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Topic: East Norse

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Old Norse language
		This is the approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century.
		The Old East Norse dialect was spoken in Denmark and Sweden and settlements in Russia, England and Normandy.
		Its modern descendants are the West Norse languages of Icelandic, Norwegian (nynorsk), Faroese and the extinct Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands as well as the East Scandinavian languages of Swedish, Danish and Norwegian (bokmål/riksmål).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Old-Norse-language (1534 words)

	Danish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in Denmark Runic Danish, but until the 12th century, the dialect was the same in the two countries.
		A change that separated Old East Norse (Runic Swedish/Danish) from Old West Norse was the change of the diphthong æi (Old West Norse ei) to the monophthong e, as in stæin to sten.
		From 1100 and onwards, the dialect of Denmark began to diverge from that of Sweden.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dansk (2405 words)

	Norse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Norse is an adjective relating things to Scandinavia and may be used in a number of ways:
		East Norse, describing the modern languages of Danish and Swedish within the North Germanic language group
		Old Norse language, the Germanic language in use from 800 A.D. to 1300 A.D. Norse art, Scandinavian art of period 400 A.D. to 1066 A.D. and sometimes of the pre-historic period 1700 B.C. to 500 B.C. This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Norse (215 words)

	Hurstwic: Norse Literature
		Norse people must have loved stories, and some of the stories and poems they and their descendants wrote about themselves still survive.
		Old Norse is the root language from which the modern Scandinavian languages descended, and is a close relative of modern English, Dutch, and German.
		Norse poetry does not have the regular rhythm and end-rhyme that one conventionally associates with poetry, but rather uses alliteration and irregular stress which falls on the most significant words in each line.
	www.hurstwic.org /history/articles/literature/text/literature.htm (4162 words)

	Germanic Languages
		East Norse is the eastern branch of the North Germanic languages used in Denmark and Sweden and their present and former colonies.
		From there the West and East Goths migrated to southern Gaul, Iberia, and Italy in the fifth and sixth centuries C. The Gepids were overcome by the Lombards and Avars in the fifth century and disappeared.
		West Norse is the western branch of the North Germanic languages used in Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland, and the Faroe Islands.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	The Víking Era (793-~1100 CE) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Norse raid and plunder monastary on isle of Lindisfarne.
		King Edmund of East Anglia is killed and slain at the battle of Hoxne.
		Leinster and Norse army is defeated by King Brian Boru of Munster at the battle of Contarf; Jarl Sigurd and King Brodir of Man are killed.
	gersey.tripod.com /history/timeline.html (1425 words)

	Viking Answer Lady Webpage - Names of Scandinavians in the Byzantine Varangian Guard and in Russia
		East Scandinavia, including Sweden, Denmark, and Scandinavian colonies in Russia and the Baltic, used a slightly different dialect than did the western Scandinavians.
		From the beginning of the Viking Age, there were enough differences between the Old Norse spoken in western Scandinavia to differentiate the western dialect from that of eastern Scandinavia.
		The differences in Old West Norse and Old East Norse (OE.Norse, the language used in Sweden, Denmark, and other parts of eastern Scandinavia) increased noticably after 1000.
	www.vikinganswerlady.com /VarangianNames.shtml (1197 words)

	Stammbaum
		A few of them were located north of the Danube and east of the Rhine, the southern and western borders (respectively) of the area we assume (according to Tacitus) to have been German, but these too were Celtic outposts.
		East Germanic is now entirely extinct, and the only attested member of this forlorn family is Gothic.
		The North and East Germanic reflexes of sharpening for example, must have taken a couple of hundred years to come about; then there must have been another couple of hundred years put between Gothic and Old Norse to separate them far enough to be considered different groups.
	www.freemorpheme.com /articles/stammbaum.htm (7462 words)

	History - Norse Trade
		The Norse relation to Constantinople seems to be related to the Frankish push northwards in the 8th Century and could be seen as a defence strategy, especially concerning the Danes who built a wall of defence called Danewirk in southern Jutland in the early 9th Century.
		The Danish and Norse Vikings (the latter are described in my Norwegian sources as the core of the guard in Constantinople) instead went via the Atlantic and Gibraltar and their established strongholds on most of the islands in the Mediterranean.
		Since the Norse Crusades continued another Century and the Norse trading network continued to 1300 and died at eh time of the dissolution of the Templars, it is likely that there was contact between them also in the Mediterranean trade.
	www.arno.daastol.com /history/norsetrade.html (4069 words)

	Vikings and Skraelings RPG: Vinland History
		The two centers of Norse settlement are split in half by the Narragansett Nation.
		The Settlement Laws limited Norse expansion, requiring presentation at the Althing and treaty with the local Lagakin to establish a new homestead.
		Norse youth go and live with them for shamanistic training and to undergo a rite of passage that allows them to hunt.
	www.darkshire.net /~jhkim/rpg/vinland/politics.html (680 words)

	The Norse
		Although the Norse conquered and settled areas in northern England, northern France, Russia, Ireland, Scotland, the Orkneys, Iceland, Greenland, and even settled as far as North America in the west and Byzantium in the east, only Iceland and Normandy in the north of France became permanent, lasting polities under the Norse settlers.
		The Norse who had the temerity to sail west beyond the coast of England found an island warmed by vulcanism and the Gulf Stream that was ripe for the picking.
		England, which had been raided by the Norse, ruled by the Danish in the regions called the Danelaw, ruled again in the north by the Danish king Canute, finally fell completely into the hands of the Norse, or at least their descendants, the Normans.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/NORSE.HTM (2846 words)

	Lesson One
		The aim of the course is to aid beginning students of Old Norse in building up sufficient basic knowledge for the student to be able to start studying on his own after the course.
		Thus the nominative in Norse serves as subject and compliment and the accusative as object and prepositional.
		In Norse this is not so, the word order is quite free, mainly because the information about which word plays which role is given by grammatical endings (cases and more) whereas English relies on word order to convey this information.
	www.hi.is /~haukurth/norse/olessons/lesson1.php?colors=1 (2466 words)

	Swedish language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Together with Danish and Norwegian Bokmål it belongs to the East Scandinavian group, separating it from the West Scandinavian Faroese, Icelandic and Norwegian Nynorsk.
		One example of the two languages merging in an unofficial sense is the classic Helsinki slang, ("Stadin slangi") which was born in the capital city of Finland in the early and middle 20th century, when both languages were almost equally widely spoken in the city area.
		Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian Bokmål are all considered East Scandinavian languages; Swedes usually find it easier to understand Norwegian than Danish, even though the former is descended from Old West Norse, since Norwegian pronunciation is closer to that of Swedish.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Swedish_language (5900 words)

	Scandinavian Influence...
		We know that as early as 795 Norse vikings began their visits to Ireland; that they settled and occupied the Western Isles about that time; that in 825 the Faroes were first colonized by Norsemen, partly from the Isles.
		Tarn is as distinctively Norse as thorpe is Danish.
		In Gaelic and Irish, in the Western Isles and the Highlands, considerable Norse elements are found as the result of Norse occupancy that continued in the Isles, at least, for several hundred years.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/1/4/6/0/14604/14604-h/14604-h.htm (11181 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Rurik (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Rurik or Riurik (Old East Norse RÃ¸rik, meaning "famous ruler") (ca 830 – ca 879) was a Varangian who gained control of Ladoga in 862 and built the Holmgard settlement (Ryurikovo Gorodishche) in Novgorod.
		In Old Norse, HrÅ“rekr (Norway, Iceland) and HrÃ¸rÄ«kr or RÃ¸rik (Denmark, Sweden), from which Riurik is derived.
		For instance, the Primary Chronicle states that Rurik arrived to Slavic lands with two brothers, Sineus and Truvor, and sent them to rule the towns of Beloozero and Izborsk, respectively.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Rurik (810 words)

	Old Norse language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Old Norse, the language of the Vikings, is a North Germanic language once spoken in Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and in parts of Russia, France and the British Isles.
		The earliest known inscriptions in Scandinavia date from the the 2nd century AD and were written in Runes mainly on stone, or on personal artifacts such as brooches and swords.
		Between 800 and 1050 AD a division began to appear between East Norse, which developed into Swedish and Danish, and West Norse, which developed into Norwegian, Faroese, Icelandic and Norn, an extinct language once spoken in Shetland, Orkney, and northern parts of Scotland.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/oldnorse.htm (237 words)

	Faroese language - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is one of three insular Scandinavian languages descended from the Old Norse language spoken in Scandinavia in the Viking Age, the others being Icelandic and the extinct Norn, which is thought to have been mutually intelligible with Faroese.
		In the beginning, the language spoken in the Faroe Islands was Old West Norse, which Norwegian settlers had brought with them during the time of the landnám that began in AD However, many of the settlers weren't really Norwegians, but descendents of Norwegian settlers in the Irish Sea.
		Between the 9th and the 15th centuries, a distinct Faroese language evolved, although it was still intelligible with the languages within the realm of the Norwegian Viking Empire spanning from Norway Greenland and parts of North America.
	faroeselanguage.quickseek.com (2706 words)

	Tyr Definition / Tyr Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Tyr (Old NorseOld Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age).
		It is additionally quite similar to Old Norse (and by extension, to modern Icelandic).
		Unlike modern English, Old English is a language rich with morphological diversity and is pronounced essentially as it is spelt.
	www.elresearch.com /Tyr (450 words)

	Old English language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is also quite similar to Old Norse (and by extension, to modern Icelandic).
		The Vikings spoke Old Norse, a language which is related to English in that they both derive from the same ancestral Germanic language.
		It is very common for the intermixing of speakers of different dialects, such as occurs during times of political unrest, to result in a simplified koine, and one theory holds that exactly such a mixture of Old Norse and Old English helped accelerate the decline of case endings in Old English.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Old_English (4456 words)

	Germanic languages - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration period, so that some individual dialects are difficult to classify.
		The linguistic contact of the Viking settlers of the Danelaw with the Anglo-Saxons left traces in the English language, and is suspected to have facilitated the collapse of Old English grammar that resulted in Middle English from the 12th century.
		The East Germanic languages were marginalized from the end of the Migration period.
	germaniclanguages.quickseek.com (2189 words)

	Lesson Seven
		We have already mentioned that the West Norse language forms are different from those of East Norse.
		One that might interest the English reader is that West Norse dropped the 'v' in 'vr' clusters early on but East Norse has preserved it to the present day.
		For the student of Old Norse the most visible difference is that Old Norwegian texts are usually published in their manuscript spelling - unlike Old Icelandic texts which are usually normalised.
	www.hi.is /~haukurth/norse/olessons/lesson7.php?colors=1 (1586 words)

	Old-Norse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Norse men and women were given a personal name, often containing that of a god or goddess whose protection the child was put under.
		Many Norse personal names are still in use in the Scandinavian countries and other areas which came under Viking influence.
		In Medieval England, especially the north-east, some Norse names were retained and appear in several forms in written records.
	www.gaminggeeks.org /Resources/KateMonk/Europe-Scandinavia/Old-Norse/Names.htm (93 words)

	Northvegr - Holy Language Lexicon
		Gothic, the East Germanic language of the Goths, extinct since 16c., but because of early missionary work among them we have Gothic texts 200 years earlier than those in any other Gmc.
		O.N. Old Norse, the Norwegian language as written and spoken c.100 to 1500 C.E., the relevant phase of it being "Viking Norse" (700-1100), the language spoken by the invaders and colonizers of northern and eastern England c.875-950.
		This was before the rapid divergence of West Norse (Norway and the colonies) and East Norse (Denmark and Sweden), so the language of the vikings in England was essentially the same, whether they came from Denmark or from Norway.
	www.northvegr.org /holy/abbrev.php (2555 words)

	GREEK vs. NORSE MYTHOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		An interesting difference between Norse and Greek mythology is exemplified in the popularity and importance of Athena, because she is female.
		There were some instances in the Norse myths where people refused to indulge in extramarital affairs not because of their morals, but because they only had love for their husband/wife.
		Most of the Norse gods were war-like in nature; while the Greeks had deities who affected war, it was certainly not to the same extent as the Norse.
	webhome.idirect.com /~donlong (9260 words)

	Scandinavian influence on Southern Lowland Scotch, by George Tobias Flom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Tarn is as distinctively Norse as thorpe is Danish. It occurs 24 times in Cumberland and Westmoreland, 3 in North Riding, and is not found at all south of Westmoreland and York.
		a cleft, a fissure. Wallace, VII, 859. Norse klyft,
		Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. Cp. Norse kreva, to dun.
	www.sakoman.net /pg/html/14604.htm (8648 words)

	The Viking Influence Upon The English Language
		Norse warriors who sailed the seas to the west, that is, to the British Isles and Iceland, and even to Greenland and North America, were called Vikings, while those who went east to Russia were called Varangians.
		The language spoken by the Norse of that period is called Old Norse, which had three dialects, West Old Norse, East Old Norse and Old Gutnish, this latter being relative to the Swedish island of Gotland.
		First, the germinal word may have existed in proto-Germanic, so that with the birth of either English or Old Norse, the word was already in use as an element of their common legacy.
	www.useless-knowledge.com /1234/oct/article316.html (623 words)

	Amazon.com: East: Books: Edith Pattou (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		East is a deftly woven tapestry that melds traditional fairy tale motifs of both Beauty and the Beast and East of the Sun and West of the Moon, with the haunting icy lore of medieval northern lands.
		EAST reminds you greatly of the story BEAUTY AND THE BEAST, though it is truly based on the fairytale EAST OF THE SUN, WEST OF THE MOON.
		Rose is an exciting heroine, who takes her daily life in the castle in stride; and the other characters dappled throughout the tale, from Rose's immediate family, to various evils lurking, and a few kind souls, all add to the stories pace, and keep the reader on the edge of their seat.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0152052216?v=glance (2485 words)

	BRILL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		These studies give for the first time an extensive and detailed picture of the Norse population in the East by using, besides written narratives, a wide range of archaeological sources.
		The seven chapters survey the background, then depict the first Norse centres and sites of Norse colonists in the north-western Russia; further chapters contain information about the great number of settlements in the Volga region and, finally describe the activities of a group of Rus that resulted in creation of the principality of Kiev.
		With the help of numerous illustrations the contents of the book clarify many problems and support the conclusion that in the East real Norse societies existed that were an important and natural part of the Scandinavian värld.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=21880 (404 words)

	Introduction & Abbreviations
		East Frisian, variant of Frisian spoke on the islands off the North Sea coast of Germany.
		O.N. Old Norse, the Norwegian language as written and spoken c.100 to 1500 C.E., the relevant phase of it being "Viking Norse" (700-1100), the language spoken by the invaders and colonizers of northern and eastern England c.875-950.
		This was before the rapid divergence of West Norse (Norway and the colonies) and East Norse (Denmark and Sweden), so the language of the vikings in England was essentially the same, whether they came from Denmark or from Norway.
	www.etymonline.com /abbr.php (3129 words)

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