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Topic: Eastern Pact

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	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C
		With the Warsaw Pact's commander in chief acting as chairman, the sessions of the Military Council rotated among the capitals of the Warsaw Pact countries.
		The issue of an appropriate Warsaw Pact response to NATO's 1983 deployment of American Pershing II and cruise missiles, matching the Soviet SS- 20s, proved to be the most divisive one for the Soviet Union and its East European allies in the early and mid-1980s.
		In "The Warsaw Pact at 25," Dale R. Herspring examines intra- alliance politics in the PCC and East European attempts to reduce Soviet domination of the Warsaw Pact.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/soviet_union/su_appnc.html (6968 words)

	Locarno Treaties - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Locarno Treaties were regarded as the keystone of the improved western European diplomatic climate of the period 1924-1930, though tension persisted in eastern Europe.
		The "spirit of Locarno" was seen in Germany's September 1926 admission to the League of Nations, the international organization established under the Versailles treaty to promote world peace and co-operation, and in the subsequent withdrawal (completed in June 1930) of Allied troops from Germany's western Rhineland.
		Proposals in 1934 for an "eastern Locarno" pact securing Germany's eastern frontiers foundered on German opposition and on Poland's insistence that her 1920 territorial gains from the Soviets should be covered by any western guarantee of her borders.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Locarno_Pact (350 words)

	The Warsaw Pact
		The issue of an appropriate Warsaw Pact response to NATO's 1983 deployment of American Pershing II and cruise missiles, matching the Soviet SS-20s, proved to be the most divisive one for the Soviet Union and its East European allies in the early and mid-1980s.
		The Soviets concluded that this outcome proved that the Warsaw Pact truly embodied the "fundamental long-term interests of the fraternal countries." The decision to leave the Warsaw Pact unamended was probably the easiest alternative for the Soviet Union and its allies; the alliance was renewed for another twenty-year term with an automatic ten-year extension.
		The Warsaw Pact's lack of a wartime command structure independent of the Soviet command structure is clear evidence of the subordination of the NSWP armies to the Soviet Army.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/WarPact.html (16234 words)

	NATO Review - No 4 - Winter 1999 - p. 20-23
		The Stability Pact is the first attempt at addressing the political and economic structural deficits in the countries of the regions through a comprehensive approach of preventive diplomacy.
		A Special Coordinator of the Stability Pact is foreseen in the document agreed at Cologne to facilitate the achievement of the objectives of the Pact.
		There are 29 participants in the Stability Pact: the 15 EU Member States, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia(1), Turkey, United States of America, the European Commission, the OSCE Chairman in Office, and the Council of Europe.
	www.nato.int /docu/review/1999/9904-05.htm (1863 words)

	Pact Kenya - Home
		Pact is seeking applications from qualified Kenyan organizations working in Kenya's civil society sector to support implementation of KCSSP as described herein.
		Pact Kenya is a regional non-governmental organization working with Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to improve the well being of communities through transformative capacity building, institutional strengthening and grant making initiatives.
		Pact Kenya's approach is grounded on imparting practical skills through action focused training workshops, on-the-job training, on-demand assistance, and continuous mentoring and performance monitoring.
	www.pactkenya.org (213 words)

	USATODAY.com - Eastern gas emissions pact failing; CO2 levels rising (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		BOSTON (AP) — A third of the way into a pact between New England and Eastern Canada to cut greenhouse gas emissions 12% by 2010, carbon dioxide emissions in the region appear to be growing, in part because people are driving more and using bigger, less-fuel efficient vehicles.
		The New England-Eastern Canada pact signed in 2001 called for a reduction of greenhouse gas pollution to 1990 levels by 2010, and to 10% below 1990 levels by 2020.
		The New England Climate Coalition, a broad-based group of environmentalists, clergy and municipal groups, issued a report last fall that said New England is on target to meet less than one-third of its 2010 goals.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2004-03-15-emissions-pact_x.htm (489 words)

	Warsaw Pact: the inheritance - Features news
		The sovereign ruler of the Eastern one was the Soviet Union.
		In the three cases, the Warsaw Pact was use as a justification of actual interference in the internal affairs of the three countries.
		In his study on “Bulgaria and the End of the Warsaw Pact”, published in 1999, Yordan Baev*, a Bulgarian historian, wrote that in the global confrontation of the Cold War period, the Balkans played a secondary role in comparison with the concentration of forces and permanent confrontation in Central Europe.
	www.sofiaecho.com /article/warsaw-pact-the-inheritance/id_4458/catid_29 (1682 words)

	UT G8 Info. Centre. G8 Summit, Köln, Germany, 1999.
		The countries of South Eastern Europe recognize their responsibility to work within the international community to develop a shared strategy for stability and growth of the region and to cooperate with each other and major donors to implement that strategy.
		The Stability Pact aims at strengthening countries in South Eastern Europe in their efforts to foster peace, democracy, respect for human rights and economic prosperity, in order to achieve stability in the whole region.
		The South Eastern Europe Regional Table and the Working Tables will be convened for their inaugural meetings at the earliest possible opportunity at the invitation of the Presidency of the European Union.
	www.g7.utoronto.ca /summit/1999koln/pact.htm (3820 words)

	Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe is an institution aimed at strengthening peace, democracy, human rights and economy in the countries of South Eastern Europe.
		The pact was created at the initiative of the European Union on June 10, 1999 in Cologne.
		The pact was created subsequent to the escalation of Kosovo War and stability of Kosovo was among the primary objectives.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stability_Pact_for_South_Eastern_Europe (553 words)

	Stabilizing South Eastern Europe
		It’s purpose, summarized by Bodo Hombach, Stability Pact special coordinator, is to create "a democratic and unified Europe without political and economic divisions."1 It would accomplish this by bringing the countries of South Eastern Europe together with those in Western Europe, the United States, and their institutions.
		Conceptually, the Stability Pact is a tremendous victory for advocates of peacekeeping and conflict prevention.
		Although initial funding for the Stability Pact has been slow to arrive, the Regional Funding Conference for South Eastern Europe received more than $2.3 billion in pledges last March to finance "quick-start projects."2 This amount was surprisingly high, exceeding the fundraising target by one third.
	www.basicint.org /pubs/Notes/2000stabilizingsouth.htm (1327 words)

	Wings Over the Pyre - Darkness Rolls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In terms of methodology, the Pact of Warsaw is unafraid to stoop to any depth in order to maintain and extend their control over the upper-level members of their local nations, and see the West as an immense source of monies for their personal pleasure palaces.
		The current leader of the Pact of Warsaw is Marda Nova, a reclusive woman who appears to be in her early 30's and who rules the Pact with ruthless efficiency and a disturbing amount of elan.
		The Soldiers of Warsaw uniform is a single-breasted grey with the sigil of the Pact on the shoulder, a three-headed eagle.
	zamiel.livejournal.com /1003783.html (1802 words)

	MILNET: Military Information - The Warsaw Pact Countries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Warsaw Pact was an alliance drawn up by the Eastern European countries, essentially establishing a line of resistance to "Capitialist Imperialism", a line consisting of the NATO countries on the Western side, and the countries of the Soviet Union on the other.
		The line between the NATO countries of Western Europe and the Warsaw Pact's Eastern European countries became to be known as the "Iron Curtain" and thus began the "Cold War".
		However, economically, there is a huge difference between the western and eastern sides of the imaginary lines, and internal conflict in many of the nations of the former Warsaw Pact, make the area very unstable (Bosnia/Crotia/Serbia for instance).
	www.milnet.com /warsaw.htm (311 words)

	Serbia Info News / Why Kosovo, why the Balkans?
		The destiny of this region is also determined by another circumstance left from the period of instability after the cold war - this is a circle formed by the petrol states, from Iran and Iraq, as traditional Western spheres of interest, to the Caspian sea and new independent countries South of Russia.
		This issue will be present in the future, if not for other things, then for the fact that 75% of the US weapon trade, in the last five years, has been conducted with the countries whose citizens do not have the right to elect their government.
		The thing more important then this is that the collapse of the Warsaw pact created a zone of imperialist conflict which includes the new eastern NATO pact borders, the Baltic states, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, to the Russian southern block and the GUUAM states.
	www.serbia-info.com /news/1999-12/23/16358.html (1913 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nasser’s strong objection to the Baghdad Pact as well as his improved relations with the Communist bloc weighed considerably on the minds of United States officials who decided not to accept membership, and gave financial assistance to the Pact in deference of their decision.
		The influence that Egypt’s retaliation was clear as Deputy State Undersecretary Coy Henderson admitted that the decision to reject the Pact is due to the United States’ "sincere desire to retain close, friendly and effective ties with other nations in the area".
		The Middle Eastern arms race was still prevalent during the Aswan Dam ‘negotiations’ and helped undermine the coherency of the US plan for aid.
	www.duke.edu /web/hst20s-04/VanGrack.html (4162 words)

	Stability Pact for South East Europe
		The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe was adopted at a special meeting of Foreign Ministers, representatives of international organizations, institutions and regional initiatives, in Cologne on 10 June 1999.
		The Pact establishes a political commitment to a comprehensive coordinated and strategic approach to the region.
		The activities of the Stability Pact have been increasingly moving forward as the situation in the region moves from reacting to the urgent problems generated by the Kosovo crisis towards longer term development and stability in the region.
	www.seerecon.org /region/sp/index.html (361 words)

	Central Europe Review - Albanian News Review
		The Albanian Parliament held a special session, on the Stability Pact's Brussels conference to be held on 29 and 30 March.
		In a fierce debate, the parliamentary Centre Left Coalition Majority called the Stability Pact a marathon in which there are no loser and winners, but only stability and development, while the opposition parties called it a political competition lost by the incapacity of the government.
		The Prime Minister declared that the Stability Pact is not a competition and mentioned with regret speculation on this issue by opposition parties.
	www.ce-review.org /00/12/albanianews12.html (1170 words)

	08/30/01 -- New England, Eastern Canada Pledge Action on Climate Change
		The short term goal of the climate pact is to reduce regional greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2010 and by 10 percent below 1990 levels by 2020.
		Under the plan, the Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers will direct its environment and energy committees to form a task force of state and provincial energy and environmental officials that will develop specific strategies for cutting greenhouse gas emissions.
		The task force will hold a workshop to examine the regional impacts of global warming, and discuss options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions sometime in the next year.
	www.climateark.org /articles/2001/3rd/newenple.htm (814 words)

	The Balkans in WWII
		Bialystok is annexed to the Reich, Eastern Galicia to the Generalgouvernement; the rest is subjected to German civil government under the fiefdoms called the Reichskommissariat Ostland and Reichskommissariat Ukraine.
		Acting under the Nazi-Soviet Pact of Aug. 1939, in Sept.-Oct. 1939 the USSR seizes the Polish Kresy and Eastern Galicia (see under Poland) and draws the Baltic States into its sphere of influence; in June 1940 it annexes Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia (from Romania), in Aug. 1940 the Baltic States.
		The USSR’s western borders after the war are by and large those achieved by 1940 as a result of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, with Eastern Poland, Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, and the former Baltic States added to prewar territory.
	dmorgan.web.wesleyan.edu /jrtut/wwtwo.htm (3026 words)

	Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. (10 June 1999) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We take note that countries in the region participating in the Stability Pact commit themselves to continued democratic and economic reforms, as elaborated in paragraph 10, as well as bilateral and regional cooperation amongst themselves to advance their integration, on an individual basis, into Euro-Atlantic structures.
		Lasting peace and stability in South Eastern Europe will only become possible when democratic principles and values, which are already actively promoted by many countries in the region, have taken root throughout, including in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
		Accordingly, we request that the Stability Pact be placed under the auspices of the OSCE, and will rely fully on the OSCE to work for compliance with the provisions of the Stability Pact by the participating States, in accordance with its procedures and established principles.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /kosovo/Kosovo-Documents17.htm (3802 words)

	Gender Task Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Gender Task Force (GTF) is a South East European regional initiative born out of a 1999 Appeal to the participants of the Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe Summit in Sarajevo, July 1999.
		Over 150 prominent Southeast European women, NGO’s, government actors and political activists from South Eastern Europe as well as numerous supporters from outside the region endorsed the Appeal and presented it to the Stability Pact Special Coordinator on 29 July 1999.
		The conference was organised by the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia, in the cooperation with the International Institute for Democracy, in the framework of the Stability Pact South Eastern Europe and the South East European Cooperation Process.
	www.gtf.hr (1035 words)

	Stability Pact: Home Page
		The Stability Pact is currently headed by Special Co-ordinator Erhard Busek, an Austrian politician and author.
		Launched in 1999, the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe is the first comprehensive conflict-prevention strategy of the international community, aimed at strengthening the efforts of the countries of South East Europe in fostering peace, democracy, respect for human rights and economic prosperity.
		The Pact's secretariat, located in Brussels, is organised into three units - Working Table I deals with issues of democratisation and human rights, Working Table II with economic reconstruction, cooperation and development matters and Working Table III with security issues.
	www.stabilitypact.org (286 words)

	The Hindu : International : U.S. States bypass Bush; set to sign pact on freezing gas emissions
		The Bush administration withdrew from the Kyoto protocol on climate change in 2001, and restated its opposition at the G8 summit at Gleneagles in July, arguing that its mandatory emissions targets would devastate the U.S. economy.
		In July, Washington signed a separate pact with Australia, Japan, China, India and South Korea, which did not fix emissions targets but instead set out to encourage the private sector of green technologies and their transfer to industrialising countries.
		The north-eastern pact is less ambitious than the Kyoto accord, which freezes emissions at the 1990 level and imposes a 7 per cent reduction by 2012.
	www.hindu.com /2005/08/27/stories/2005082701681500.htm (767 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Hot, Cold & Imperial
		The main evidence for this is the Ribbentrop–Molotov, or Nazi–Soviet, Pact of August 23, 1939.
		By the terms of this pact, Hitler recognized half of Poland, the Baltic States, Finland, and Bessarabia as being in the Russian "sphere." Most historians have regarded the pact as a marriage of convenience: Hitler avoided the danger of a two-front war; Stalin bought time.
		Stalin looked on the pact as a long-term arrangement because, to put it brutally, Hitler could give him what the Western democracies could not: reconstitution of the tsarist empire and further gains for the future.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/19143 (6142 words)

	EVENTS 1934
		The German Government cannot imagine it a practical reality that Germany, one day, should be defended in her own territory by Soviet Russian troops against an attack in the west or by French troops against an attack in the east.
		Poland rejected further supervision of her minorities by international organizations until a general system of protection for all became effective.
		One point of dispute had to do with the position of the frontier along the waterway of the Shattu'l'Arab which was Iraq's sole means of direct access to the open sea.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/events/1934.html (5022 words)

	History of Warsaw Pact According to Library of Congress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		History of Warsaw Pact According to Library of Congress
		After becoming general secretary of the CPSU in March 1985, Mikhail S. Gorbachev organized a meeting of the East European leaders to renew the Warsaw Pact, which was due to expire that May. Few people doubted that the Warsaw Pact member states would renew the alliance.
		William J. Lewis's The Warsaw Pact is a very useful reference work with considerable information on the establishment of the Warsaw Pact and the armies of its member states.
	www.sitepluto.com /libraryofcongress.htm (6951 words)

	Stability Pact South Eastern Europe
		Since the year 2000, InWEnt, commissioned by the Federal Foreign Office, has been involved in the process of introducing South Eastern European countries to EU structures.
		The German side assists local partner organizations with advice in how to set up and develop training institutions and design customized training measures.
		Through cooperation the region becomes more and more aware of the fact that it has a common future.
	www.inwent.org /ueber_inwent/bereiche/6/605/05434/index_p.en.shtml (314 words)

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