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Topic: East Pacific Rise

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Nazca Plate

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	Oceanography 2
		In the western Pacific, spreading centres occur on the Fiji Plateau between the New Hebrides and Fiji Islands and in the Woodlark Basin between New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.
		East of this area the Tonga and Kermadec trenches extend south from the Fiji Islands to New Zealand.
		The hot spot interpretation infers that this change in trend is due to a change in the direction of Pacific Plate motion, from north-northwest prior to 38 million years ago (the age of the ridge at the change in trend) to west of northwest until the present day.
	www.crystalinks.com /ocean2.html (4717 words)

	East Pacific Rise - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The East Pacific Rise is a long north-south welt of seafloor spreading under the eastern Pacific Ocean from near Antarctica in the south northward to its termination at the northern end of the Gulf of California in the Salton Sea basin in southern Pennsylvania California.
		The rise is a constructive critizismtectonic plate margin or divergent boundary lying along the eastern margin of the Pacific Ocean basin.
		South of Easter Island the East Pacific Rise splits at another triple junction with the Chile Rise trending off to the east where is meets the subduction zone along the coast of southern Chile.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/East_Pacific_Rise (436 words)

	Pacific Ocean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Pacific Ocean borders Asia and Oceania to the west, North and South America to the east, and Antarctica to the south.
		Some of the major marginal seas of the Pacific are the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, the Coral Sea, the Tasman Sea, the Ross Sea, and the Gulf of California.
		The Pacific was given its name because of the tranquillity of its waters, although it is occasionally swept by typhoons, and a number of strong currents circulate beneath the surface.
	www.pacificislandtravel.com /nature_gallery/pacificocean.html (653 words)

	Pacific Ocean - Current
		The East Pacific Rise is a narrow midocean ridge system, that extends from the Gulf of California to a point west of the southern tip of South America.
		The outstanding wind systems of the Pacific Ocean are the twin belts of westerlies, which blow from west to east between 30° and 60° latitude, one in the northern hemisphere, and one in the southern hemisphere.
		Between the westerlies are the steadier trade winds, which move from the east in the northern hemisphere and from the west in the southern hemisphere.
	library.thinkquest.org /15931/current.html (592 words)

	Plate Motions
		Above, the East Pacific Rise is shown by the red line in the ocean on the left; where its boundary is uncertain, it is dashed.
		Also notice that the "zig-zag" pattern of the East Pacific rise (common in mid-ocean ridges; recall the Mid-Atlantic Ridge shape earlier in the class) allows different parts of the mid-ocean ridge to contact the subduction zone first - the first point of contact will be the most eastward segment of the ridge.
		The East Pacific Rise (left red plate boundary) is the mid-ocean ridge that created the Pacific and Farallon plates.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /~g109/Additional/plate_motions.htm (618 words)

	Fast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Computer-generated topographic map of the east Pacific Rise near 9 degrees north.
		In contrast with slow spreading mid-ocean-ridges, where hundreds of seamounts form in the rift along the crest or the ridge, volcanism at fast spreading mid-ocean-ridges is much like the subaerial fissure erupts associated with volcanic rift zones.
		This cross-section of the oceanic crust along the northern East Pacific Rise is based on a model proposed by Sinton and Detrick (1992) and modified by Perfit and others (1994).
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/Submarine/plates/diverg/fast.html (762 words)

	East Pacific Rise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The East Pacific Rise is a long north-south welt of sea floor spreading that roughly parallels the Pacific coast of South America.
		The Rise is a constructive tectonic plate margin or divergent boundary lying along the eastern margin of the Pacific Ocean basin.
		The spreading zone separates the Pacific Plate to the west from (south to north) the Antarctic Plate, the Nazca Plate, Cocos Plate, Juan de Fuca Plate, and the North American Plate.
	east-pacific-rise.iqnaut.net (393 words)

	Pacific Trenches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		When an oceanic plate, such as the Nazca Plate which moves eastwards under the southeastern Pacific Ocean, meets a continental edge such as South America, the denser and heavier oceanic crust is normally subducted and partially melted beneath the continental plate.
		The East Pacific Rise is particularly noted for the prevalence of transform faults and fracture zones—long, narrow cracks in the earth’s crust that run at right angles to the oceanic ridges.
		Another unique feature of the East Pacific Rise is the presence of hydrothermal vents, where extremely hot, sulphurous water shoots up from sculpted undersea chimneys, which are called fl smokers.
	www.pacificislandtravel.com /nature_gallery/pacifictrenches.htm (1190 words)

	Vents Program: East Pacific Rise, 17degS
		The eastern equatorial Pacific has been monitored by autonomous hydrophones since May, 1996 The region includes East Pacific Rise, Galapagos Ridge, Middle America and Peru-Chile trench systems, and the Easter and Juan Fernandez microplates.
		The southern East Pacific Rise (EPR) one of the fastest-spreading sections of the Earth's Mid-Ocean Ridge system.
		The 1993 expedition was aboard the R/V Melville and was primarily focused on mapping and sampling of plumes in the water column from 13.5° S to 18.5°S. In 1994, two separate expeditions were mounted aboard the R/V Yokosuka with the Shinkai 6500 submersible.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /vents/s-epr.html (145 words)

	Caribbean VR
		The Pacific plate is bordered on the east by three smaller plates, the Nazca Cocos, and Juan de Fuca plates.
		The western edge of the Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian, Philippine, and Indo-Australian plates.
		Though the Pacific Ocean is ancient, the Pacific plate is relatively young.
	www.scotese.com /pacifanim.htm (432 words)

	Easter Island: land of mystery (4)
		Hotspots are commonly attributed to ‘mantle plumes’ rising from the core-mantle boundary.
		The Pacific Ocean appears to have formed mainly from the late Jurassic to the Miocene, the Atlantic Ocean from the Late Cretaceous to the end of the Eocene, and the Indian Ocean during the Paleocene and Eocene.
		Exactly 180 degrees east of Angkor (and 108 degrees west of Giza), and almost exactly as far south of the equator (13 degrees 48 minutes) as Angkor is north of it (13 degrees 26 minutes), a colossal and unmistakable beacon does exist.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/dp5/easter4.htm (7711 words)

	The San Andreas Fault System, California - Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In simplified terms, the Pacific system of plates includes three elements: a westward expanding plate (the Pacific plate), an eastward-expanding plate (the Juan de Fuca plate), and a spreading center (the East Pacific Rise) from which the plates expand as new material is added.
		To the north, the Pacific plate is underriding, or being subducted under, the North American plate along the Aleutian thrust.
		This zone may be considered the East Pacific Rise overridden, and thus modified in pattern, by the North American plate.
	education.usgs.gov /california/pp1515/chapter1.html (2469 words)

	UCSB Geological Sciences -Ken Macdonald- Bibliography
		New constraints on the width of the zone of active faulting on the East Pacific Rise 8_30N - 10_00N from Sea Beam Bathymetry and SeaMARC II Side-scan Sonar.
		Scheirer, D.S. and K.C. Macdonald, Near-axis seamounts on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise, 8°-17°N, J. Geophys.
		Cormier M.-H. and K.C. Macdonald, EPR 18°-19°S: Asymmetric spreading and ridge reorientation by ultra-fast migration of ridge axis discontinuities, J. Geophys.
	www.geol.ucsb.edu /faculty/macdonald/Bibliography.html (3118 words)

	East Pacific Rise - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		East Pacific Rise - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		East Pacific Rise, ridge in the Pacific Ocean.
		Army : Rise of Ancient Armies : East Asia
	uk.encarta.msn.com /East_Pacific_Rise.html (119 words)

	Dive and Discover : Expeditions 2
		Location map showing the Pacific and Cocos plates and the East Pacific Rise (bold red lines), and the mid-ocean ridge plate boundary where the plates are separating.
		Rachel Haymon of the University of California-Santa Barbara went to the crest of the East Pacific Rise between 9°N and 10°N Latitude to map the mid-ocean ridge
		Join them as they explore the volcanic seafloor of the East Pacific Rise and try to understand what is underneath it -- inside the ocean crust, and monitor the biological and chemical changes at the hydrothermal vents since the 1991 eruption.
	www.divediscover.whoi.edu /expedition2 (1132 words)

	Pacific Ocean ridge basalts
		The sector termed the East Pacific Rise lies about 200km west of the coast of Peru and is the most interesting region world wide.
		The EPR proper is taken as being the zone between major transform faults at 25 deg S and 23N and has the fastest spreading rate known.
		The East Pacific Rise is taken as the sector from a latitude of 23S to 23 deg N. The first icelandite - rhyodacites found in the oceanic ridge environment were included in Melson and O'Hearns Deep Sea glass file of more than 20 years ago and came from 0 - 2deg N on the EPR.
	www.geokem.com /ORB-oceanic-pacific.html (7025 words)

	Dukenvironment Magazine -- Fall 2002
		Led by geochemist Emily Klein, an associate professor of earth sciences at Duke, with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution marine geologist Deborah Smith serving as co-principal investigator, the expedition thoroughly mapped the area’s underwater topography, extensively photographed the bottom geology, and brought up enough rock samples to harden the muscles of Klein’s predominantly-female scientific crew.
		Two of those eastern plates are separated by another crust- making ridge system that currently culminates just east of the East Pacific Rise in a deep canyon called Hess Deep.
		It is known to extend about 75 kilometers (46 miles) to the east from a spot on the East Pacific Rise.
	www.env.duke.edu /dukenvironment/f02/f-cruise.html (527 words)

	Pacific Ocean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Bering Strait connects the Pacific Ocean with the Arctic Ocean in the north.
		If all the continents were placed in the Pacific, there would still be room for another the size of Asia, the largest continent.
		The Pacific Ocean represents half of the world's ocean area and more than a third of the surface area of the earth.
	www.east-buc.k12.ia.us /01_02/BW/TD/td.htm (384 words)

	Whole mantle shear structure beneath the East Pacific Rise
		The data consist of western North American broadband recordings of East Pacific Rise (EPR) affiliate transform events that form a continuous record section out to 82° and sample nearly the entire East Pacific Rise.
		The lower mantle beneath the East Pacific Rise is well modeled by PREM, with the greatest variation occurring in ScS, reflecting strong heterogeneity along the core-mantle boundary.
		Together, these observations require that the East Pacific Rise spreading ridge cannot be actively supplied from the local lower mantle and that tomographically imaged lateral variation beneath the ridge likely reflects lateral smearing of outlying velocity gradients.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2001JB000332.shtml (393 words)

	Expeditions @ Field Museum - Janet Voight - About the Expedition
		Part of the nearly uninterrupted mountain chain that circles the earth on the seafloor, the East Pacific Rise (EPR) extends from about the Gulf of California to 55° S in the eastern half of the Pacific Ocean.
		The EPR towers above the surrounding seafloor, or abyssal plain, because heat from deep within the earth's crust expands the rocks.
		The Rise contains the youngest real estate on earth, created as the earth is pulled part at about 10-20 cm/year, and lava wells up from under the crust.
	www.fieldmuseum.org /expeditions/janet2_expedition/about2.html (114 words)

	USC: Basic template solidnav (text)
		An overarching goal in the study of mid-ocean ridges is to understand the linkages in the magmatic system from the deep mantle source to the eruption of lava on the seafloor.
		White, R. Haymon, D. Fornari, M. Perfit, and K. Macdonald, Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: Evidence from volcanic structures and lava morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9-10 deg N, Journal of Geophysical Research, v.
		White, K. Macdonald, and J. Sinton, Volcanic mound fields on the East Pacific Rise, 16-19 deg S: Low effusion rate eruptions for the past 1 Myr, Journal of Geophysical Research, v.
	www.geol.sc.edu /swhite (1140 words)

	National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure: Archives
		For example, seismological observations--signals from earthquakes all over the world--have demonstrated that basaltic melt is present in a large region beneath the ridge known as the East Pacific Rise (EPR), at the junction of the Pacific and Nazca plates about 4,000 kilometers off the coast of South America.
		The primary goal of the MELT Experiment is to distinguish between the two scenarios by searching for the narrow upwellings predicted by the dynamic models.
		A map centered on the experimental area shows the locations of several large earthquake events measured at the East Pacific Rise during the six-month experimental period.
	www.npaci.edu /envision/v14.2/forsyth.html (1272 words)

	Dive and Discover : Expedition 3 : East Pacific Rise
		, the mid-ocean ridge in the Pacific Ocean.
		Hydrophones record sound waves that are generated by the cracking of the ocean crust as molten rock, or magma, travels to the seafloor within the ocean crust, or as the lava erupts on the seafloor.
		In 1996, six hydrophones were put out in the eastern Pacific Ocean to listen for volcanic eruptions between about 20°N latitude and 300°S latitude, a range of over 3000 miles (5400 kilometers).
	www.divediscover.whoi.edu /expedition3 (1291 words)

	05-020 (Birth of Oceanic Plates)
		In the first joint interpretation of data from the landmark MELT study, a team of scientists including Donald Forsyth of Brown University has found unexpected changes in the patterns of seismic velocity and electrical conductivity near the East Pacific Rise, changes due to dehydration and cooling.
		PROVIDENCE, R.I. The East Pacific Rise, a vast volcanic mountain range submerged in the eastern Pacific Ocean, is one of the fastest seafloor factories on the planet.
		Researchers were surprised, however, at how close to the East Pacific Rise this structure develops and how little it changes with increasing distance from the rise.
	www.brown.edu /Administration/News_Bureau/2005-06/05-020.html (539 words)

	East Pacific Rise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Geochemical and Volcanological Investigations of the East Pacific Rise
		The relatively primitive nature of the basalts is in agreement with Ra and Pa disequilibria data which indicate they have the shortest crustal residence ages along this segment of the EPR (Goldstein et al., in prep).
		Haymon, R.M., D.J. Fornari, M.H. Edwards, S.C. Carbotte, D. Wright, and K.C. Macdonald, 1991, Hydrothermal Vent Distribution Along the East Pacific Rise Crest (9 degrees 09'-54'N) and its Relationship to Magmatic and Tectonic Processes on Fast-Spreading Mid-Ocean Ridges, Earth Planet.
	www.geology.ufl.edu /manuscripts/epr.html (1141 words)

	East Pacific Rise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This image shows the seafloor topography for a section of the East Pacific Ocean near South America.
		The ridge in the center of the image is known as the East Pacific Rise.
		Examine the image to visualize the subsurface geology indicated by the shape of the surface.
	www.classzone.com /books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0901/es0901page03.cfm (72 words)

	East Pacific Rise [Ridge 2000 Integrated Studies Sites]
		The 8-11°N section of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) is a fast-spreading ridge.
		The Implementation Plan for 8-11°N EPR is available to download as a 480 KB, 11-page pdf.
		See Funded Projects for details of proposals that have received funding, and Letters of Interest/Intent for proposals in an early stage of planning.
	www.ridge2000.org /science/iss/epr.html (255 words)

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