is a West Germanic language spoken by some 21 million people mostly in the Netherlands (Holland) and the northern half of Belgium (Flanders, including Belgium's capital Brussels).
		To this day, descendants of German settlers in southeastern Pennsylvania are known as the Pennsylvania Dutch.
		The vocabulary of Dutch is Germanic in origin, hence it is quite similar to that of other Germanic languages.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/Dutch.html (1163 words)

	What is English? History of the origins and development of the English language
		Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century.
		English is a member of the Germanic family of languages.
		Germanic is a branch of the Indo-European language family.
	www.englishclub.com /english-what.htm (742 words)

	ENG4660 Section I Glossary
		E.g., -as, an important inflection of a-stem strong masculine verbs in OE expresses nominative or accusative case and plural number; it is attached to nouns to mark that case and number.
		Indo-European family to which English, German, and Scandinavian languages (minus Finnish) belong and which is distinguished by first syllable stress, characteristic vowel changes, the First Consonant Shift or Grimm's Law, two-tense verb system (present/past), use of the dental suffix to signal 'past' in weak verbs, strong and weak adjectives, and a common distinctive vocabulary.
		Verbs that form past tense by a vowel change called vowel gradation or ablaut.
	www.acs.appstate.edu /~mcgowant/4660glos1.htm (2243 words)

	East Germanic (Gothic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		East Germanic or Gothic is an extinct language descended from
		North Germanic (NGmc), according to the traditional classification.
		The 7th class of strong verbs preserved reduplication in the past tense eg.
	www.chiark.greenend.org.uk /~marisal/ie/gothic.html (532 words)

	Population Contact & The Evolution of English
		Letís assume, like Crystal (1995), that the Germanic settlers drove the Native Celts to the frontiers of their colonies (Northumbria, East Anglia, Mercia, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, and Kent)óin a way similar to what Europeans did to Native Americans when they colonized the New World.
		With their earliest attestations situated in the late 9th century, they are etymologically related to Old English terms for the Angles, the former used for their land and the latter for their language.
		This shift is reminiscent of the case of Native Americans in the United States and Canada, who have been abandoning their ancestral languages in favor of the ìsameî imported vernacular over the past couple of centuries.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/mufw_engevo.html (3970 words)

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