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Topic: Eastern Berber languages

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	African Languages - ninemsn Encarta
		Languages of the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken by a substantial portion of the population in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; by scattered groups elsewhere in North Africa; and along the southern fringes of the Sahara Desert in western Africa.
		The Nubian alphabet was derived from that of the Coptic language.
		Languages spoken farther to the south-east, including Maasai in Kenya, have long been called Nilo-Hamitic; recent investigations, however, appear to prove that these tongues have no direct relationship to languages of the Afro-Asiatic family, but are most closely related to the Nilotic languages.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565449/African_Languages.html (1277 words)

	Berber: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Among the Berber languages are Rif-Berber Rif-Berber Rif-Berber or Riffi (Northern...
		...Eastern Berber languages Eastern Berber languages Afro-Asiatic - Berber - Eastern...Berber The Eastern Berber languages are a subgroup of the Berber languages, spoken in parts of...
		The Berber are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group living in northern Africa and Saudi Arabia.
	www.encyclopedian.com /be/Berber.html (254 words)

	Center for World Languages: Vowel Production in the Speech of Western Armenian Heritage Speakers
		Such changes are the result of interacting forces: incomplete learning of the minority language by immigrant children, use of the dominant language by adults outside their native community, and the normal processes of language change that are independent of the linguistic contact situation.
		There are studies of language attrition from the point of view of phonetics, but they have failed to address the possible differences between speakers who acquired the minority language fully before being exposed to the dominant language and those whose acquisition of the minority language was interrupted early.
		The Eastern dialects are spoken primarily in Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Iran.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /languages/article.asp?parentid=14648 (7456 words)

	Berber
		The Berber language in Tunisia, called Chelha, is currently facing extinction in the remaining few small towns in the southern part of the country (see travel pages on Chenini and Douiret).
		In Egypt, the Berber language is spoken along the coastal zone west of Alexandria, and in the oasis of Siwa.
		In Algeria, Berber identity is strong and proud, and there are centuies-old tensions between the Berbers of the mountains and the Arabs of the larger cities.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/berber.htm (322 words)

	The Museum of Human Language
		Planned languages can be created from scratch (see constructed languages) or they can be modifications of original languages, as when a standard language is created.
		In learning their first language, infants acquire a kind of categorical perception which they were not necessarily born with.
		Learning a second language is not exactly like learning a new dance step, because people don’t normally grow up in a society using only one step and basing much of their lives on it.
	www.geocities.com /agihard/mohl/mohl_languages.html (3867 words)

	Berber Languages
		Berber languages form an independent branch of the Afroasiatic superfamily.
		The study of Berber languages was introduced at Leiden University in 1986 by dr. H.J. Stroomer (Department Languages and Cultures of the Islamic Middle East).
		From 1990 onwards subsidies for various projects on Berber languages and literatures were granted by the National Foundation for Scientific Research (NWO), the Faculty of Letters (Leiden University) and the Oosters Instituut, sponsoring the researchers Nico van den Boogert and Maarten Kossmann.
	www.let.leidenuniv.nl /talengids/talen/berber.htm (533 words)

	languagesexpl
		Lithuanian and Latvian (or Lettish) are Baltic languages.
		The Kordofanian languages are spoken in the Sudan.
		Kanuri is spoken in Nigeria and Niger, Dinka and Luo in Kenya, Masai in Tanzania.
	www.wgn.org /languagesexpl.htm (2642 words)

	Ancient Egyptians - The Descendents of Ham
		Northern Branch— Berbers of the Mediterranean-Atlantic and Sahara, Tibbu, Fulani (Peul), Guanches (extinct).
		Extinct language of ancient Egypt that is generally classified as a member of the Hamitic subfamily of the Hamito-Semitic family of languages.
		If Coptic, which is written in a modified version of the Greek alphabet, is considered a continuation of the Egyptian language, a written record of the latter may be said to cover an unbroken span of at least 40 centuries, the longest such record known for a language.
	www.geocities.com /wally_mo/reference.html (975 words)

	Berber languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Among the Berber languages are Tarifit or Riffi (northern Morocco), Kabyle (Algeria) and Tashelhiyt (central Morocco).
		The noun in the Berber languages varies in gender (masculine vs feminine), in number (singular vs plural) and in state (free state vs construct state).
		The berber language also has two types of states or cases of the noun, organized ergatively: one is unmarked, while the other serves for the subject of a transitive verb and the object of a preposition, among other contexts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Berber_languages (2370 words)

	Learn Foreign Languages Online: Language Exchange Community
		Learn a foreign language online by practicing with a native speaker who is learning your language.
		A language exchange complements other forms of learning such as classroom, immersion and multimedia, because you get to practice all that you have learned with native speakers in a safe and supportive environment.
		If the language you are learning is not here, please be sure to tell us.
	www.mylanguageexchange.com /Learn-Languages.asp (304 words)

	Slavic and Eastern Languages Collection - Boston College
		The mainstay of the department remains its many courses in Russian language and culture, followed by a fairly even balance of courses in Slavic languages and culture, Chinese language and culture, Japanese language and culture, Celtic languages and culture, the English language (especially as a second language), and linguistics.
		Some audiovisual materials dealing with language are bought for the library, but it is not an area of large emphasis because a language lab on campus also acquires audiovisual materials on language learning.
		Russia and Eastern Europe, peripheral Western Europe, and the Far East are the main geographical focal points of the department, with also some emphasis on the Near East, although a geographically broad range of languages are considered for linguistic analysis both at the undergraduate and graduate level.
	www.bc.edu /libraries/resources/collections/s-slaviceastern (1168 words)

	Ethnologue: Spain
		The northern limit is the Pyrenean border, separating Aragon from Occitania; the western limit is the border of Navarra; the eastern limit is north of Montsó.
		The Academy of the Asturian Language was formed in 1981, to revive the academy of the 18th century.
		It has had many decades of development as a language of serious literature, including poetry, essays on novel, ideological, philosophical, and sociological topics, and for all levels of education, including higher education.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/Spai.html (1795 words)

	Languages. The World Factbook. 2003
		Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population
		French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
		English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
	www.bartleby.com /151/fields/37.html (1758 words)

	Near Eastern Section, CUL
		The Near Eastern and Islamic Section of Cambridge University Library is a part of the Division of Oriental and other languages.
		The term "Near Eastern" in the name of the section is to be understood in the broadest sense to include all areas and languages from Morocco in the West to the borders of Mongolia in the East, from Ethiopia in the South to Armenia in the North.
		Modern printed books and some periodicals in Near Eastern languages are currently shelved on the North Wing, floors five and six, and readers can browse the shelves by subject, using the classification scheme provided.
	www.lib.cam.ac.uk /NearEastern/NESmain.htm (815 words)

	Berber - Wikimedia Commons
		Imazighen retained their native tongues “Tamazight Language” only in the Atlas Mountains and remote sections of the Sahara not penetrated by these Arab groups.
		During and after the arrival of Islam in the seventh century, the Arabs followed the Greco-Roman practice and referred to the indigenous peoples they encountered as "barbar." The French and English speakers adopted "Berber" and "Berber" coined the word "Barbary," implying that the inhabitants of North Africa.
		Berber people are using the term "Amazigh" which they use to describe themselves in their own languages.
	commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/Berber (748 words)

	Learn Berber Online - Write or Speak in Berber Language Exchange
		A language exchange complements other forms of learning such as classroom, cultural immersion and multimedia, because you get to practice all that you have learned with native speakers in a safe and supportive environment.
		Language exchange learning is also inexpensive because we provide free tips and conversation lesson plans that allow you to do a language exchange on your own.
		Add your profile to the language exchange community and let others contact you to for language exchange learning.
	www.mylanguageexchange.com /Learn/Berber.asp (1063 words)

	YWAM Sahara - Rif Berbers
		The Rif Berbers occupy the region the north and eastern ranges of the Rif mountains.
		The Berber languages are distinct from Arabic, and most similar to the Hamito/Semitic tongues spoken in the Middle East.
		While it is true that the Berber people have a strong identity in their tribal dialects, and have never completely accepted Arabic as their own, none the less, Islam is the most powerful and pervasive force in their society.
	www.gosahara.org /rb.html (3549 words)

	NA.antiquity.html
		The Berber origins and the early formations of cities and kingdoms demonstrate a problem common in newly formed states, the need for a clear principle of succession.
		Berber languages are all strikingly similar, suggesting a uniform movement of peoples in a relatively short period of time.
		The cult of the dead is a distinguishing characteristic of the Berbers in antiquity.
	www.csupomona.edu /~mibrahim/hst.329/NA.antiquity.html (1328 words)

	Languages of the Middle East - Middle Eastern Culture
		Farsi, or Persian as it is often called because it is the language of Persia, is, of course, spoken in the former Persia, which is now Iran.
		It is also used as a minor, though unofficial, language in Bahrain and the U.A.E. Western languages are also widely spoken in the Middle East, sometimes even as official languages.
		English is understood in the larger cities of many Middle Eastern Nations and Russian is used in many of the former Soviet Republics that have traditional ties to the Middle East, such as Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art27809.asp (560 words)

	The sci.lang FAQ: 8
		A language family is a group of languages that have been proven to have descended from a common ancestral language.
		All the Germanic languages have a common ancestor, Proto-Germanic; farther back, this ancestor was descended from Proto-Indo- European, as were the ancestors of the Italic, Slavic, and other branches.
		LANGUAGE ISOLATES: A number of languages around the world have never been successfully shown to be related to any others-- in at least some cases because any related languages have long been extinct.
	www.zompist.com /lang8.html (939 words)

	Awjila
		Afro-Asiatic - Berber - Eastern - Awjila-Sokna[?] - Awjila
		Awjila is one of the Eastern Berber languages.
		It is spoken in Cyrenaica, eastern Libya, by some 2.000 people.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/au/Augila.html (46 words)

	Web resources for Berber languages
		There are at least 6 Berber languages, all of which are spoken in northern and western Africa (cfr Wolff 1981):
		Types of language spread and their archaeological correlates: the example of Berber (PDF).
		Some verb morphology features of Tadaksahak; or, Berber or Songhay, this is the question.
	goto.glocalnet.net /maho/webresources/berber.html (538 words)

	Afroasiatic languages: The Berber Languages
		The Berber languages are the mother tongues of some 12 million persons in enclaves throughout many nations of N Africa.
		The oldest known Berber inscriptions are from the 4th cent.
		The Berber tongues have survived Phoenician, Roman, and Arab conquests.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/misc/A0920674.html (194 words)

	Eastern Berber languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Eastern Berber languages are a subgroup of the Berber languages, spoken in parts of Libya and Egypt.
		Many linguists also include Ghadames, and sometimes Nafusi, as well as the language of El-Fogaha in the Fezzan (not mentioned in the Ethnologue.) Some linguists regard this as two separate subgroups.
		This page was last modified 14:36, 26 March 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eastern_Berber_languages (89 words)

	The Tifinagh alphabet
		The Tifinagh alphabet ("Lybico-berber") has been used by Berber speaking people in North Africa and the Canary Islands at least from the third century B.C. up to the third century A.D. The only dated inscription is from 139 B.C. Its use disappeared, or had already disappeared, when the Arabs came.
		Of the two main variations, only the eastern one has been (partially) deciphered.
		Tamazight is used as a broad name (instead of Berber) and as a more narrow language name in the Middle Atlas.
	www.win.tue.nl /~aeb/natlang/berber/tifinagh/tifinagh.html (485 words)

	Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This Middle Eastern tongue spread slowly through the region after the Arab conquest and was closely tied to the conversion of Algerians to the Islamic religion.
		Classical Arabic gradually became an international language of scholars, scientists, and writers living throughout North Africa and the Middle East.
		A number of Berber dialects, including Kabyle and Chaouia, have survived in rural areas where Berber-speakers remain the majority population.
	www.macalester.edu /courses/geog61/bknudson/Language.htm (213 words)

	as scientists
		I think the native speakers of the endangered languages are the best candidates for this.
		We have a special Division in charge of foreign language teaching, with a rapidly expanding number of language courses.
		I may have omitted some languages, but the total number I have in this quick survey is no less than.....
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/philos/dascal/papers/science.htm (405 words)

	CMES: Mission
		The principal mission of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) at the University of California at Berkeley is to enhance awareness of the Middle East and of its diverse peoples and cultures.
		Another principal goal of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies is to promote understanding of the Middle East through public programs aimed at UC Berkeley faculty, students and scholars, and members of the general public in the San Francisco Bay Area and beyond.
		The 50,000-volume collection has several foci: Near Eastern languages and literature; Talmudic studies, including the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds and subsequent texts and commentaries; rabbinical, medieval and modern Jewish history throughout the world; modern Jewish thought; and comparative literature, including works in Hebrew, Yiddish, English, and other languages.
	ias.berkeley.edu /cmes/mission_files/index_mission.html (2285 words)

	Global Communicators - Language Specialist
		Language: French (official), tribal languages belonging to Sudanic family, spoken by 90% of the population.
		The main African languages are Yacouba, Senoufo, Baoulé, Agni and Dioula.
		Languages: Arabic (officially) with Berber dialects, as well as French, Spanish and English.
	www.globalltd.net /english/languages/africa.htm (680 words)

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