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Topic: Eastern Polynesian languages

	Austronesian Languages - ninemsn Encarta
		The languages of Australia (Aboriginal languages) and most of New Guinea (Papuan languages), however, are not part of this family.
		The 237 Western Oceanic languages are spoken in Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Indonesia.
		In general, the Austronesian languages use affixes (suffixes, infixes, prefixes) attached to base words to modify the meaning or to indicate the function of the word in the sentence.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553922/Austronesian_Languages.html (645 words)

	Polynesian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Polynesian languages are a language family spoken in the region known as Polynesia.
		In general, Polynesian languages have three numbers for pronouns and possessives: singular, dual and plural.
		The glottal stop (not present in all Polynesian languages, but where present it is one of the most common consonants) is indicated by an apostrophe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polynesian_languages (964 words)

	Malayo-Polynesian languages - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Malayo-Polynesian languages, sometimes also called Austronesian languages, family of languages estimated at from 300 to 500 tongues and understood by approximately 300 million people in Madagascar; the Malay Peninsula; Indonesia and New Guinea; the Philippines; Taiwan; the Melanesian, Micronesian, and Polynesian islands; and New Zealand.
		These languages have come to be widely understood in their respective countries, although not always as a first language.
		Melanesian languages are found on the islands of Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, the Bismarck Archipelago, and New Guinea.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-malayopo.html (520 words)

	Behind the Name: Languages Referenced by this Site
		A Semitic language that was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Mesopotamia.
		The Semitic language that was formerly spoken in Ethiopia.
		The Gaelic language of the Celts of Ireland.
	surnames.behindthename.com /languages.php (1157 words)

	The Languages of Oceania
		One of the earliest records of the evidence of Polynesian languages deriving from Asia was that of the missionary, John Williams, who, in 1840, published a range of Polynesian words along with their Asian origins.
		He said, however, that the language spoken by the Malays and the Polynesians was clear evidence of the origins of the Polynesians.
		On the outer islands, the Kiribati language is not in any immediate danger of being lost as a consequence of influences from foreign countries nor is it faced with serious linguistic problems as a result of introduced technologies from developed and industrial nations.
	www.janesoceania.com /oceania_language/index.htm (1619 words)

	Papuan Languages of New Guinea
		One Papuan language is spoken in the eastern Torres Straits.
		The official languages of Papua New Guinea (PNG) are Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, and English.
		Tok Pisin is an English-based creole spoken as a first language by 121,000 and as a second language by 4 million speakers.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/june/papuanLanguages.html (501 words)

	DoBeS — Marquesan - Language
		The indigenous languages spoken in the Marquesan archipelago of French Polynesia belong to the Eastern Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family.
		Within the Eastern Oceanic branch, the Marquesan vernaculars belong to the Proto-Central-Eastern subgroup of Proto-Eastern Polynesian which is itself a subgroup of Proto-Central Pacific (Pawley 1966; Green 1966; Marck 1996).
		The Eastern Polynesian languages most closely related to North and South Marquesan are Hawai'ian and Mangarevan forming altogether the Proto-Marquesic subgroup.
	www.mpi.nl /DOBES/projects/marquesan (708 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Tongan language
		Tongan (lea fakatonga) is an Austronesian language spoken in Tonga.
		Tongan is one of the many languages in the Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages, along with Hawaiian, Māori, Sāmoan and Tahitian, for example.
		Assuming that the Polynesian languages have developed from an ancient language referred to as the Proto-Polynesian language, it seems that in Tongic the phonology has changed the least.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Tongan_language (1537 words)

	Language Schools - Language School in Los Angeles
		Arabic: Arabic, one of the world's major languages, is spoken from Morocco to Egypt and throughout the Arabian peninsula, and more than 200 million people speak Arabic as their first language.
		Russian: Russian language belongs to the East Slavic group of the Slavic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Tagalog: Tagalog is one of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, mainly spoken in the Republic of the Philippines.
	www.languagesociety.com (1219 words)

	Public Anthropology
		A list of 215, 200, or 100 words from each language being studied is chosen as its fundamental vocabulary and the amount of change is measured using the similarities and differences between two modern languages.
		Languages branch out from the level of family (for instance Indo-European), to groups of more closely related languages (such as the Romance Languages), to the specific language (Spanish for example).
		With regards to the phonology of AN languages, early academics were surprised at the similarities in vocabulary among Malay and Eastern Polynesian languages.
	www.publicanthropology.org /Archive/Ca1962.htm (7269 words)

	[No title]
		Languages that belong to a particular subgroup share some characteristics that resulted from a change.
		Linguistic and Archaeological evidence Lapita Culture Lapita is a distinctive Oceanic cultural complex that is considered to be ancestral to Polynesian culture in the western area of the Polynesian triangle.
		Central Polynesian pause: After the settlement of some or all of the major island groups of Central Polynesia (or Central Eastern Polynesia: the Cooks, Societies, Marquesas and Tuamotus), there was another substantial delay, before Polynesians settled such marginal regions as Hawaii and New Zealand.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~yotsuka/course/345-PNF04.doc (734 words)

	Family tree - Polynesian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Reao is here classified as a language, and not as a dialect of Tuamotuan, based on the statement by P.H. Audrian 1919 (Notes sur le dialecte Paumotu) that Reao is incomprehensible to speakers of the Tuamotuan language, and also on my own field experiences of Reao in 1993.
		Rapa is here classified as a Tahitic language, and not as an unclassified language within the Central Polynesian subgroup, based on Biggs' 1971 statement that the language spoken on the island of Rapa today is a variant of the Tahitian language.
		J.F.G. Stokes 1955, however, claims that another language, clearly distinct from the other Tahitic languages, was earlier spoken on Rapa; and Niko Besnier 1992 classifies Rapa as a Marquesic language.
	www.ling.su.se /pollinet/facts/tree.html (334 words)

	Abstracts HistLing Seminars Series 2, 2001
		While depth study of each language situation is obviously not feasible, study of a representative sample in a key region will, we believe, portray the main features of the fluid situation.
		They also have had work done on children's language and language in school in the past allowing for longitudinal study to be carried out.
		Speech which is a mixture of the traditional language and Aboriginal English/Kriol varieties is found among children of all these groups, but the kinds of grammatical adaptations found vary, at least partially in response to features of the traditional language involved.
	arts.anu.edu.au /crlc/seminars/series2_2001.html (1504 words)

	University of Hawaii Department of Linguistics
		Linguistics 100: Language in Hawaiâi and the Pacific offers students an opportunity to investigate the workings of human language with reference to the languages spoken in Hawaiâi and the Pacific.
		The focus is on the development of language from birth to roughly age 10, and later turn to areas of language that are relevant for clinical purposes.
		Specifically, Eastern Polynesian languages (e.g., Hawaiian, Maori, and Tahitian) behave differently from the rest of the Polynesian languages in many respects.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /courses/descriptions.html (1892 words)

	Workshop on Grammatical Change
		In languages with bound pronouns, they are usually not obligatory and may be used in discourse in contexts of emphasis or contrast.
		Recognizing that the similarity in vowel quality of “phrase markers” in a language is commonly the result of vowel grade harmony, and is not necessarily the result of regular phonological change, provides an explanation for the multiple irregularities that are found in attempting to reconstruct the protoforms of the “phrase markers”.
		In the Eastern Polynesian subgroup of Proto-Polynesian, an intransitive pattern with an absolutive subject plus oblique, exemplified in (1) from Tongan, was extended to all transitive verbs, originally as an imperfective construction (Clark 1973: 600).
	crlc.anu.edu.au /workshop_abstracts.html (4113 words)

	A Diversity of Written as well as Spoken Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It is a well-known fact that hundreds of languages are spoken around the world, but we in the digital publishing and document imaging industries often do not take pause to consider that written and published documents exist in all of these languages as well.
		Dungan A sino-tibetan language spoken in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
		Kabardian An abkhazo-adyghian (caucasian) language spoken in Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia (Mozdok), Adyghea and nearby regions of Krasnodar and Stavropol regions.
	www.planetdjvu.com /a_diversity_of_languages.htm (2991 words)

	Language Evolution
		By examining the oldest examples of modern and classical languages such as Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit, linguists have been able to reconstruct an educated guess as to what the language of these ancient people was like.
		Turkish and Mongolian), Dravidian (the languages of southern India), Korean, Japanese, the languages of eastern Siberia, and Eskimo-Aleut!
		At some point, long ago, the vocabulary and the grammar apparently levelled off: All languages today, no matter how "primitive" the people, appear to be equal in their abilities to express the nuances and complexities of human life.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/langevol.html (1568 words)

	AFLA Abstracts
		Polynesian languages are divided into two groups in terms of Case marking: accusative and ergative.
		is the problematic classification of Maori as an accusative language.
		In a language, such as Maori, that lacks overt scope operators, the binding of the he-indefinite is restricted to the initial position of the argument structure.
	ling.cornell.edu /afla/ABSTRACTS.htm (14523 words)

	Nga Whakapapa Kupu
		The last step before the development of the distinctively Polynesian family of languages familiar to most New Zealanders took place after Austronesian-speaking people started to settle the islands in the Fiji group, 3,000 or more years ago, developing their own distinctive idiom which later evolved into the Fijian, Rotuman and Polynesian languages respectively.
		The immediate ancestor of all modern Polynesian languages probably developed during a relatively lengthy sojourn in one of the islands of the Fiji group, remembered as Pülotu in Western Polynesian tradition, and carried from there to Tonga before the scattering of the Polynesian peoples throughout the eastern Pacific.
		At this stage, the Samoan group of Polynesian languages begin developing in their own way, while those of the explorers, based probably in the Society Islands to start with, follow a separate path.
	www.edesignz.co.nz /dictionary/Nga_Whakapapa_Kupu.htm (3511 words)

	Languages. The World Factbook. 2003
		Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population
		French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
		English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
	www.bartleby.com /151/fields/37.html (1758 words)

	Isles of Hiva: Language
		The Marquesan language has been grouped under the category Proto Central Eastern Polynesian, along with, among others, Hawaiian, Tahitian, Tuamotuan, Rarotongan, and Maori.
		The people who speak these languages are also physically and culturally related, having migrated into the Pacific from a homeland in Western Polynesia.
		Some scholars believe that the Marquesan language, or more specifically the dialect of the Southern Marquesan Islands (Hiva Oa, Tahuata, Fatu Hiva), is the closest relative of Hawaiian language (Green 1966); and that this suggests that the first Hawaiians came predominantly from the southern Marquesas (K.P. Emory 1978).
	pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu /hivalanguage.html (303 words)

	Fijian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Fijian is the Melanesian language of the Eastern, or Oceanic, branch of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family.
		It is spoken by about 366,000 persons on the islands of Fiji as either a first or a second language.
		Of the several dialects of Fijian, which are divided into Eastern and Western groups, standard Fijian, based on an Eastern dialect (Bauan) and called Bauan Fijian, is known to all indigenous Fijians.
	www.flw.com /languages/fijian.htm (69 words)

	Tahitian, Hawaiian and other Polynesian Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Since all these groups of people have had a common ancestry and history, their languages are also quite closely related.
		I have also included, for comparison, the numbers in the Micronesian language Chamorro, the native language of Guam, which is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian language family of which the Polynesian languages form a sub-group.
		Notice that among the Polynesian languages (ie - all those apart from Chamorro), that there is only a limited range of consonants.
	www.biroz.net /otherpages/tahiti/other4.htm (814 words)

	Tenser, said the Tensor: Languages Without Sibilants
		Over at a tear in the fabric of spacetime, Rachel mentions reading the claim that all languages have a sibilant consonant, and realizing that this isn't true―Bardi is a counterexample.
		I was pleased to learn, via a thread at Tenser, said the Tensor, that a lack of fricatives or affricates is "virtually universal for all Australian languages, of all families." Furthermore, the phenomenon is almost entirely limited to Australia and...
		Tenser, said the Tensor is the blog of a graduate student in linguistics.
	tenser.typepad.com /tenser_said_the_tensor/2004/04/languages_witho.html (355 words)

	South Pacific mosquitoes
		His primary examples, however, are all Polynesian languages and the commonality of the linguistic root perhaps is not unexpected.
		He was already an authority on eastern Polynesia and was extending his studies to the Polynesian peoples of the western Pacific.
		Whereas the Melanesians, at least in the Solomons, use leaves of the swamp-dwelling sago palm for thatch roof and wall panels, the Polynesians utilise broad-leaf forms of the low-moisture tolerant Pandanus, not withstanding the fact that the latter have saw-edges to the leaves.
	antbase.org /ants/africa/personal/spacmoss.htm (1883 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages Issue 25.
		Kalena Silva, a professor of Hawaiian language and studies at the University of Hawaii at Hilo, asks his students to repeat the entrance poem several times before he chants a response, ending in a drawn-out tremolo that fades to silence.
		Hawaiian is part of a family of eastern Polynesian languages and is closely related to the languages of Tahiti, Easter Island, and the Marquesas Islands.
		The videotape is the result of a total immersion language project for children in grades K-3 conducted on the Wind River reservation and supported with funds from the Wyoming Council for the Humanities.
	www.ogmios.org /257.htm (4054 words)

	Malayo-Polynesian languages — FactMonster.com
		Austronesian - Austronesian, name sometimes used for the Malayo-Polynesian languages.
		Polynesian languages - Polynesian languages: see Malayo-Polynesian languages.
		Bahasa Indonesia - Bahasa Indonesia, another name for Indonesian, one of the Malayo-Polynesian languages.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0831333.html (415 words)

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