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Topic: East Papuan phylum

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Trans New Guinea
		Although he based the phylum on characteristic personal pronouns, several of the branches had no pronouns in common with the rest of the family, or even had pronouns related to non-TNG families, but were included because they were grammatically similar to TNG.
		However, because of the great morphological complexity of many Papuan languages, and the poor state of documentation of nearly all, in New Guinea this approach is essentially restricted to comparing pronouns.
		The Susuami language is a heavily endangered Papuan language, spoken in the resettlement village of Manki along the upper Watut River, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Trans-New-Guinea (3641 words)

	Papuan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One Papuan language, Meriam Mir, is spoken within the national borders of Australia, in the eastern Torres Strait.
		The largest family posited for the Papuan region is the Trans-New Guinea phylum, consisting of the majority of Papuan languages and running mainly along the highlands of New Guinea.
		However, Ross argues that Papuan languages have closed-class pronoun systems, which are resistant to borrowing, and in any case that the massive number of languages with similar pronouns in a family like Trans-New Guinea preclude borrowing as an explanation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Papuan_languages (1324 words)

	East Papuan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The East Papuan languages form a hypothetical and seemingly spurious family of Papuan languages spoken on the islands to the east of New Guinea, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the Solomon Islands, and the Santa Cruz Islands.
		The East Papuan languages were identified as a phylum by linguist Stephen Wurm and others.
		The nonsense comparisons produced the same 2-3% of "shared" vocabulary, demonstrating that the proposed cognates of the East Papuan languages, and even of proposed families within the East Papuan languages, are as likely to be due to chance as to any genealogical relationship.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/East_Papuan_phylum (685 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The largest family posited for the Papuan region is the Trans-New Guinea phylum, consisting of the majority of Papuan languages and running mainly along the highlands of New Guinea.
		However, Ross argues that Papuan languages have closed-class pronoun systems, which are resistant to borrowing, and in any case that the massive number of languages with similar pronouns in a family like Trans-New Guinea preclude borrowing as an explanation.
		He believed that it was naÃ¯ve to expect to find a single Papuan or Australian language family when New Guinea and Australia had been a single landmass for most of their human history, having been separated by the Torres Strait only 8000 years ago, and that a deep reconstruction would likely include languages from both.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Papuan_languages_ (1372 words)

	Papuan Languages of New Guinea
		Most of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea which is divided between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea (PNG).
		One Papuan language is spoken in the eastern Torres Straits.
		Although less is known about Papuan languages than about those belonging to the Austronesian and Australian families, linguists have identified a number of distinct genetic groups, referred to as phyla.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/june/papuanLanguages.html (475 words)

	East Timor Leste: Languages, Culture, Images (Timor Timur - Timor Lorosae) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A Course in Tetum-Praca (The Lingua Franca of East Timor)
		Portuguese interests moved east, and in 1769 the capital was transferred from Lifao-Oe-Cuesse, now a mere enclave in Dutch territory, to Dili, on the north coast of the securely Portuguese eastern sector.
		This paper is an attempt to disentangle the complex strands of multilingualism in East Timor, both historically and contemporarily, in terms of the relations of Portuguese, Indonesian, Tetum, and the indigenous local languages of East Timor.
	geo.ya.com /travelimages/timor/languages.html (3580 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The East Papuan languages form a hypothetical and seemingly spurious family of Papuan languages spoken on the islands to the east of New Guinea, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the Solomon Islands, and the Santa Cruz Islands.
		The East Papuan languages were identified as a phylum by linguist Stephen Wurm (1975) and others.
		The nonsense comparisons produced the same 2-3% of "shared" vocabulary, demonstrating that the proposed cognates of the East Papuan languages, and even of proposed families within the East Papuan languages, are as likely to be due to chance as to any genealogical relationship.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=East_Papuan_languages (736 words)

	Mirago : Science: Social Sciences: Linguistics: Languages: Natural: Papuan
		Papuan Language Families and Genera - Classification of some of the better-known Papuan languages of Papua-New Guinea, eastern Indonesia and the Solomon Islands.
		Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene - Full text of the landmark book edited by S. Wurm on Papuan languages of New Guinea.
		The West Papuan Phylum Revisited: The Genetic Status of the Yapen Island Languages - An analysis of the relationship between West Papuan Languages on Yapen Island.
	www.mirago.co.uk /scripts/dir.aspx?cat=Top%2fScience%2fSocial_Sciences%2fLinguistics%2fLanguages%2fNatural%2fPapuan (658 words)

	Patrick Manning \| Homo sapiens Populates the Earth: A Provisional Synthesis, Privileging Linguistic Evidence \| Journal ...
		The identification of this phylum (sometimes called a super-family) of languages is a substantial accomplishment: it is a major advance over the previous century's emphasis on Indo-European languages, now shown to be one of seven constituent groups of Eurasiatic.
		A linguistic phylum is a maximal group of languages demonstrated to be related to each other through descent from a common ancestral language.
		It is roughly parallel in the logic of its construction to a biological phylum.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/17.2/manning.html (13014 words)

	ALS2k - Australian Linguistic Society Conference - Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The East Tucano influence on Tariana involves (a) emergence of new categories present in East Tucano but absent from Arawak, and (b) structural levelling of Tariana to agree with East Tucano syntactic structures and discourse techniques, and also obsolescence and subsequent loss of some categories that are not present in East Tucano languages.
		East Tucano languages have fused person-number-gender-tense-evidentiality markers; in contrast, Tariana person-number-gender are marked with prefixes of Proto-Arawak origin, while tense-evidentiality is expressed with enclitics.
		Thus, the subtle grammatical differences between the East Tucano languages and Tariana are, together with lexicon, indicative of the differences between the languages in a situation where language mixing -- viewed predominantly as lexical borrowing -- is not allowed.
	www.arts.monash.edu.au /ling/archive/als2000/abstracts.html (15862 words)

	Trexle - Papuan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Papuan Language Families and Genera - Classification of some of the better-known Papuan languages of Papua-New Guinea, eastern Indonesia and the Solomon Islands.
		The West Papuan Phylum Revisited: The Genetic Status of the Yapen Island Languages - An analysis of the relationship between West Papuan Languages on Yapen Island.
		Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene - Full text of the landmark book edited by S. Wurm on Papuan languages of New Guinea.
	www.trexle.com /Directory/Top/Science/Social_Sciences/Language_and_Linguistics/Natural_Languages/Papuan (583 words)

	SIL Bibliography: Pacific Linguistics C
		Farr, Cynthia J. The interface between syntax and discourse in Korafe, a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea.
		Bruce, Leslie P. The Alamblak language of Papua New Guinea (East Sepik).
		Kerr, Harland B. "The relationship of Wiru in the Southern Highlands District to languages of the East New Guinea Highlands stock."
	www.ethnologue.com /show_serial.asp?name=615 (721 words)

	Languages of the World
		Phylum is the label for a liberal genetic classification that is attested with fewer cognates; it encompasses language families.
		Although a given phylum will have greater extension than any of the families included in it, only fragments of phonology will be reconstructible in the protolanguage.
		The label language isolate is used for a language that is the only representative of a language family, as Basque or the extinct Sumerian language; the presumptive but unknown sister languages of isolates are dead and unrecorded.
	ling.lll.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/Linguistics/lgsworld.html (1332 words)

	Marsh Harrier
		Like all marsh harriers, it favours open, wet environments, and is frequently seen drifting low over ricefields, interspersing long, watchful circling glides with two or three slow, powerful wingbeats.
		spilonotus spilothorax, of New Guinea and the islands nearby, which was previously thought to be a separate species and is still often called the Papuan Harrier.
		It is commonly found in suitable habitat anywhere in Australasia, particularly in the higher rainfall areas to the east, south-east, and south-west, of Australia and throughout New Zealand, but also in the tropical north of Australia, and the island groups to the east of the Coral Sea[?], New Caledonia and Vanuatu.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ea/Eastern_Marsh_Harrier.html (365 words)

	The Migration Route of the Australian Marsupial Fauna. Presidential Address. by Launcelot Harrison
		Accepting Matthew's view that the northern phalangers are a radiation from a Papuan centre of dispersal, they have been prevented by a hitherto impassable barrier from passing to the north and west of Celebes.
		Had they ever existed in the islands not at present tenanted by them, all the probabilities are that they would have persisted to the present, for these islands afford an environment similar to that provided by neighbouring islands in which they contrive to flourish and even undergo adaptive radiation.
		The Australian Leptodactylids, the essential characters of which are not in any way altered by calling them Bufonids, have not succeeded in penetrating to the north or west of Papua, in which island they are represented by one or two species only; and their closest affinities would still seem to lie with South American forms.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/biogeog/HARR1924.htm (7879 words)

	Where Is that Papua New Guinean Village?
		Such lists exist for the following areas in PNG: West Sepik (or Sandaun) and East Sepik Provinces (Laycock, 1973), Madang Province (Z’Graggen, 1985), the Papuan (or non-Austronesian) languages of the Huon Peninsula of Morobe Province (McElhanon, 1975: 531-543), the whole of Morobe Province (McElhanon, 1984), and Northern (Oro), Milne Bay, and Central Provinces (Dutton, 1973).
		Another possible point of confusion is that sometimes a name is given for a village, but is actually a language name, or is also the name for a larger political division.
		Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene.
	members.tripod.com /~THSlone/where-is-that-PNG-village.html (1105 words)

	CHAPTER 4
		The East Papuan Phylum languages show the greatest incidence of 10-cycle systems with a total of eight languages possessing them.
		In the Papuan Tip Cluster, of the 41 languages for which data were obtained, 7 possess a 2-cycle variant, 23 (and possibly a further 2) possess a 5-cycle variant, and only 9 have a 10-cycle variant.
		A second major variant, which I have termed the "Motu" type, is largely found in the AN languages of the coastal region to the east and west of Port Moresby in the Central Province (and National Capital District) of PNG.
	www.uog.ac.pg /glec/thesis/ch4web/ch4.htm (4967 words)

	Open Directory - Science:Social Sciences:Linguistics:Languages:Natural:Papuan
		Papuan languages are not necessarily genetically related to each other but are characterized by having been established prior to the migration of Austronesian-speaking peoples.
		Papuan languages often have complex grammars, especially compared to their neighboring Austronesian languages.
		This category is for the East Papuan Phylum of languages, of which there are approximately 36.
	dmoz.org /Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Papuan/desc.html (214 words)

	Maluku and Melanesia (a)
		Actually, all of Oceania was originally uninhabited, and Papuans too, just as the Australian Aborigines before them, once migrated to their present homes from Asia over the Philippines and Indonesian land-bridge during the last glacial period.
		With regard to the Papuans, or the Non-Austronesians in general, of Melanesia and Indonesia (particularly the North Halmaherans of North Maluku and the Oirata of East Nusatenggara), the so-called Indo-Pacific hypothesis of Greenberg, which assumed them and some other groups to form a common stock, has not been substantiated so far.
		Papuan languages of Melanesia is typically of Austronesian origin, deriving from Proto-Austronesian *Berek "domesticated pig".
	www.irja.org /anthro/malmel.htm (1677 words)

	Research Projects
		Angela Terrill (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen) focusses on unravelling the relationships between the East Papuan Outlier languages, the Papuan languages of New Britain, New Ireland, Rossel Island, Bougainville and the Solomon Islands.
		The East Papuan Outliers are thought to be the linguistic remnants of the original Papuan populations which came to the area possibly around 40,000 years ago.
		The relationships between the East Papuan Outliers is not clear; some previous research has suggested that they are all members of one family, however this is by no means certain.
	crlc.anu.edu.au /research_projects.html (4174 words)

	AT&T Worldnet Service - Directory
		The West Papuan Phylum Revisited: The Genetic Status of the Yapen Island Languages - http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/ellmd/Saweru/YapenWPP.pdf
		Discusses whether the languages belong to the West Papuan or Geelvink bay phyla.
		Classification of some of the better-known Papuan languages of Papua-New Guinea, eastern Indonesia and the Solomon Islands.
	www.att.net /cgi-bin/webdrill?catkey=gwd/Top/Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Papuan (551 words)

	Notes by John Olson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Eurasian moiety was ready for an expansion, perhaps about 50,000-40,000 BP, and expanded in all directions: north and then east, occupying northeastern Asia, the Arctic, and America; west toward West Asia and Europe, and southeast, where it may have mixed with the descendants of the southern branch of the African migration.
		The eastern horn of the fertile cresent descends toward the Persian Gulf east of the Tigris.
		A test of the hypothesis that the spread of agriculture from the Middle East to Europe was a spread of farmers rather than a spread of the farming culture.
	www.5clir.org /Olson.htm (4672 words)

	[No title]
		While Papuan > languages are typologically very varied, it is also true that there are a > number of significant generalizations that can be made about their > structural types." When Wurm wrote his Encyclopaedia Britannica article > (1986), there were around 50 isolates outstanding; according to the PNG home > site (
		And even if all the "Papuan" languages are ultimately related, which is not unlikely (it is not unlikely that all languages are ultimately related) that still doesn't take anything away from the extreme linguistic variety of New Guinea.
		It explained how the extreme diversity of Papuan languages could all derive from a common ancestor, given the prevailing factors -- temporal (minimum 40,000 years), geographical (very isolated communities), and cultural (language-trade vs. community identity).
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/1998/v1998.n322 (1148 words)

	linguistics Papua New Guinea field work my work
		The referential functions of pronouns in clause and discourse structure in Ata, a Papuan language of New Britain, Papua New Guinea.
		The East Papuan Languages: A preliminary typological appraisal.
		A Grammar of Ata, a Papuan Language of New Britain.
	www.willowground.com /mywk.html (489 words)

	Indigenous Australians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Torres Strait Islanders possess a heritage and cultural history distinct from mainland indigenous traditions; the eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea, and speak a Papuan language.
		In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook took possession of the east coast of Australia in the name of Great Britain and named it New South Wales.
		British colonisation of Australia began in Sydney in 1788.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Australian_Aborigine (7356 words)

	Maluku Languages Bibliography
		Attempts to extend the West Papuan Phylum proposed in Cowan's 1957 Bijdraden article to include other languages of the Vogelkop, including Amberbaken, based on quantitative comparisons of Swadesh basic vocabulary.
		Author's M.A. thesis describing a West Papuan language of the Bird's Head region of Irian Jaya which is closely related to the languages of North Halmahera.
		A survey of Papuan language research containing a two paragraph summary of names and dates relevant to research on the non-Austronesian languages of North Halmahera.
	www.faculty.uaf.edu /ffgmh1/maluku_biblio.html (12928 words)

	Search the Internet - InternetDJ.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Papuan Language Families and Genera - - Classification of some of the better-known Papuan languages of Papua-New Guinea, eastern Indonesia and the Solomon Islands.
		Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene - - Full text of the landmark book edited by S. Wurm on Papuan languages of New Guinea.
		The West Papuan Phylum Revisited: The Genetic Status of the Yapen Island Languages - - An analysis of the relationship between West Papuan Languages on Yapen Island.
	www.internetdj.com /search/search.php?browse=/Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Papuan (513 words)

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