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Topic: Eastern Oyster

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	DOAG: Oyster Diseases
		Dermo disease is caused by a single-celled Protozoan parasite, Perkinsus marinus.
		Dermo is an intracellular parasite (2 to 4 um) infecting the hemocytes of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica.
		MSX infection is transmissible from oyster to oyster.
	www.ct.gov /doag/cwp/view.asp?a=1369&q=259180 (1457 words)

	Oyster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oysters are highly prized as food, both raw and cooked, and have a reputation as an aphrodisiac due to their high zinc content.
		"Dermo" (Perkinsus marinus) is marine disease of oysters, caused by a protozoan parasite.
		It is a prevalent pathogen of oysters, causing massive mortality in oyster populations and poses a significant economic threat to the oyster industry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oyster (1118 words)

	Untitled Document
		Because they have no foot for moving, oysters can be found permanently cemented to hard objects often in clusters or oyster beds, where they attach to each other.
		Oysters can change sex repeatedly during their lives, but large oysters are generally functional females, averaging a release of about 100 million eggs during one spawning, which takes place two to three times a season.
		Oysters are preyed upon by sea stars, oyster drills, moon snails, rays, oystercatchers, and man, and have been an important food source for thousands of years, resulting in oyster farming in artificial beds for easier access and control.
	oceanica.cofc.edu /shellguide/shells/easternoyster.htm (311 words)

	Oyster_reef
		Oyster reefs, often referred to as oyster bars, are common submerged habitats in the southern United States.
		Oyster reefs in Florida are found in nearshore areas and estuaries of both coasts, but grow especially vigorously near estuarine river mouths where waters are brackish and less than 10 meters deep.
		Oysters are filter feeders which strain microalgae, suspended particulate organic matter, and possibly dissolved organic matter from the water column over their gills in order to feed.
	www.sms.si.edu /irlspec/Oyster_reef.htm (822 words)

	Marine Fisheries Review: The oyster industry of eastern Mexico.(Cover St... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The principal oyster culture method practiced by the fishermen is returning nearly all shells to the beds after the oysters are shucked, an action mandated and closely overseen by the Federal Government since 1976.
		Oysters are served in cocktails with tomato, onion chile, and oil, or with lemon, salt: ketchup, hot pepper, and onion; or on the half-shell.
		Oysters are also cooked in various ways: 1) with oil, onion, tomato, and hot sauce; 2) in a soup with blue crabs, shrimp, and clams; or 3) breaded in corn meal and fried (Perez(8)).
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:20423936&refid=ip_almanac_hf (5673 words)

	Agency investigating whether Eastern oyster should be protected - Boston.com - Conn. - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A federal agency is investigating whether the popular Eastern oyster should be protected as an endangered species, a designation that could severely limit the local catch.
		If the agency decides the Eastern, or American, oyster is endangered, shellfishermen from Maine to Louisiana could be prohibited from harvesting it.
		Eastern oysters are one of the most profitable varieties in the region.
	www.boston.com /news/local/connecticut/articles/2005/07/09/agency_investigating_whether_eastern_oyster_should_be_protected (458 words)

	Eastern Oyster - TheBestLinks.com - Animal, Eukaryote, Gulf of Mexico, Maryland, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica is a species of oyster that is found on the eastern seaboard of North America.
		The Eastern Oyster is found from the Gulf of St Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico.
		People catch and eat these oysters, mainly in the spring, and (in Maryland) catch about 35,000 to 40,000 bushels (1,200 to 1,400 mandsup3) of oysters a year.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Eastern_Oyster.html (344 words)

	Oyster Biology - SCORE (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Oysters are typically found in estuaries, sounds, bays, and tidal creeks from brackish water (5 parts per thousand [ppt] salinity) to full strength seawater (35 ppt salinity).
		Oysters are tolerant organisms, able to withstand wide variations in temperature, salinity, and concentrations of suspended sediments and dissolved oxygen.
		Oysters are the building blocks of one of the most important benthic communities in South Carolina estuaries, the oyster reef.
	www3.csc.noaa.gov /scoysters/html/bio.htm (454 words)

	Journal of Shellfisheries Research: Antimicrobial activity of copper and zinc accumulated in eastern oyster amebocytes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		ABSTRACT The distribution of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica near terrestrial watersheds has led to a general impression that low or variable salinity is imperative for survival.
		It is proposed that oysters actively concentrate copper and zinc as antimicrobial agents to be used in intracellolar and extracellular killing (direct toxicity) as well as extracellular clot formation (precipitation of hemolymph).
		Eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica are distributed across the North American coast of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico in bays, estuaries, and coastal zones, most often near sources of fresh water.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0QPU/is_2_23/ai_n6276397 (1405 words)

	Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
		An oyster is a shellfish with 2 rough white shells that hook together at one end.
		An Eastern oyster is usually 2 to 6 inches long.
		Oysters are born as free-swimming plankton (tiny microscopic organisms).
	pelotes.jea.com /eastern.htm (629 words)

	Oyster Restoration Workgroup: How to Monitor Sites
		Fish associated with oyster reefs range from residents that use the reef as a primary habitat to transient species that are wide ranging and may forage on or near the reef.
		Oyster reef restoration often is undertaken to create marketable-size oysters that are available to both recreational and commercial harvesters.
		Creation of oyster reefs off limits to harvesting can enhance oyster populations in surrounding harvested areas that are many times the size of the refuge itself.
	www.oyster-restoration.org /metrics.php (860 words)

	Oysters in New Hampshire
		The American oyster, or more commonly called the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is a sessile, reef-forming bivalve that lives in estuarine habitats to a water depth of about 40 feet (12 m) along the east coast of North America from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, to Key Biscayne, Florida.
		Eastern oysters are sometimes called a "keystone" species because they provide important ecological services such as water filtration, and the reefs they build provide habitat for many other species.
		For example, oysters living in areas where food supply is limited or siltation is excessive typically have long, thin shells as they attempt to reach higher into the water column for more food or to escape accumulating sediments.
	www.oyster.unh.edu /oystersinnh.html (601 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Generation and analysis of ESTs from the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin and ...
		The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) occurs naturally in the Western Atlantic from the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and coasts of Brazil and Argentina [1].
		The eastern oyster has also been used as a marine bivalve model to study the effects of environmental stressors [6] and as bioindicators of estuarine pollution [7,8].
		These genes are of particular interest to oyster researchers because of relentless environmental pressure on natural and farmed oyster populations brought about by the increasing use of coastal zones and also because of the devastating effects of diseases [11-13].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/8/157 (5856 words)

	Eastern Oyster - Bay Field Guide - Chesapeake Bay Program
		The eastern oyster is a bivalve mollusk with rough shells that vary in color from grayish to white.
		Oysters can be found in subtidal areas in the Bay and its tributaries, from depths of 8 to 35 feet.
		The cavity inside the oyster's shells is always filled with seawater, so an oyster can survive for a long period of time without having to open its shells to feed.
	www.chesapeakebay.net /american_oyster.htm (420 words)

	Maryland DNR - Fisheries Service - Fish Facts: Eastern Oyster
		Eastern Oysters have two shells (hence the oyster is a bivalve) which are generally grey in color.
		The range of the oyster native to the Chesapeake Bay—the American or eastern oyster—extends well beyond the Chesapeake Bay, encompassing the east coast of North America from the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada to Key Biscayne, Florida, and south through the Caribbean to the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and to Venezuela.
		Oysters prefer to set on the shells of other oysters but other hard, clean substrates are also used.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /fisheries/fishfacts/easternoyster.asp (588 words)

	FR Doc 05-9918
		The eastern oyster is distributed from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico and south through the Caribbean to the Yucatan Peninsula.
		The petitioner contends that listing the eastern oyster is necessary because of the historic failure to protect the species' habitats from numerous documented anthropogenic stresses, resulting in a well- documented crash of the population.
		The petition alleges the threats to the eastern oyster population continue to occur and are accompanied by increased siltation and in some areas, periodic low levels of oxygen.
	a257.g.akamaitech.net /7/257/2422/01jan20051800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2005/05-9918.htm (1890 words)

	A Risk Assessment Model: The Introduction of the Suminoe Oyster into the Chesapeake Bay
		The eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) population in the Chesapeake Bay has declined to 1-2% of its historic abundance (Newell 1985).
		Unless and until breeders are able to produce a sufficiently disease-resistant strain of eastern oysters suitable for stocking in high salinity areas, it seems that culture in low salinities may be the best way to maintain a viable population.
		In contrast, if juvenile oysters were stocked after the spawning season and harvested as adults after the spawning season, any adult triploid oysters had that reverted could reproduce during spawning season and cause the population to become self-sustaining.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/jdew/webpage/final.htm (1897 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Dermo case studies the Pacific oyster was lightly infected and seemed to expel the pathogen whereas the Eastern oyster died off.
		The oyster serves as a host for a variety of worms which colonize on the surface of the shell and oyster crabs which live and breed in the oyster's gills (see Joyce, 1988).
		The oyster filtering has had a profound affect on lowering the levels of pollution; they have improved the water quality greatly and are almost as good as an expensive sewage treatment plant used to clean the water (see Meyer, 1991).
	home.att.net /~deep_structures_playground/copies/uoregon.htm (1544 words)

	Creature Feature: Eastern Oyster
		Our native oyster is found along the Bay bottom throughout the Chesapeake.
		Oyster beds also make good homes for other creatures that live in the Bay.
		This is why Maryland is working hard to restore a healthy oyster population to the Chesapeake Bay.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /mydnr/CreatureFeature/easternoyster.asp (116 words)

	Oceans Alive - Eastern or American Oyster
		Eastern oysters are native to the coasts of North America, from the St. Lawrence River in Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and Panama.
		Eastern oysters sold in the United States are primarily from the United States and Mexico.
		Eastern oysters are native to the United States, and are grown along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
	www.oceansalive.org /eat.cfm?subnav=fishpage&fish=71 (358 words)

	oyster
		Newell (1988) estimated that it took eastern oysters less than a week to filter the entire water volume of Chesapeake Bay when oysters were highly abundant in the 1880's before stocks were commercially exploited.
		It is now widely believed that these ecological functions of eastern oyster populations are so vital that it is important to have extensive oyster populations in the estuaries along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
		Chinese oysters may be introduced to repair oyster grounds that were ruined by an earlier introduction of Japanese oysters half a century ago.
	www.intercom.net /~slester/oyster.html (1832 words)

	CBF Oyster Corps - Home
		To accomplish this, old reefs are being reconstructed with oyster shell, mimicking the historic size and shape of the original reef.
		Large oysters that have shown resistance to disease are being selectively bred to create strains of oysters that grow and survive better in the Bay today.
		The offspring from these oysters are then being sold to citizens who grow the oysters in floating cages alongside their dock.
	www.baylink.org /OysterCorps/back.html (498 words)

	Eastern Oyster - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation
		Oysters are reef building organisms: juvenile oysters (also called spat) attach (with a glue-like substance) themselves to adult oysters already attached to rocks, shell or other oysters.
		Oysters have pale white to gray shells that are rough and bumpy.
		To get rid of this irritant the oyster covers the sand grain with a smooth substance called nacre, which is similar to the material covering the inside of the shell.
	www.dec.ny.gov /animals/6949.html (269 words)

	A Risk Assessment Model: The Introduction of the Suminoe Oyster into the Chesapeake Bay
		In 1993, the eastern oyster population was at the lowest level ever recorded in the Chesapeake Bay due to years of overharvest, habitat destruction, and diseases.
		The Suminoe oyster is to be introduced as a reproductively sterile triploid; therefore, a lower risk is involved in the introduction.
		Other possible risks identified with the introduction of the triploid Suminoe oyster are competition with the native eastern oyster, introduction of parasites and pathogens, and the possibility of the establishment of a self-sustaining population.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/jdew/webpage/myres.htm (695 words)

	Oyster Varieties
		Easterns were once so plentiful in East Coast embayments that they posed navigational hazards to ships.
		Several times the size of the easter oyster, the Pacific or Japanese oyster is the giant of Northwest shellfish beds.
		The meat of this oyster is sweet tasting and rich, with a mild cucumber aftertaste.
	www.wsg.washington.edu /oysterstew/cool/oystervarieties.html (515 words)

	SeaSense: Oysters (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The taste of oysters is strongly influenced by the characteristics of local waters, and species tend to be marketed by origin.
		Farmed Eastern oysters, grown using a rudimentary form of aquaculture where farmers transport oysters from nursery areas to grow-out areas, are considered a good environmental choice.
		Oysters may carry the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium, a naturally occurring bacterium that is in highest concentrations in summer months, which can be fatal when consumed by people with compromised immune systems.
	www.seafoodchoices.com /seasense/oyster.shtml (670 words)

	Oyster Restoration Workgroup
		Oysters and oyster reefs once were common along much of the U.S. coastline.
		In recognition of the importance of oyster reefs to overall coastal ecosystem functions, large- and small-scale restoration of reef habitats is ongoing in most coastal states.
		The Oyster Restoration Workgroup and this website were established to address questions of reef restoration success as well as all pertinent issues associated with the restoration of both intertidal and subtidal oyster reefs.
	www.oyster-restoration.org (329 words)

	HPL Biological Oceanography, Bivalve ecology
		Intensive harvesting of eastern oysters in the 19th century led to a severe decline in oyster stocks and their reef habitat (Kennedy and Breisch 1981).
		Currently, we are comparing the vulnerability of the asian oyster to the native predators that serve to control eastern oyster populations.
		This indicates that if the asian oyster is a susceptible to the same suite of predators it may not escape predator control to become a nuisance species.
	www.hpl.umces.edu /bioocean/bivecol.htm (302 words)

	Eastern Oyster - About the Bay - Chesapeake Bay Program
		The eastern oyster is one of the most famous and recognizable aquatic species in the Bay.
		Oysters lying exposed on intertidal flats are food for some shorebirds, such as oystercatchers.
		Oysters and the Chesapeake: Articles by Maryland Sea Grant about the health and status of the American oyster in the Bay.
	www.chesapeakebay.net /oysters.aspx?menuitem=19368 (387 words)

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