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Topic: Eastern Romans

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10th century

	Family Ancestry History Romans
		The term "Roman" is used to describe a group of people who were members of the ancient Roman civilization.
		While the term "Roman" is often used to describe the native people that lived in Italy during this time, Roman citizenship could be given to people who were not native to the region.
		Being given Roman citizenship was considered to be a high form of status.
	www.family-ancestry.co.uk /history/romans (410 words)

	Rome and Romania, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, etc.
		Decius and Herennius were killed in battle by the Goths in 251 -- the only Roman Emperors to die in battle (against external enemies) besides Julian (against the Persians, 363), Valens (against the Goths again, 378), Nicephorus I (against the Bulgars, 811), and Constantine XI (with the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, 1453).
		The very same institutions, both Roman and Christian in sum and detail, that failed in the West in the face of the German threat, did just fine in the East, long outlasting, and in two dramatic cases defeating, the German successor kingdoms.
		This was the end of Roman Gaul, 541 years after Caesar had completed its conquest in 56 BC -- or perhaps 531 years since the defeat, capture, and death of the rebel Vercingetorix in 46 BC.
	www.friesian.com /romania.htm (14516 words)

	Rome, Legacy of
		Roman republicanism was not the same as we now have in the 20th century.
		The Eastern Roman Empire had some success in regaining portions of the western empire in the 6th and 7th centuries.
		The Roman government in the east was relatively strong, and survived for a thousand years after the Roman administration in the west was crushed by invading German tribes.
	www.hyw.com /Books/History/Rome__Le.htm (2722 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Caucasian Iberia
		Relations between the Roman Emperor Hadrian and Pharsman II were strained, though Hadrian is said to have sought to appease Pharsman.
		Roman Emperor is the term historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic.
		Emperor Antoninus Pius Sestertius of Antoninus Pius, with the personification of Italia on reverse.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Caucasian-Iberia (4983 words)

	romans
		The importance of Rochester as a military and economic centre, and its position as a crossing-point of the Medway, encouraged Romans to settle along the valley nearby.
		The cold room (frigidarium) adjoined to the west and the whole was served by a separate water-tank to the south, probably connected by wooden piping.
		The use of such figures was widespread in Roman times and does not necessarily imply that the Snodland family were especially devoted to the worship of Dionysius.
	www.snodlandhistory.org.uk /localhis/romans.htm (1186 words)

	Romans
		While the Etruscans were busy building their power though out Italy and engaging in active trade with the east and with Africa, a city to the south began to grow slowly but surely, a city closely linked to the Etruscans form of living in many ways: the kingdom of Rome.
		Following its gradual expansion in the mid 4th century BC the Roman military came up against the Samnites who had descended from the heart of the central-southern Apennines Mountains towards the fertile lands of Campania, where they swiftly annihilated the flourishing towns of Capua in 438 BC, and Cumae in 421 BC.
		Roman dominance in Central Italy was consolidated, Rome prepared to extend it over the rest of the peninsula during a ten-year conflict with Taranto (282-272 BC), who was allied with the King of Epirus, Pyrrhus.
	www.turkeytravel.org /history/romans.html (1678 words)

	Eastern Rugby League
		Eastern RL organises Rugby League in Suffolk and North Essex.
		It is a joint venture between Ipswich Rhinos and Colchester Romans to promote Rugby League in East Anglia and to provide a structure to help with the administration of both clubs.
		Eastern Raiders are a Development side competing is the London Amatuer Rugby league against teams of a similar standard
	www.easternrl.co.uk (190 words)

	Attila
		The Eastern Romans do not appear to have paid the sums stipulated in the treaty of Margus, and so in 441, when their forces were occupied in the west and on the eastern frontier, Attila launched a heavy assault on the Danubian frontier of the Eastern Empire.
		The Eastern Romans managed to arrange a truce for the year 442 and recalled their forces from the West.
		The treaty by which the war was terminated was harsher than that of 443; the Eastern Romans had to evacuate a wide belt of territory south of the Danube, and the tribute payable by them was continued, though the rate is not known.
	history-world.org /attila.htm (1545 words)

	The Eastern Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Whereas in the Eastern Roman Empire only one religion was officially recognised and others discouraged, among the Ottomans a special regime (the system of `nations') not only protected the rights of the faithful of other religions, but also tolerated a variety of Islamic sects and orders.
		The Eastern Roman Empire experienced its golden age from the ninth to the eleventh centuries under the Macedonian dynasty.
		The fate of the Eastern Roman Empire is an obvious lesson of history to those today who insist on the importance of one culture (that is to say, one religion) common to the whole European community.
	www.sullivan-county.com /x/ere.htm (5131 words)

	Rome, Romania and Rumania (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In this period of expansion hundreds of thousends of Roman citizens scattered all around the Mediterranean to establish colonies and to bring their laguage and culture amongst the indigenous peoples.
		Roman citizenship was granted to all the inhabitants of Italy and in 211 AD to all the free men in the Romans' dominated world.
		In 476 the Roman government in the West was overthrown by the rising Barbarian kings and subsequently the political notion of Romania disappeared there.
	www.orbilat.com /General_Survey/Terms--Rome_Romania_and_Rumania.html (560 words)

	1320: Section 8: The Fall of Rome: Facts and Fictions
		Even if Romans still held the title to the Empire and affected superiority over the barbarians managing their domain, Roman possession of the lands around the Mediterranean Sea was, for the most part, only on paper.
		As new-comers to Roman civilization, they were ill-equipped to live in a state run on taxes, mired in the complex language of legalities, and thus made easy prey for unscrupulous, greedy imperial bureaucrats who cheated and abused them.
		After negotiating with the Romans, the remnants of their army and people moved out of Italy to southwestern Gaul, and later Spain where with the help of the Roman army they displaced the Vandals and established a kingdom that would endure for nearly two centuries.
	www.usu.edu /markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/chapters/08ROMFAL.htm (6366 words)

	Plazma's Ages
		The largest organized rival of the Romans was the Persian Empire to the east, occupying modern Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan.
		Roman law kept the internal peace and 20 to 30 Roman legions defended the frontiers.
		The Eastern Empire survived the cataclysm of the third and fourth centuries because it had a larger population (70 percent of the empire's total), better emperors, more money, and a far better army and navy.
	www.angelfire.com /biz7/plazma/aokrome.html (533 words)

	Byzantine Empire
		The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire was the eastern section of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople (modern Istanbul), which remained in existence after the fall of Rome in the 5th century.
		The general prevailing identity of the Eastern Roman Empire was a combination of Roman statehood, Hellenistic culture and (originally Jewish) Christian religion.
		The Eastern Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries (see Crisis of the Third Century), in part because urban culture was better established there and the initial invasions were attracted to the wealth of Rome.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/b/by/byzantine_empire.html (2174 words)

	Asia Finest Discussion Forum > Samurai vs Roman Soldier
		LOL ROman Cavalry weren't heavily armored, they had enough armor to protect them but they were mobile enough to shoot an bow and arrow from their horse.
		With the spread of Roman citizenship among the population of the conquered territories the auxilia were increasingly recruiting citizens into the ranks, blurring the original division between peregrine auxiliaries and citizen legionaries.
		Redeployment of units and the Roman practice of local recruitment of replacements meant that the ethnic titles borne by formations did not reflect the actual origins of its soldiers.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t23659-50.html (12187 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Military History \| Gothic War: Byzantine Count Belisarius Retakes Rome
		The Roman empire had been permanently divided by Theodoric the Great in the 5th century, making official what had been in the offing for 100 years since Constantine the Great had established his capital of Constantinople on the Golden Horn, where he was closer to the troubled frontier along the Danube River.
		Only the eastern half was to survive as a political entity, for another 1,000 years, but in a form quite different from that in the west.
		The Eastern Romans, or Byzantines, spoke Greek and were Orthodox Christians, but they rightly saw themselves as the direct political descendants of the Western Roman state.
	www.historynet.com /mh/blbelisarius (1212 words)

	Romans
		Roman Military Expansion until, by the end of the period, Rome gained control over the entire Italian Peninsula in a Series of Defensive Wars.
		The Roman Empire was largely an empire of many city-states all of whom were ruled by the city-state of Rome.
		The Romans did not want to be reminded that Carthage had once been their equal and had almost defeated them.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/romans.htm (3985 words)

	Rome/constantinople Etc... - Ancient Roman Empire Forums (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The issue of when the eastern empire ceased to be roman is very debatable as the latin kingdoms in the west thought of it as greek during the first crusades, and I argue that the date it became more greek than roman was in 1054 with the great schism.
		Generally the eastern emperor was percieved as the senior partner, because of his greater power, and the increasing troubles in the west during the 5th century.
		Of course the Eastern Throne was appropriated by the Russian Grand Dukes at Moscow after the fall of Constantinople in AD 1453 (by marriage with a Roman princess) styling Moscow as the 'Third Rome';.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=1491 (2224 words)

	ROMANS, BOOK OF - Holman Bible Dictionary on StudyLight.org
		He stated that his purpose was to deliver the monies given by the churches in Macedonia and Achaia (the name of the Roman province embracing most of Greece, south of Macedonia) for the “poor among the saints in Jerusalem” (Romans 15:26 NIV).
		His practice had been to preach in unevangelized areas (Romans 15:20), and he had run out of room in the eastern empire (Romans 15:23), having preached from Jerusalem to Illyricum (Romans 15:19), at the westernmost point of the eastern empire.
		The theme of Romans is generally agreed to be the “righteousness of God” (see Romans 1:16-17), but the meaning of this phrase is disputed.
	www.studylight.org /dic/hbd/view.cgi?number=T5386 (3067 words)

	SparkNotes: Early Middle Ages (475-1000): Eastern Rome from Marcian to Justin: Doorstep of Byzantium (450-527)
		During the long reign of Theodosius II (408-450), the Huns had become a real threat to the heartland of the Eastern Roman Empire.
		In future years this led to an Eastern interpretation that Papal supremacy was purely nominal, with eastern provinces responsible to the Constantinople Patriarch alone.
		As both his religion and ethnicity were increasingly offensive to Eastern Romans, he remained the power behind the throne, appointing his household steward as Emperor Leo I (r.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle1/section2.rhtml (2528 words)

	The Gates of Damascus
		At stake, besides territorial control, * were the trade routes to the East for Chinese silk and Indian spices, which either went through the northern Turkish lands, or across the Sinai and the Red sea, or over the caravan routes hugging the western Arabian coast down to Aden and beyond by sea.
		The Romans, after a botched military campaign to gain a foothold at the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula and the Red sea, preferred thereafter to rely on the principalities of Arabia for the safer overland route to Aden.
		Eastern Christianity had inherited the urge for disputation and logical analysis from the ancient Greeks whereas a great deal of western Christian theology was based on the spirit of Roman law.
	www.shunya.net /Text/Islam/GatesDamascus.htm (2357 words)

	FILIOQUE: A Response To Eastern Orthodox Objections
		In some Eastern Orthodox sources, the clause "manifested through the Son" is typically followed by "[to men, that is]" –something universally recognized by scholars to be a medieval, and very obvious, embellishment, intended to reconcile St. Gregory with the Photian view.
		In 1285, the Eastern Council of Blachernae, though it did reject the Latin formulations of the unifying Council of Lyon II (along with the mistaken notion that the West proclaimed a "double spiration"), it also declared its faith in an "eternal manifestation of the Spirit through the Son." (Aristeides Papadakis, Crisis in Byzantium).
		Century Eastern Orthodox work, the Synodikon of Orthodoxy, which exposes and condemns more that sixty anathemas representing the doctrinal decisions of Eastern councils, there is no mention of the Filioque, or even of Photius’ denial that the Spirit proceeds eternally ‘through’ the Son.
	catholic-legate.com /articles/filioque.html (14738 words)

	Articles: Attila the Hun and the Battle of Chalons - Historical Text Archive
		A generation earlier Gaiseric's son had married the daughter of Theodoric I, King of the Visigoths, but in 442 the Roman Emperor Valentinian III agreed to the betrothal of his daughter to Gaiseric's son, and the Visigothic princess was returned to her people with her nose and ears inhumanly mutilated.
		This gave the Romans and their allies the advantage in morale as the Huns withdrew into the open country of the modern Champagne district of France.
		When the Romans on the left were able to seize some high ground on the flank of the Hunnic right wing during an initial skirmish, they gained a considerable advantage.
	www.historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=61 (4040 words)

	Showcases :: Lindisfarne Gospels
		Native Celtic and Anglo-Saxon elements blend with Roman, Coptic and Eastern traditions to create a sublimely unified artistic vision of the cultural melting pot of Northumbria in the seventh and eighth centuries.
		Because the Christian faith was spread by the Roman Empire, its sacred texts and rituals were written and performed in Latin, a language that was understood by educated people across the whole of Europe.
		Services in the Roman Catholic Church continued to be performed in Latin until the middle of the 20th century.
	www.bl.uk /collections/treasures/lindis.html (1106 words)

	The Re-Conquest of Africa (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The strike force of the Eastern Romans was the cavalry.
		Now there would be no Vandal fleet nearby to attack the Roman troop transports when they were at their most vulnerable and a large part of the army would be wasted on a distant island.
		The Romans would be pinned with their backs against the Bay of Tunis out of reach of the fleet.
	www.roman-empire.net /articles/article-009.html (3662 words)

	St George Alhumayrah Monastery - Crusades
		The pope was also tempted by a call for help from the Eastern Roman Emperor Alexius I. The first and greatest Crusade was successful in occupying Jerusalem and establishing a Western Christian military presence in the Near East that lasted for two centuries.
		The Last Eastern Roman Dynasty: Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus recaptured Constantinople from the Latins in 1261 and founded the Palaeologan dynasty, which ruled the Empire until 1453.
		The Ottoman Turks conquered the remains of the Eastern Roman Asia Minor early in the 14th century.
	members.tripod.com /hagia_sophia/alhumayrah_files/crusades.htm (1712 words)

	Attila the Hun (d. 453 A.D.) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Eastern Romans do not appear to have paid the sums stipulated in the treaty of Margus, and so in 441, when their forces were occupied in the west and on the eastern frontier, Attila launched a heavy assault on the Danubian frontier of the Eastern Empire.
		The Eastern Romans managed to arrange a truce for the year 442 and recalled their forces from the West.
		The treaty by which the war was terminated was harsher than that of 443; the Eastern Romans had to evacuate a wide belt of territory south of the Danube, and the tribute payable by them was continued, though the rate is not known.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/attila.html (1095 words)

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