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Topic: Eastern Romance substratum

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	Romanian language information - Search.com
		Romanian is a Romance language, belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family, having much in common with languages such as French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.
		All the four dialects are offsprings of the Romance language spoken both in the North and South Danube, before the settlement of the Slavonian tribes south of the river - Daco-Romanian in the North, and the other three dialects in the south.
		However, the Eastern Romance substratum appears to have been a satem language, while the Paleo-Balkan languages spoken in Northern Greece (Ancient Macedonian language) and Albania (Illyrian language) were most likely centum languages.
	www.search.com /reference/Romanian_language (4678 words)

	Eastern Romance languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Eastern Romance languages, sometimes known as the Vlach languages, are a group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe from the local eastern variant of Vulgar Latin.
		This group was one of the earliest to be isolated.
		The languages that are part of this group have some features that differentiate them from the other Romance languages, notable being the grammatical features shared within the Balkan linguistic union as well as some semantic peculiarities, such as lume ("world") being derived from Latin lumen ("light"), inimă ("heart") being derived from Latin anima ("soul"), etc.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eastern_Romance_language (365 words)

	Romanian language - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Romanian is a Romance language, belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family, having much in common with languages such as French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.
		All the four dialects are offsprings of the Romance language spoken both in the North and South Danube, before the settlement of the Slavonian tribes south of the river - Daco-Romanian in the North, and the other three dialects in the south.
		However, the Eastern Romance substratum appears to have been a satem language, while the Paleo-Balkan languages spoken in Northern Greece (Ancient Macedonian language) and Albania (Illyrian language) were most likely centum languages.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Romanian_language (4718 words)

	Dniester oddd.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The term "Eastern Europe" first arose in the 19th century and was used to describe an area that was falling behind the rest of Europe economically.
		The Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska) is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		The distant second is the Eastern Rite Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which practices similar Liturgical rite to Eastern Orthodoxy, but is in communion with the Catholic see and recognizes the primacy of the Roman Pope as head of the Church.
	www.oddd.org /en/Dniester (10850 words)

	Romanians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the 19th century, Austrians were awarded the region of Bukovina by the Ottoman Empire and in 1812, the Russians occupied the eastern half of Moldavia, known as Bessarabia.
		Of all the Romance languages, it could be said that Romanian is the most archaic one, having retained, for example, the inflected structure of Latin grammar.
		It is believed that they diverged from the Romanians in the 7th to 9th century, and currently speak the Aromanian language and Megleno-Romanian language, both of which are Eastern Romance languages, like Romanian, and are sometimes considered by traditional Romanian linguists to be dialects of standard (Daco-)Romanian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Romanians (2553 words)

	Romanian language FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		All the dialects of Romanian are believed to have been unified in a language until sometime between the 7th and the when the area was influenced by the Byzantine Empire and Romanian became influenced by the.
		An alternate name for Romanian used by linguists to disambiguate with the other Eastern Romance languages is "Daco-Romanian", referring to the area where it is spoken (which corresponds roughly to the onetime Roman province of).
		Romanian is the only Romance language where definite articles are '''': that is, attached to the end of the noun (as in), instead of in front (''proclitic'').
	www.webguidelive.com /en/Romanian_language (3608 words)

	Romanian
		Romanian (limba română) is the fifth of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers.
		All the dialects of Romanian are believed to have been unified in a Common Romanian language until sometime between the 7th and the 10th century when the area was influenced by the Byzantine Empire and Romanian became influenced by the Slavonic languages.
		An alternate name for Romanian used by linguists to disambiguate with the other Eastern Romance languages is "Daco-Romanian", referring to the area where it is spoken (which corresponds roughly to the onetime Roman province of Dacia).
	www.languageexchanges.com /romanian.html (2679 words)

	Romanian Language Encyclopedia Articles @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		An alternative name for Romanian used by linguists to disambiguate with the other Eastern Romance languages is "Daco-Romanian", referring to the area where it is spoken (which corresponds roughly to the onetime Roman province of Dacia).
		Even though Romanian has obvious lexical and grammatical similarities with French, Catalan, Spanish or Portuguese, it is not mutually intelligible with them to a practical extent; Romanian speakers will usually need some formal study of basic grammar and vocabulary, before being able to understand even the simplest sentences in those languages (and vice-versa).
		Verbs can be put in five moods that are inflected according to the person (indicative, conditional/optative, imperative, subjunctive, and presumptive) and four impersonal moods (infinitive, gerund, supine, and participle).
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Romanian_language (3029 words)

	Megleno-Romanian language - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Megleno-Romanian (known as Vlaheshte by speakers and Moglenitic, Meglenitic or Megleno-Romanian by linguists) is a Romance language, similar to Aromanian, spoken in the Moglená region of Greece, in a few villages in Republic of Macedonia and a village in Romania.
		Megleno-Romanian is a member of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family; more specifically, it is an Eastern Romance language, a language formed after the retreat of the Roman Empire from South-Eastern Europe.
		There are a number of Byzantine and Modern Greek words, several dozens which are also found in Daco-Romanian (Romanian language) and Aromanian and about 80 words that were borrowed via Bulgarian and other languages of the Balkans.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Meglenitic_language (538 words)

	Romanian Information Center - romanian girls
		It is also noteworthy that Romanian was the only Romance language that was not under the cultural influence of the Roman Catholic Church, instead being influenced romanian prime minister roman by the Eastern romanian romanian art orphanages cornici romanian nun Orthodox Church, Slavonic, Greek and Turkish cultures.
		All the romanian clothing romanian words four dialects are offsprings of the Romance language spoken both in the North and South Danube, before the settlement of the Slavonian tribes south of the river - Daco-Romanian in the North, and the other three dialects in the south.
		Romanian is the only Romance language where definite articles are enclitic: that is, attached to the end of the noun (as in North Germanic languages), romanian embroidery romanian food instead of in front (proclitic).
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_P_-_S/Romanian.html (3041 words)

	Romanian Resource Center - romanian girls
		It is also noteworthy that Romanian was the only Romance language that was not under the cultural influence of the Roman Catholic Church, instead being influenced by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Slavonic, Greek and Turkish cultures.
		All the four dialects romanian adoption are offsprings of the Romance language spoken both in the North and South Danube, before the settlement of the Slavonian tribes south of the river - Daco-Romanian in the North, and the other three dialects in the south.
		Romanian is the only Romance language where definite articles are enclitic: that is, attached to the end of the noun (as in North Germanic languages), instead of in front how to speak romanian (proclitic).
	www.taxgloss.com /Tax-Genericized_Trademark_Q_-_S-/Romanian.html (3016 words)

	Indo-Aryan Languages
		The term Romance Latin is derived from the medieaval term `Latin Romaniscus' which was used to denote a vernacular type of Latin speech and literature in the vernacular [EB 22 'Langs of the World' 640 ].
		The Eastern Indo-Aryan, or Purbi languages, are descended from Sanskrit via the intermediate Purbi or Pracyi Bibhasa.
		The vocabulary of the Purbi or Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages is, as with all languages of the Indo-Aryan family, heavily based on Sanskrit.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/1335/Lang/prakrit.html (3044 words)

	The Ultimate Aragonese language Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		Aragonese (Aragonés) is a Romance language now spoken by some 10,000 people over the valleys of the River Aragón, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain.
		Unlike Spanish Romance initial F- is preserved, e.g.
		Ribagorçan dialect might be considered a transitional romance variant which shares features with both Catalan and Aragonese.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Aragonese_language (604 words)

	Talk:List of Dacian words - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article does not concern the translation or explanation of a group of words, the translation part was only added afterwards, for English readers who don't understand Romanian.
		The main purpose of this article is to list a series of words that might represent the substratum of the Eastern Romance languages, that is, words that might be the last surviving bits of the Dacian language.
		The simple fact that it talks about words is not a good enough reason to think it is better suited to a dictionary.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:List_of_Dacian_words (429 words)

	Aragonese - IBWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Aragonese (Aragonés) is a Romance language and is the official and national language of the Kingdom of Aragon, less spoken, however than the co-official language Catalan.
		The union of the Aragonese Kingdom with Catalan Counties under the same king meant that these territories were linguistically heterogeneous, with Catalan spoken in the eastern region, and Aragonese in the west.
		Unlike Castilian Romance initial F- is preserved, e.g.
	ib.frath.net /w/Aragonese (468 words)

	[No title]
		The top only was firm, and it had the playful property of sliding rapidly on the greasy substratum and thus sitting you down without warning when you thought you had reached dry land.
		When we had settled down there and had fine weather for several days, Brown, loath to waste the romance of old Baghdad during glorious moonlight nights, insisted on some mysterious expeditions which were for the purpose of adventure, but ostensibly arranged to give me an oppor tunity of sketching.
		Somehow the discomfort and squalor is soon forgotten and the romance and picturesqueness of these far-off streets remains as a very pleasant memory amidst the winter fogs and coldness of our northern lands.
	fax.libs.uga.edu /text/dimtxt.txt (18814 words)

	Proto-Eastern Philology
		All Eastern languages, except those in the Čia-Ša group, have retained the numbers, and most have at least two genders.
		No other Eastern family has a passive, and its manner of formation is not like any other tense; only a few Avélan scholars have argued that it is anything but an innovation.
		Except for S order, the Eastern languages seem to pattern geographically: the northern ones (Cuêzi, Caďinor, Obenzayet) are head-first, the southern ones (Axunašin, Lufaša) are head-last.
	www.zompist.com /eastern2.html (6375 words)

	3.4. EXCHANGES WITH OTHER LANGUAGE FAMILIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Short, he suggests that the Kurgan people had come along the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea, not from the southeast (India) but the southwest, in or near Mesopotamia, where PIE may have had a common homeland with Semitic.
		The alleged presence of a large dose of “pre-Aryan” substratum features in Sanskrit and the other Indo-Aryan languages, notably from now-extinct Dravidian languages once spoken in northern India, was historically one of the important reason for deciding against India as the Urheimat.
		As for the alleged Dravidian substratum influence on Indo-Aryan phonetics, viz.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/ait/ch34.htm (6342 words)

	Romanian language - More Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Romanian is a Romance language ; belonging to the Italic languages oƭ the Inɗo-European languages ; having much in common with languages such as French language ; Italian language ; Portuguese language anɗ Spanish language.
		An alternative name ƭor Romanian useɗ by linguists to ɗisambiguate with the other Eastern Romance languages is "Daco-Romanian"; reƭerring to the area where it is spoken (which corresponɗs roughly to the onetime Roman Empire province oƭ Dacia).
		However; the Eastern Romance substratum appears to have been a satem language; while the Paleo-Balkan languages spoken in Northern Greece (Ancient Maceɗonian language) anɗ Albania (Illyrian language) were most likely centum languages.
	romanian.language.en.host-news.info (4712 words)

	bible.org: ISBE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is certain that there is some substratum of historical fact in the episode of Paul's association with Thecla (Acts of Paul).
		It is in the atmosphere of these romances that the Apocryphal Acts had their birth.
		It goes without saying that the influence of these romances which are so largely concerned with sexual morality and occasionally are unspeakably coarse, was to preoccupy the mind with unhealthy thoughts and to sully that purity of spirit which it was their intention to secure.
	www.bible.org /isbe.asp?id=609 (4604 words)

	Review - 'On-line books about Macedonia'
		Since 1896 Gustav Weigand held the position of a professor in Romance and Balkan languages at the University of Leipzig, his primary field of study being the eastern Romance languages - Romanian and Aromanian.
		Thus the dividing line between the eastern ('ja') and the western ('e') dialects runs across the Danube plain to the south, along the rivers Iskyr and Struma/Mesta, but there are also more than one hundred isogloses (on-toj, zhezhyk-goresht, etc) roughly parallel to the e-ja boundary.
		The eastern part of the Balkan peninsula was settled by the Slavs a little bit later.
	www.kroraina.com /knigi/english.html (2298 words)

	International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
		It is certain that there is some substratum of historical fact in the episode of Paul's association with Thecla (Ac of Paul).
		It is in the atmosphere of these romances that the Apocryphal Ac had their birth.
		The heretical teaching with which the apostolic legends were associated in these Ac led to their condemnation by ecclesiastical authority, but the ban of the church was unavailing to eradicate the taste for the vivid colors of apostolic romance.
	www.studylight.org /enc/isb/print.cgi?number=T609 (4593 words)

	Eastern Romance
		Theoretically, the division of the Romance languages may be made according to the substratum: Gallic, Iberic, Italian, etc.; the ancient political and geographical division: Gallia, Italy, Raetia; or only on the basis of geography: Balkan Romance or Balkan Latin.
		This Romance idiom has neither an ethnic basis (the substratum is Thracian and Illyrian), nor a political one.
		This is a very high number, “considerably higher than the number of those absent in any other Romance language, including the Iberian languages, in the extreme west of the Romance territory.” Many of these words belong to certain well-defined semantic spheres, which indicates that they are not lacking from Rumanian by chance.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/Romance_Eastern/Eastern_Romance.html (1731 words)

	Wikinfo \| Aragonese language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Aragonese (Aragonés) is a Romance language now spoken by some 10,000 people over the valleys of Aragon River, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain.
		Romance groups -X-, -PS-, SCj- result into voiceless palatal fricative ix [S], e.g.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Aragonese_language (665 words)

	closest language to french \| Antimoon Forum
		Considering that Occitan is the Romance language outside of the Oïl languages and Franco-Provençal with the most contact with the Oïl languages, it wouldn't be surprising that it would be rather French-like, even if it weren't technically genetically as close to French, as, say, the Rhaetian languages and the Gallo-Italian languages.
		This ties in with the Celtic substratum theory that the Romans were never able to teach the Gauls to speak Latin in Roman fashion so Modern French is basically a mixture of Latin words and Celtic speech sounds.
		Spoken Southern French is more conservative both for a substratum reason (Occitan) as for the fact that French was originally introduced in the South more through books (spelling) than through the actual knowledge of the more evolved spoken Northern French where half the word is swallowed.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/6984.htm (638 words)

	A Bibliography of Maltese (1953-1973)
		The putative Punic substratum or the Sicilian superstratum may well be the reason for the changes of Maltese, but until it can be proved, it would be well not to present it as what “no doubt” took place.”
		Maltese is a Semitic language with a grammar and a vocabulary which, though essentially Semitic, has a considerable amount of accretions of a Romance origin, which sometimes become naturalized Maltese and sometimes retain their individuality unchanged.
		A study of homophones in the Romance element of Maltese is suggested.
	melitahistorica.250free.com /files/1974abib.html (8344 words)

	Linguistic Aspects of the Indo-European Urheimat Question An indological article by the Belgian indologist Koenraad ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The first type of language contact is the exchange of vocabulary and other linguistic traits, whether by long-distance trade contact, by contiguity or by substratum influence, between languages which are not necessarily otherwise related.
		A well-known example is the transmission of terms in the sphere of cattlebreeding from IE (mostly Tokharic) to Chinese: terms for dog, horse, cow, milk, honey.
		The alleged presence of a large dose of "preAryan" substratum features in Sanskrit and the other IndoAryan languages, notably from nowextinct Dravidian languages once spoken in northern India, was historically one of the important reason for deciding against India as the Urheimat.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/aryan/koenraad2.html (8727 words)

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