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Topic: Eastern Siberian Sea

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	Ea-Em
		It adjoins the Laptev Sea to the west, the Chuckchi Sea to the east and the Arctic Ocean proper to the north.
		The freshwater input of the Kolyma River is of prime hydrographic significance to the East Siberian Shelf Sea.
		The Adriatic Sea is considered the source of cold and less saline EMDW, which is formed in the winter in the Ionian Sea by the mixing of deep and cold Adriatic water (that enters the Ionian via Otranto Strait) with transformed LIW and, to a lesser extent, by mixing with deep Cretan waters.
	stommel.tamu.edu /~baum/paleo/ocean/node9.html (4406 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Poachers thinning ranks of hardy Siberian tigers
		In the Russian Far East, where decades of poaching have diminished the Siberian tigers' numbers to an estimated 500, Miquelle and fellow Wildlife Conservation Society biologist John Goodrich are waging a lonely battle to keep the largest member of the cat family from disappearing.
		Though the Siberian tigers' future is far from certain, Miquelle takes solace in the fact that the animals' numbers have stabilized since the mid-1990s, when poaching was claiming as many as 80 tigers each year.
		Siberian tiger populations began plummeting between 1910 and 1940, when the animals were hunted as game or regarded as pests and culled.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2003313680_tigers20.html (1335 words)

	Variations of Arctic sea ice extent in the 20th century from dataset based on available Russian observations
		The fact is that sea ice beyond the northern boundary of the marginal seas is preserved the year-round and does not influence the variability of its area.
		A comparison of the sea ice draft data in the deep-sea Arctic Ocean at the end of the period of melting indicates a strong ice thickness decrease (by 1.3 m) from 1958-1976 by 1993-1997 (Rothrock et al., 1999).
		A comparison of the sea ice draft in deepwater area of the Arctic Ocean at the end of the period of melting indicates a strong decrease in the distributed ice thickness (by 1.3 m) from 1958-1976 to 1993-1997 (Rothrock et al, 1999).
	nwpi.krc.karelia.ru /climas/Ice/Ice_no_sat/XX_Arctic.htm (5168 words)

	Land Resources of Russia
		Dark coniferous forests composed of spruce (Picea abies, P. obovata), fir (Abies sibirica), and Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica) are typical in the western taiga zone, which is affected by the humid Atlantic air mass.
		Larch and Siberian pine larch forests are typical for the mountains situated in a continental area of Siberia.
		At the same heights of 400-800 meters (m) above sea level, slopes of the Northwestern Altay, which are turned to the south, are covered by steppe vegetation, while slopes of the more continental Southeastern Altay are covered by semi-desert vegetation and slopes of the Dzhungarskiy Alatau bear desert vegetation.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/FOR/russia_cd/veg_des.htm (4364 words)

	Sea Shepherd Conservation Society - Whales SSCS History
		The Faeroese attackers are humiliatingly slimed with goo and the Sea Shepherd II escapes with documentation of whaling activities and a dramatic confrontation.
		Sea Shepherd coordinates an international e-mail campaign against the Caribbean nations' voting with Japan at the IWC in exchange for "fisheries aid." St. Lucia receives more than 400 cancellations of resort bookings as a result.
		Sea Shepherd is returning to the cold and vast waters of Antarctica in December of 2005 to once again target the Japanese fleet, this time with air support.
	www.seashepherd.org /whales/whales_SSCS_history.html (1951 words)

	Shelf seas
		Shelf seas are the coastal waters surrounding every continent, and are typically shallow: in cartography, their boundaries are marked where the water depth around the continental margin exceeds 200 metres.
		In shelf seas, the sea floor is ultimately nothing other than the continuation of the continents under water.
		Granted, the waters of the marginal seas originate from the adjoining open oceans, but the proximity of the continents and the tidal flows exert a very substantial influence on living conditions for marine animals and plants in the shallow waters.
	www.lighthouse-foundation.org /index.php?id=76&L=1&type=98 (1394 words)

	Siberian Crane - ICF
		Siberian Cranes are the most highly specialized member of the crane family in terms of habitat requirements, morphology, vocalizations, and behavior.
		The western population is primarily threatened by hunting whereas the eastern population is at risk from loss of wetland habitat.
		The Siberian Crane Wetland Project (SCWP) is a six-year effort to sustain the ecological integrity of a network of globally important wetlands in Asia that are of critical importance for migratory waterbirds and other wetland biodiversity, using the globally threatened Siberian Crane as a flagship species.
	www.savingcranes.org /species/siberian.cfm (1474 words)

	AW2002 Abstract: Anisimov
		The New Siberian islands are located on the continental shelf presenting fragments of an extensive plain that existed during the period of the last (Sartanian) cooling.
		The sea level at that time was 100-120 m as low as the modern one, which determined the coastline location of 700-1000 km to the north compared to the current one.
		The sea level at this time was 3-4 m higher than the current one whereas the coastline was in tens and hundreds of kilometers from its present position.
	www.colorado.edu /UCB/Research/INSTAAR/ArcticWS/get_abstr.html?id=46 (1054 words)

	Estimate of the Eastern Siberian Situation, JULY 7, 1941
		Eastern Siberia, that is to say, the region lying between Lake Baikal and the Pacific Ocean, is a distinct entity quite separate from the other portions of Siberia and old Russia.
		The Russian forces in this region are a homogenous army of 51 divisions, 2,500 tanks, 1,600 airplanes, 94 submarines and 220 coastal boats as opposed to Japanese forces of 10 divisions, 1,000 tanks, 300 airplanes and a balanced Fleet.
		A German occupation of Eastern Siberia would require the employment of combat forces of such size as to be very difficult, if not impracticable, of accomplishment at the end of a 2,000 mile single railway system.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/timeline/410707amie.html (384 words)

	Stabeno et al. -- Temporal variability of the physical environment
		One of the defining characteristics of the eastern Bering Sea shelf is an annual advance and retreat of sea ice.
		The juxtaposition of the Aleutian Low and Siberian High typically produces winter winds from the north-east, freezing the sea water and pushing the resulting ice south-westward.
		Sea ice has arrived at this location as early as January and remained as late as mid-May. Between 1979 and 1981, ice was largely absent from the middle shelf near Site 2.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /pubs/outstand/stab2040/seaice.shtml (1097 words)

	Encyclopedia: Yakut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Sakha stretches to the Henrietta Islands in the far north and is washed by the Laptev and Eastern Siberian Seas of the Arctic Ocean.
		These waters, the coldest and iciest of all seas in the northern hemisphere, are covered by ice for 9-10 months of the year.
		New Siberian Islands are a part of the republic's territory.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Yakut (1175 words)

	The Cranes
		The Eastern population’s breeding grounds in Yakutia are in lowland tundra (moss-lichen tundra and grass- and sedge-dominated wetlands), more rarely in forest-tundra transitional areas, and sometimes in the northernmost taiga between the Arctic Ocean and uplands to the south.
		In China, the cranes of the Eastern population feed primarily on pondweed (Potamogeton malainus), stems and tubers of wild celery (Vallisneria spiralis), and small freshwater clams (Liu and Chen 1991).
		Priorities for captive propagation and reintroduction of the Siberian Crane are described in the GCAR for cranes and in the Siberian Crane GASP.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/distr/birds/cranes/grusleuc.htm (8298 words)

	Evaluation of Siberian Sea Buckthorn Cultivars in Washington State
		Although not a legume, roots of sea buckthorn (known as oblepiha in Russia) are host to the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobium (Ermakov 1985; Sidorovitch et al.
		In 1996, cuttings from five cultivars of sea buckthorn (‘Dar Katugne’, ‘Tchyskaja’, ‘Orangevaja’, ‘Maslitchnaja’, and ‘Tchuiskaja’ were introduced from the Altai region to Trout Lake (sandy loam soil of volcanic origin, pH 5.6) and White Salmon (alluvial soil, pH 5.5), Washington.
		In most European countries, attractive and high yielding sea buckthorn plants are grown for ornamental purposes but the flavor, oil, vitamins, and essential fatty acids content are unacceptable.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/ncnu02/v5-402.html (1020 words)

	Tsyklon-2, 3 \| 11K67, 11K68 \| SL-11, 14, \| F-1, 2
		According to Rosaviacosmos, the launcher and its payload crashed in the frozen Eastern-Siberian Sea, 58 kilometers southeast of Wrangel Island.
		In June 1998, the third stage of the Tsyklon-3 rocket also failed during the launch, leaving the cluster of Strela and Gonets satellites stranded in the incorrect orbit.
		The information from the satellites reportedly can be used to navigate Russian cruise missiles toward their targets.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /tsyklon.html (1189 words)

	TIGERS - Habitat & Distribution
		Tigers once ranged from eastern Turkey through southern Asia and the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Bali, to the eastern shores of Asia on the Sea of Okotsk.
		Siberian tigers are found in the Russian Far East, China, and North Korea.
		Siberian tigers have been recorded moving up to 60 km (37 mi.) per day, while Bengal tigers in Nepal covered about 10 to 20 km (6-12 mi.) per day.
	www.seaworld.org /animal-info/info-books/tiger/habitat-&-distribution.htm (689 words)

	BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND RECONSTRUCTIONS OF SIBERIAN SEAS LANDSCAPES IN DEVONIAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The West Siberian sea was a vast shallow basin which western regions were distinguished by the greater tectonic and volcanic activities resulted in thick effusive complexes.
		Only seas adjacent to the continent of Kazakhstania were not affected by effusive activity and the continent itself penetrated deep into the West Siberian sea extending northwards beyond the limits of the Middle Pri-Ob area.
		The greater eastern part of the Kazakhstania continent represented a constructional plain with accumulation of sandy-pebble sediments against the background of acid lava outflow in the central continent.
	fen.nsu.ru /~vvdubat/father/biostr_e.htm (1657 words)

	Aral Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Aral Sea is located in the Central Asian Republics of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, with the southern section located in the Autonomous Republic of Karapakalstan.
		Earlier, the Aral Sea acted as a climate regulator for the region: it softened cold Siberian winds in winters and acted as a conditioner lowering heat in summer months.
		The pollution effect is aggravated by the fact that the Aral Sea is situated on the "highway" where strong currents of air are blowing from the West to the East.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~martins/hydro/case_studies/aral_sea.html (1627 words)

	Seas of the Russian Arctic, Part VII, East Siberian Sea
		The East Siberian Sea is separated from the Laptev Sea on the west by the Kotel'nyy-Svatonos block uplift (zone of highs).
		Its boundary on the east with the Chukchi Sea is placed at Wrangel Island, which is at the western end of the Wrangel-Gerald ridge.
		To the north of Wrangel Island the boundary between the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas is drawn along the 180 degree meridian.
	geocities.com /internetgeology/L214a.html (570 words)

	American Society of Polar Philatelists: Arctic Postal History 1675-1799
		She fell with the Ice of Cape Farewell, left the Eastern Ice and fell in with the Western Ice in Lat.
		On the 14th, cruising the Ice for an opening to get in again she met 4 sail of Hudson's Bay Ships endeavoring to get in and continued with them until the 19th when they parted in thick weather in latitude 62 and a half, which thick weather continued to the 7th of August.
		One of the New Siberian Islands bears his name as his family continued to work on the development of the Siberian trade in the Northeast Passage.
	www.polarphilatelists.org /aspp000.htm (1519 words)

	NASA - The Arctic Perennial Sea Ice Could Be Gone by End of the Century
		Perennial sea ice floats in the polar oceans and remains at the end of the summer, when the ice cover is at its minimum and seasonal sea ice has melted.
		Since sea ice does not change uniformly in terms of time or space, Comiso sectioned off portions of the Arctic data and carefully analyzed these sections to determine when ice had reached the minimum for that area each year.
		Comparing the differences between Arctic sea ice data from 1979 to 1989 and data from 1990 to 2000, Comiso found the biggest melting occurred in the western area (Beaufort and Chukchi Seas) while considerable losses were also apparent in the eastern region (Siberian, Laptev and Kara Seas).
	www.nasa.gov /vision/earth/environment/Perrenial_Sea_Ice.html (768 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Environmental Information for Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Decisions in Alaska (1994)
		The Chukchi and Beaufort seas are off the north coast of Alaska in the Arctic Ocean proper; the Bering Sea is subarctic, located between Siberia and Alaska soup of the Bering Strait and north of the Aleutian Island chain.
		Along the Beautort Sea coast, sea breezes are characterize by large diurnal sea-to-land temperature contrasts, clockwise rotation of surface winds, and surface upends that oppose offshore gradient winds.
		During summer, sea breezes along this coast are not folBowed by land breezes because the land stays warmer than the water (the summer sun does not set at this latitude).
	www.nap.edu /books/0309050367/html/67.html (7813 words)

	Decision on "Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean" Pipeline Caused New Protests of Ecologists \| Greenpeace Russia
		The Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean project provides for the construction of the oil pipeline: the town of Taishet (Irkutsk region) – the town of Skovorodino (Amur region) - the Perevoznaya Bay (Primorsky Krai).
		According to CSS, "with the existing amount of confirmed oil stocks in the Eastern Siberian region, plans of constructing a new large oil pipeline infrastructure in the region are not real".
		According to the plan, the eastern pipe is to cross the Amur basin upstream the place where the town takes drinking water.
	www.greenpeace.org /russia/en/news/decision-on-eastern-siberia (964 words)

	Spotted Seal: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
		The spotted seal is strongly associated with sea ice from autumn to late spring-early summer and bears its young on the drifting pack ice.
		Centers of abundance are in western Bristol Bay, near the Pribilof Islands, and in the eastern Anadyr to Karaginski Bay region.
		Population size and hunting: The Bering Sea population of spotted seals was estimated at 200,000 to 250,000 in the late 1970s.
	www.adfg.state.ak.us /pubs/notebook/marine/spt-seal.php (1334 words)

	[No title]
		Overall, the climate is dryer in the west, becoming quite humid at the eastern end.
		This is due to the ‘lake effect’, where the dry Siberian air masses enter from the west and pick up moisture as it passes over the lake.
		The greatest green algae species diversity is observed along the Ukrainian seacoast (60 species and 66 infraspecific taxa), and the greatest number of species new for the flora (10) were registered along Anatolia seacoast.
	www.lycos.com /info/black-sea.html (553 words)

	CONTINENTAL AND MARITIME APPROACHES TO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Okhotsk Sea is in reference to the Okhotsk coast along the mainland; East China Sea and South China Sea are in reference to the China mainland and Yellow Sea probably is in reference to the discolored water issuing out of the Yellow River.
		While Ricci's precedent-seting use of "Sea of Japan" is significant, La Perouse, the first European navigator to explore Japan Sea in 1787, was largely instrumental in further confirming and spreading the Ricci precedent that appears erroneous on hindsight.
		He discarded "Eastern Ocean" for being imprecise-"because a sea which is eastern to the natives of Asia would be western to the Americans." "This is the reason", he says, "why I have decided, keeping in line with Cook, La Perouse and Malaspina.
	www.geoedu.snu.ac.kr /eastsea/Eastsea/98spr/981.htm (6097 words)

	RAISE / Russian-funded projects
		In all the studied seas the OM concentrations reveal the maximum temporal variability in the photic layer whereas the maximum spatial variability occurs in the coastal waters generally due to anthropogenic loading and runoff of large and small rivers.
		The Black Sea pelagic waters are characterized by growth of dissolved Corg concentrations with depth while in the Caspian Sea the largest concentrations of Corg occur in the photic layer.
		Tolerance of marginal zone of drifting sea ice for influence of wind friction stress and surface and internal waves propagating in two-layer stratification ocean was estimated by simulating.
	arctic.bio.utk.edu /RAISE/Russian_projects.html (14803 words)

	Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
		Instrumental observations of climatic parameters over the 20th century are available from standard climate stations on land and measurements taken on drifting ice floes in the Arctic Ocean.
		The most effective method for determining the thickness of sea ice is to use sonar, directed upward at the floating ice from submarines or moorings (Melling et al., 1995).
		The decrease is greater in the central and eastern Arctic than in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas (Rothrock et al., 1999).
	www.pnl.gov /aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/workinggroup2/597.htm (1067 words)

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